Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 68 - 81, 31.12.2021

Abstract

References

  • Almeida, J., Robson, S., Morosini, M., & Baranzeli, C. (2019). Understanding Internationalization at Home: Perspectives from the Global North and South. European Educational Research Journal, 18(2), 200–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904118807537
  • Cantwell, B. (2021). Concepts for Understanding the Geopolitics of Graduate Student and Postdoc Mobility. In Jenny Lee (Eds.), Critical International Higher Education and Power: How Internationalisation is not Neutral (pp. 94-112). Rutgers.
  • Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society (2nd eds.). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Cin, F. M., Gümüş, S., & Weiss, F. (2021). Women’s empowerment in the period of the rapid expansion of higher education in Turkey: developments and paradoxes of gender equality in the labour market. Higher Education, 81(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00587-2
  • Choi, S. (2012). Core-periphery, new clusters, or rising stars?: International scientific collaboration among “advanced” countries in the era of globalization. Scientometrics, 90(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0509-4
  • Emil, S. (2017). Qualitative sacrifice for quantitative increase: The case of the Turkish higher education system. In G. Stamelos,
  • K. M. Joshi, & S. Paivandi (Eds.), Quality assurance in higher education: A global perspective (pp. 183–201). Studera Press.
  • Gunter, A., & Raghuram, P. (2018). International study in the global south: linking institutional, staff, student and knowledge mobilities. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(2), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1401453
  • Gür, B. S., & Yurdakul, S. (2020). Yükseköğretime bakış 2020: İzleme ve değerlendirme raporu (Issue November).
  • Kondakci, Y. (2011). Student mobility reviewed: Attraction and satisfaction of international students in Turkey. Higher Education, 62(5), 573–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10734-01
  • Kondakci, Y., Bedenlier, S., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2017). Social network analysis of international student mobility: Uncovering the rise of regional hubs. Higher Education. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0154-9
  • Le Ha, P. (2018). Higher education, English, and the idea of ‘the West’: globalizing and encountering a global south regional university. Discourse, 39(5), 782–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2018.1448704
  • Lee, J. J., & Stensaker, B. (2021). Research on internationalisation and globalisation in higher education—Reflections on historical paths, current perspectives and future possibilities. European Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12448
  • Marginson, S. (2010). Higher education in the global knowledge economy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(5), 6962–6980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.049
  • Marginson, S. (2018). Global cooperation, national competition and social inequality in the World-Class University (WCU)sector (Issue 34). www.researchcghe.org
  • Marginson, S. (2020). The world research system: Expansion, diversification, network and hierarchy. In C. Callender, W. Locke, & S. Marginson (Eds.), Changing Higher Education for a Changing World. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Marginson, S. (2021). ‘All things are in flux’: China in global science. Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00712-9
  • Marginson, S., & Xu, X. (2021). Moving beyond centre-periphery science: Towards an ecology of knowledge (No. 63; Issue April).
  • Marginson, S., & Yang, L. (2021). Individual and collective outcomes of higher education: a comparison of Anglo-American and Chinese approaches. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 0(0), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1932436
  • Marini, G., & Yang, L. (2021). Globally bred Chinese talents returning home: An analysis of a reverse brain-drain flagship policy. Science and Public Policy, https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scab021
  • McGrew, A., & Held, D. (2007). Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies. Polity Press.
  • Ministry of Education of China (2018). Number of higher education institutions. Retrieved May 30, 2021, http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/statistics/2018/region/201908/t20190812_394204.html
  • Ministry of Education of China (2019). Number of students of formal education by type and level. Retrieved May 30, 2021, http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A03/moe_560/jytjsj_2019/qg/202006/t20200611_464803.html
  • Ministry of Education of China (2019). Statistics of international students in China in 2018. Retrieved Jun 3, 2021, http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201904/t20190412_377692.html
