1962 Küba Krizi: Amerikan Arşivleri Üzerinden Bir Okuma

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 39, 521 - 562, 27.09.2021

Kaan Kutlu Ataç , Begüm Sezin Özcan

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1001276

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Soğuk Savaş’ın en önemli nükleer krizlerinden birisi olan 1962 Küba Krizi’nin Amerikan arşiv belgeleri üzerinden bir okumasının yapılmasıdır. Arşiv belgeleri özellikle kriz süresince Amerikan karar alma mekanizmasının en tepesinde yer alan Başkan Kennedy’nin milli güvenlikle ilgili kurumların koordineli çalışmasının sağlanmasındaki etkisini ortaya koyması bakımından önemlidir. Nitekim bu çerçevede Kennedy’nin kriz süresince günde birkaç defa toplanan ve milli güvenlikle ilgili kurumların temsilcilerinin görüşlerini serbestçe ifade ettikleri bir platform olarak Milli Güvenlik Konseyi İcra Kurulu (The Executive Committee of the National Security Council/ ExComm) ön plana çıkmaktadır. ExComm toplantılarına ait tutanaklar ve diğer arşiv belgeleri kriz sürecinin yönetilmesindeki mekanik yapının anlaşılmasında önemli bir nokta olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışma, nükleer savaşın eşiğindeki Amerika’nın milli güvenliğe bağlı olarak dış politika karar alma sürecinde liderlik yapısının yeri nedir ve liderlik yapısı hangi saikler üzerinden hareket etmiştir sorusuna cevap vermektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın ilk bölümünde kuramsal değerlendirme yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde krize giden yolda hangi parametrelerin etkisi olduğu ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde Küba Krizi’nin gelişimi detaylı olarak kronolojik safhalarıyla ele alınırken Amerikan karar alıcıların krizin gelişimine dair düşünceleri arşiv belgeleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu noktada ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) belgeleri ve gizlilik dereceleri kaldırılmış CIA belgeleriyle desteklenerek detaylandırılmıştır. Son bölümde krizin sona ermesiyle ortaya çıkan uluslararası ortam açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Soğuk Savaş, Başkan Kennedy, Küba, Kriz

The 1962 Cuban Crisis: A Reading from the American Archives

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore the 1962 Cuban Crisis, one of the most important nuclear crises of the Cold War, through the American archival documents. Archival documents are especially important in that they reveal the influence of President Kennedy, who was at the top of the American decision-making mechanism during the crisis, in ensuring the coordinated work of institutions related to national security. As a matter of fact, in this context, the Executive Board of the National Security Council (The Executive Committee of the National Security Council/ ExComm) stands out as a platform where Kennedy convened several times a day during the crisis and where representatives of institutions related to national security express their views freely. Archive documents of ExComm meetings appear to be an important point in understanding the mechanical nature of the crisis process. In this sense, the study answers the question of what is the place of the leadership structure in the foreign policy decision-making process, depending on the national security of America on the verge of nuclear war, and what motives the leadership structure acted on. In this context, theoretical information will be included in the first stage of the study. In the second part, it is discussed what parameters have an impact on the road to the crisis. In the third chapter, while the development of the Cuban Crisis is discussed in detail in chronological stages, the thoughts of the American decision makers on the development of the crisis are examined through archive documents. At this point, the Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) documents of the US Department of State are supported and detailed with CIA documents whose secrecy degrees have been lifted. In the last section, the international environment that emerged with the end of the crisis was explained.

Keywords

The United States of America, the Cold War, President Kennedy, the Cuba Crisis

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