Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi İçtihatlarının Çevresel Adalet Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirmesi

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 81 - 100, 01.12.2015

Sezai Çağlayan

Abstract

Çevresel haklar Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nde (AİHS) yer almamaktadır. Bu nedenle, çevresel problemler mevzu bahis olması halinde sözleşme doğrudan öne sürülememektedir. AİHS
altında çevre hakkının tanınması konusu sıklıkla gündeme gelmiştir. Lakin, 1970’lerin sonunda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde gündeme gelen ve çevresel fayda ve zararların eşit dağıtılması hususuna
odaklanan çevresel adalet kavramı AİHS bağlamında veya Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (AİHM)
içtihatları bağlamında ele alınmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, AİHM’nin çevre konulu davaları ele alırken çevresel adalet kavramına istikrarlı bir şekilde yer vermediğini göstermeye yönelik olarak hazırlanmıştır. AİHS’deki mevcut hakların çevresel adaleti sağlamada yeterli olup olmadıkları da incelenecektir. Ayrıca, AİHM’nin çevre konulu davaları ele alırken ABD’de görüldüğü gibi ırksal veya ekonomik
faktörlere dayalı açık bir çevresel adaletsizlik veya bir ayrımcılık durumuna değinip değinmediği de
sorgulanacaktır

Keywords

Çevresel adalet, Çevre hakkı, İnsan hakları, ABD, AİHS, AİHM

A Review of the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights in the Context of Environmental Justice

Abstract

E nvironmental rights have not been specified in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The ECHR therefore cannot be directly invoked when environmental problems are in question. The question of recognising environmental rights has been frequently raised under the ECHR. However, the concept of environmental justice (EJ) which arose in the US in the late 1970s and which focuses on the fair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits has not been studied in the ECHR or in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This paper argues that ECtHR has not followed a steady flow in favour of EJ when hearing the cases. In this context, It will be considered whether the existing provisions of the ECHR guarantee EJ. Besides, the question will be asked whether the ECtHR has ever determined environmental injustices or environmental discrimination, which was encountered in the US, based on racial and economic factors when deciding environmental cases in its history