  • Mok, K. H., & Jiang, J. (2017). Massification of higher education: Challenges for admissions and graduate employment in China. In K. H. Mok (Ed.), Managing international connectivity, diversity of learning and changing labour markets (pp. 219-243). Singapore: Springer.
  • Nature Index (2021). https://www.natureindex.com/country-outputs/collaboration-graph [accessed 2 Jun 2021].
  • NSB (National Science Board). (2019). Publications output: U.S. trends and international comparisons. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20206/
  • NSB (National Science Board). (2020). Research and development: U.S. trends and international comparisons. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20203/
  • Olechnicka, A., Ploszaj, A., & Celińska-Janowicz, D. (2019). The geography of scientific collaboration. Routledge.
  • Oldac, Y. I., Kondakci, Y., Ertem, H. Y., & Capa-Aydın, Y. (2018). Regional differences in the satisfaction of international students in a non-traditional destination-Turkey. Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research, Bolzano Italy. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16817.43367
  • Project Atlas (2019). Global mobility trends. Retrieved June 3, 2021, https://iie.widen.net/s/rfw2c7rrbd/project-atlas-infographics-2020
  • Rojas, C. A. A.. (2013). The World-Systems Analysis Perspective: An Interview with Immanuel Wallerstein. In Immanuel Wallerstein, Charles Lemert and Carlos Aguirre Rojas, Uncertain Worlds: World-Systems Analysis in Changing Times (pp. 1-100). Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.
  • Santos, B. de S. (2016). Epistemologies of the South: Justice against epistemicide. Routledge.
  • Schott, T. (1998). Ties between Centre and Periphery in the Scientific World-System: Accumulation of Rewards, Dominance and Self-Reliance in the Centre. Journal of World-Systems Research, 4(2), 112–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.1998.148.
  • Sen, A. (1985). The moral standing of the market. Social Philosophy & Policy, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0270 UNESCO Institute of Statistics. (2021). UNESCO UIS. http://uis.unesco.org/
  • University Alliance of the Silk Road. (n.d.). Introduction to University Alliance of the Silk Road. Retrieved May 7, 2021, from http://uasr.xjtu.edu.cn/About_UASR/Introduction.htm
  • Wagner, C. S., Park, H. W., & Leydesdorff, L. (2015). The continuing growth of global cooperation networks in research: A conundrum for national governments. PLoS ONE, 10(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131816
  • Wallerstein, I. (1976). Semi-peripheral Countries and tje Contemporary World Crisis. Theory and Society, 3, 461–483.
  • Wallerstein, I. (2004). World-systems analysis: An introduction. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-4956
  • Wang, H., & Bao, Y. (2015). Reverse Migration in Contemporary China: Returnees, Entrepreneurship and the Chinese Economy. London: Palgarve Macmillan.
  • Wende, M. van der, Kirby, W. C., Liu, N. C., & Marginson, S. (Eds.). (2020). China and Europe on the New Silk Road: Connecting universities across Eurasia. Oxford University Press.
  • Wende, M. Van Der, & Zhu, J. (2016). Matching Visibility and Performance. In N. C. Liu, Y. Cheng, & Q. Wang (Eds.), Matching Visibility and Performance (pp. 119–137). Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-773-3
  • World Bank. (2021). World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/
  • Tijssen, R., & Winnink, J. (2020). First effects of the new Silk Road initiative on research collaboration. In M. van der Wende, W.
  • C. Kirby, N. C. Liu, & S. Marginson (Eds.), China and Europe on the New Silk Road: Connecting universities across Eurasia. Oxford University Press.
  • Turkish Higher Education Council (2020). Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetimi Sistemi [Higher Education Information Management System]. Retrieved May 30, 2021, https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
  • Xie, Z. (2020). A quiet success: The EU–China higher education cooperation program (1997–2001). In M. van der Wende, W. C. Kirby, N. C. Liu, & S. Marginson (Eds.), China and Europe on the New Silk Road: Connecting universities across Eurasia. Oxford University Press.
  • Xu, X. (2020). China ‘goes out’ in a centre–periphery world: Incentivizing international publications in the humanities and social sciences. Higher Education, 80, 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00470-9
  • Yang, R. (2003). Globalisation and Higher Education Development: A Critical Analysis. International Review of Education, 49, 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025303303245
  • Zhang Z., (2018). “Greater BRI science teamwork expected,” http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201811/05/WS5bdf7ecca310eff303286729.html.