Keywords

Environmental justice, Environmental rights, Human rights, The US, ECHR, ECtHR

References

• BEEN, Vicki “Locally Undesirable Land Uses in Minority Neighborhoods: Disproportionate Siting or Market Dynamics”, The Yale Law Journal 1383, Year: 1994, Volume: 103, No: 6, (pp. 1383 – 1422).
• BOYLE, Alan “Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?”, The European Journal of International Law, Year: 2012, Volume: 23, Number: 3, (pp. 613 - 642).
• BOYLE, Alan “Human Rights or Environmental Rights? A Reassessment”, Fordham Environmental Law Review, Year: 2007, Volume: 18, (pp. 471 – 511).
• BULLARD, Robert D. / JOHNSON G. / WRIGHT, H. “Confronting Environmental Injustices: It’s Right
• Thing To Do”, Race, Gender & Class, Year: 1997, Volume: 5, Number: 1, (pp. 63 – 79).
• BULLARD, Robert D., Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality, 3.Edition, Westview Press, 2000.
• BULLARD, Robert D “Environmental Justice For All: It’s The Right Thing To Do”, J.Envtl.L.&Litig, 1994, 9, (pp. 281-308).
• BULLARD, Robert D / JOHNSON G. “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism and Its Impact on Public Policy Decision Making”, Journal of Social Issues, 2000, 56, 3, (pp. 555-578).
• CHURCILL, Robin R., “Environmental Rights in Existing Human Rights Treaties”, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection (Ed. A. Boyle and M. Anderson), Clarendon Press, 1998.
• COBAN, Aykut “Community-based Ecological Resistance: The Bergama Movement in Turkey”, Environmental Politics, Year: 2004, Volume: 13, Number: 2, (pp. 438 – 460).
• ÇAĞLAYAN, Sezai, An Assessment of the Concept of Environmental Justice within the Context of the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights, Unpublished Post Graduate Thesis, Leicester, University of Leicester Law School, 2014.
• DEMERIEUX, Margaret “Deriving Environmental Rights from the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Year: 2001, Volume: 21, Number: 3, (pp. 521 – 561).
• DINSTEIN, Yoram “Collective Human Rights of Peoples and Minorities”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Year: 1976, Volume: 25, Number: 1, (pp. 102 – 120).
• FERIS, Loretta “Constitutional Environmental Rights: An Under-Utilized Resource”, S. Afr. J. on Hum. Rts., Year: 2008, Volume: 24, Number: 1, (pp. 29 – 49).
• FRESA, Lucia, “A New Interpretation of the Term ‘Indigenous People’: What Are the Legal Consequences of Being Recognised as ‘Minorities’ Instead of as ‘Indigenous People’ For the Indigenous People of the World?” Centro Italiano Studi Per La Pace (1999-2000).
• GEARTY, Conor “Do Human Rights Help or Hinder Environmental Protection”, Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, Year: 2010, Volume: 1, Number: 1, (pp. 7 – 22).
• GERRARD, Michael B / FOSTER, Sheila R., The Law of Environmental Justice Theories and Procedures to Address Disproportionate Risks, 2. Edition, American Bar Assiciation, Chicago, 2008.
• GREER, Steven, The Margin of Appreciation: Interpretation and Discretion under the European Convention on Human Rights, Human Rights Files no 17, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasburg, 2000.
• HILSON, Christopher “Risk and the European Convention on Human Rights: Towards a New Approach”, Cambridge Yearbook of European Studies, Year: 2008-2009, Volume: 11, (pp. 353 – 375).
• HORUS, Mehmet “20. Yilinda Bergama Davasi”, Elektrik Muhendisligi, Year: 2009, Number: 436, (pp. 80 – 83).
• HULME, Karen, “International Environmental Law and Human Rights”, Routledge Handbook of International Human Rights Law, (Ed. S. Sheeran and N. Rodley), Routledge, 2013.
• Indigenous and Tribal Peoples’ Rights Over Their Ancestral Lands and Natural Resources: Norms and Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Human Rights System, http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/ indigenous/docs/pdf/AncestralLands.pdf (Access date 31.08. 2014).
• JOSE Daniel G S., Environmental Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasburg, 2005.
• Justice and Environment, Human Rights and the Environment: The Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights in Environmental Cases, Brno, 2011.
• KOIVUROVA, Timo “Jurisprodence of the European Court of Human Rights Regarding Indigenous Peoples: Reteospect and Prospect”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Year: 2011, Volume: 18, (pp. 1-37).
• KUIJER, Martin, “Effective Remedies As A Fundamental Right”, Seminar On Human Rights and Access to Justice in the EU (April 2014).
• LETSAS, George, The ECHR as a Living Instrument: Its Meaning and Legitimacy, http://papers.ssrn.
• com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2021836 (Access date 29.08. 2014).
• MOECKLI, Daniel / SHAH, Sangeeta / SIVAKUMARAN, Sandesh / HARRIS, David, adr., International Human Rights Law OUP, 2010.
• PEDERSEN, Ole W. “The Ties that Bind: The Environment, the European Convention on Human Rights
• and the Rule of Law”, European Public Law Year: 2010, Volume: 16, Number: 4, (pp.571 - 607).
• SANDS, Philippe, Principles of International Environmental Law, 3. Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
• SHELTON, Dinah “Human Rights, Environmental Rights, and the Right to Environment”, Stan. J. Int’l L., Year: 1991-1992, Volume: 28, (pp. 103 – 133).
• SHELTON, Dinah, “Human Rights and the Environment: Jurisprudence of Human Rights Bodies1” Joint UNEP-OHCHR Expert Seminar (January 2002), Geneva.
• SHERLOCK, Ann / JARVIS, Francoise “The European Convention on Human Rights and the Environment”, E.L. Rev Supp, Year: 1999, Volume: 24, (pp. 15 – 29).
• The Council of Europe (CoE), Manuel on Human Rights and the Environment, 2.Edition, 2012.
• Arrondelle v. the United Kingdom App no 7889/77 (European Commission, 15 July 1980).
• Baggs v. the United Kingdom App no 9310/81 (European Commission, 19 January 1985).
• Guerra and others v Italy App no 116/1996/735/932 (ECtHR, 19 February 1998).
• Budayeva and others v Russia App no 15339/02, 21166/02, 20058/02, 11673/02, 15343/02 (ECtHR, 20 March 2008).
• Powell and Rayner v the UK App no 9310/81 (ECtHR, 21 February 1990).
• LópezOstra v Spain App no 16798/90 (ECtHR, 09 December 1994).
• Noack and others v. Germany App no 46346/99 (ECtHR, 25 May 2000).
• Hatton and others v the UK App no 36022/97 (ECtHR, 8 July 2003).
• Taskin v Turkey App no 46117/99 (ECtHR, 10 November 2004).
• Oneryildiz v Turkey App no 48939/99 (ECtHR, 30 November 2004).
• Bor v Hungary App no 50474/08 (ECtHR, 18 June 2013).
• G. and E. v. Norway App no 9278/81 and 9415/81 (ECtHR, 3 October 1983).
• CANT v LES 45 NRC 367 (1997).
• Maya Indigenous Community of the Toledo District v Belize [2004] IACHR Case 12.053 Report No 40/04.