Two edges of Asia in a multipolar world: The interconnections between Chinese and Turkish higher education systems

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 68 - 81, 31.12.2021

Abstract

The global higher education space is becoming increasingly multipolar. Though the existing inequalities among national higher education systems persist, increased international connectivity and collaborations create new opportunities. This study examines the interconnections between the higher education systems of two countries located at the opposite edges of Asia: Turkey and China. It adopts an exploratory comparative perspective that is intended to inform a larger research design. The findings show that the two systems have risen rapidly in the last decade, though with distinct size and speed of growth. There is growing collaboration between the Chinese and Turkish higher education systems in terms of the rate of scientific paper co-authorships and student mobility. The study reveals that Chinese and Turkish higher education systems are breaking their dependence on the traditional 'Core' or 'Global North' countries and are overcoming the global language barriers. Nevertheless, while the two systems have developed and built further connectivity, this development is still at an early stage, and more needs to be done. More effort in increasing the interconnectivity between the two national higher education systems will not only benefit the two countries but will also contribute to the multipolar higher education arena at the global stage.

References

  • Almeida, J., Robson, S., Morosini, M., & Baranzeli, C. (2019). Understanding Internationalization at Home: Perspectives from the Global North and South. European Educational Research Journal, 18(2), 200–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904118807537
  • Cantwell, B. (2021). Concepts for Understanding the Geopolitics of Graduate Student and Postdoc Mobility. In Jenny Lee (Eds.), Critical International Higher Education and Power: How Internationalisation is not Neutral (pp. 94-112). Rutgers.
  • Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society (2nd eds.). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Cin, F. M., Gümüş, S., & Weiss, F. (2021). Women’s empowerment in the period of the rapid expansion of higher education in Turkey: developments and paradoxes of gender equality in the labour market. Higher Education, 81(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00587-2
  • Choi, S. (2012). Core-periphery, new clusters, or rising stars?: International scientific collaboration among “advanced” countries in the era of globalization. Scientometrics, 90(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0509-4
  • Emil, S. (2017). Qualitative sacrifice for quantitative increase: The case of the Turkish higher education system. In G. Stamelos,
  • K. M. Joshi, & S. Paivandi (Eds.), Quality assurance in higher education: A global perspective (pp. 183–201). Studera Press.
  • Gunter, A., & Raghuram, P. (2018). International study in the global south: linking institutional, staff, student and knowledge mobilities. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(2), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1401453
  • Gür, B. S., & Yurdakul, S. (2020). Yükseköğretime bakış 2020: İzleme ve değerlendirme raporu (Issue November).
  • Kondakci, Y. (2011). Student mobility reviewed: Attraction and satisfaction of international students in Turkey. Higher Education, 62(5), 573–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10734-01
  • Kondakci, Y., Bedenlier, S., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2017). Social network analysis of international student mobility: Uncovering the rise of regional hubs. Higher Education. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0154-9
  • Le Ha, P. (2018). Higher education, English, and the idea of ‘the West’: globalizing and encountering a global south regional university. Discourse, 39(5), 782–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2018.1448704
  • Lee, J. J., & Stensaker, B. (2021). Research on internationalisation and globalisation in higher education—Reflections on historical paths, current perspectives and future possibilities. European Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12448
  • Marginson, S. (2010). Higher education in the global knowledge economy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(5), 6962–6980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.049
  • Marginson, S. (2018). Global cooperation, national competition and social inequality in the World-Class University (WCU)sector (Issue 34). www.researchcghe.org
  • Marginson, S. (2020). The world research system: Expansion, diversification, network and hierarchy. In C. Callender, W. Locke, & S. Marginson (Eds.), Changing Higher Education for a Changing World. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Marginson, S. (2021). ‘All things are in flux’: China in global science. Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00712-9
  • Marginson, S., & Xu, X. (2021). Moving beyond centre-periphery science: Towards an ecology of knowledge (No. 63; Issue April).
  • Marginson, S., & Yang, L. (2021). Individual and collective outcomes of higher education: a comparison of Anglo-American and Chinese approaches. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 0(0), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1932436
  • Marini, G., & Yang, L. (2021). Globally bred Chinese talents returning home: An analysis of a reverse brain-drain flagship policy. Science and Public Policy, https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scab021
  • McGrew, A., & Held, D. (2007). Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies. Polity Press.
  • Ministry of Education of China (2018). Number of higher education institutions. Retrieved May 30, 2021, http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/statistics/2018/region/201908/t20190812_394204.html
  • Ministry of Education of China (2019). Number of students of formal education by type and level. Retrieved May 30, 2021, http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A03/moe_560/jytjsj_2019/qg/202006/t20200611_464803.html
  • Ministry of Education of China (2019). Statistics of international students in China in 2018. Retrieved Jun 3, 2021, http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201904/t20190412_377692.html
  • Mok, K. H., & Jiang, J. (2017). Massification of higher education: Challenges for admissions and graduate employment in China. In K. H. Mok (Ed.), Managing international connectivity, diversity of learning and changing labour markets (pp. 219-243). Singapore: Springer.
  • Nature Index (2021). https://www.natureindex.com/country-outputs/collaboration-graph [accessed 2 Jun 2021].
  • NSB (National Science Board). (2019). Publications output: U.S. trends and international comparisons. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20206/
  • NSB (National Science Board). (2020). Research and development: U.S. trends and international comparisons. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20203/
  • Olechnicka, A., Ploszaj, A., & Celińska-Janowicz, D. (2019). The geography of scientific collaboration. Routledge.
  • Oldac, Y. I., Kondakci, Y., Ertem, H. Y., & Capa-Aydın, Y. (2018). Regional differences in the satisfaction of international students in a non-traditional destination-Turkey. Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research, Bolzano Italy. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16817.43367
  • Project Atlas (2019). Global mobility trends. Retrieved June 3, 2021, https://iie.widen.net/s/rfw2c7rrbd/project-atlas-infographics-2020
  • Rojas, C. A. A.. (2013). The World-Systems Analysis Perspective: An Interview with Immanuel Wallerstein. In Immanuel Wallerstein, Charles Lemert and Carlos Aguirre Rojas, Uncertain Worlds: World-Systems Analysis in Changing Times (pp. 1-100). Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.
  • Santos, B. de S. (2016). Epistemologies of the South: Justice against epistemicide. Routledge.
  • Schott, T. (1998). Ties between Centre and Periphery in the Scientific World-System: Accumulation of Rewards, Dominance and Self-Reliance in the Centre. Journal of World-Systems Research, 4(2), 112–44. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.1998.148.
  • Sen, A. (1985). The moral standing of the market. Social Philosophy & Policy, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0270 UNESCO Institute of Statistics. (2021). UNESCO UIS. http://uis.unesco.org/
  • University Alliance of the Silk Road. (n.d.). Introduction to University Alliance of the Silk Road. Retrieved May 7, 2021, from http://uasr.xjtu.edu.cn/About_UASR/Introduction.htm
  • Wagner, C. S., Park, H. W., & Leydesdorff, L. (2015). The continuing growth of global cooperation networks in research: A conundrum for national governments. PLoS ONE, 10(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131816
  • Wallerstein, I. (1976). Semi-peripheral Countries and tje Contemporary World Crisis. Theory and Society, 3, 461–483.
  • Wallerstein, I. (2004). World-systems analysis: An introduction. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-4956
  • Wang, H., & Bao, Y. (2015). Reverse Migration in Contemporary China: Returnees, Entrepreneurship and the Chinese Economy. London: Palgarve Macmillan.
  • Wende, M. van der, Kirby, W. C., Liu, N. C., & Marginson, S. (Eds.). (2020). China and Europe on the New Silk Road: Connecting universities across Eurasia. Oxford University Press.
  • Wende, M. Van Der, & Zhu, J. (2016). Matching Visibility and Performance. In N. C. Liu, Y. Cheng, & Q. Wang (Eds.), Matching Visibility and Performance (pp. 119–137). Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-773-3
  • World Bank. (2021). World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/
  • Tijssen, R., & Winnink, J. (2020). First effects of the new Silk Road initiative on research collaboration. In M. van der Wende, W.
  • C. Kirby, N. C. Liu, & S. Marginson (Eds.), China and Europe on the New Silk Road: Connecting universities across Eurasia. Oxford University Press.
  • Turkish Higher Education Council (2020). Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetimi Sistemi [Higher Education Information Management System]. Retrieved May 30, 2021, https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
  • Xie, Z. (2020). A quiet success: The EU–China higher education cooperation program (1997–2001). In M. van der Wende, W. C. Kirby, N. C. Liu, & S. Marginson (Eds.), China and Europe on the New Silk Road: Connecting universities across Eurasia. Oxford University Press.
  • Xu, X. (2020). China ‘goes out’ in a centre–periphery world: Incentivizing international publications in the humanities and social sciences. Higher Education, 80, 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00470-9
  • Yang, R. (2003). Globalisation and Higher Education Development: A Critical Analysis. International Review of Education, 49, 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025303303245
  • Zhang Z., (2018). “Greater BRI science teamwork expected,” http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201811/05/WS5bdf7ecca310eff303286729.html.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yusuf Ikbal Oldac 0000-0002-1201-9767

Lili Yang This is me 0000-0003-1277-3791

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Oldac, Y. I., & Yang, L. (2021). Two edges of Asia in a multipolar world: The interconnections between Chinese and Turkish higher education systems. Higher Education Governance and Policy, 2(2), 68-81.