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Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 141 - 146, 29.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.17350/HJSE19030000086

Abstract

References

  • 1. Pollock, NW, Uguccioni, DM, Dear, GdeL. (Eds.). Diabetes and recreational diving: guidelines for the future. Proceedings of the UHMS/DAN Workshop, Durham, NC, 19 June, Divers Alert Network, 136 p, 2005.
  • 2. Pieri, M, Cialoni, C, Marroni, A. Continuous real-time monitoring and recording of glycemia during scuba diving: pilot study. Undersea Hyperb Med 43 (2016) 265–272.
  • 3. Baggeroer. AB. Acoustic telemetryan overview. IEEE J Oceanic Engineering 9 (1984) 229–235.
  • 4. Fell, RB, Skutt, HR, Waterfield, A. Four-channel ultrasonic telemetry system for obtaining physiological data from ocean divers. Biotelemetry 1 (1974) 50-59.
  • 5. Gooden, BA, Feinstein, R, Skutt HR. Heart rate responses of scuba divers via ultrasonic telemetry. Undersea Biomed Res 2 (1975) 11–19.
  • 6. Istepanian, RHS. Use of microcontrollers for diver monitoring by underwater acoustic biotelemetry in multipath environments. PhD thesis, Loughborough Univ. U.K., 1994.
  • 7. Woodward, B, Istepanian, RSH. Physiological monitoring by underwater ultrasonic biotelemetry. J. Soc. Underwater Technol 18 (1992) 34–44.
  • 8. Egi, SM. Design of an acoustic telemetry system for rebreathers. Undersea Hyperb Med 36 (2009) 65–71.
  • 9. Vaganay J, Baccou P, Jouvencel B. Homing by acoustic ranging to a single beacon. Proceedings OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference, 3 (2000), 1457-1462.
  • 10. Black, S. wixel-xdrip. https://github.com/ StephenBlackWasAlreadyTaken/wixelxDrip, 2015. Access date: 20.08.2017.
  • 11. In vitro diagnostic test systems -- Requirements for bloodglucose monitoring systems for self-testing in managing diabetes mellitus. ISO 15197:2013.
  • 12. Clarke WL, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick LA, Carter W, Pohl SL. Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care 10 (1987) 622–628
  • 13. https://www.pololu.com/product/1336. Access date: 14.11.2017.
  • 14. h t t p : //w w w. i n n o v a s u b . c o m /p a g e s /d e c o p a g e . aspx?pro=uepm_d_board. Access date: 14.11.2017.
  • 15. Davis J, Bove AA. Medical Evaluation for Sport Diving. In: Bove AA, ed. Diving Medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1997: 355-6.
  • 16. USA Public Law 101-336; 104 Stat. 327; 1990
  • 17. Dear G de L, Pollock NW, Uguccioni DM, Dovenbarger J, Feinglos MN, Moon, RE. Plasma glucose responses in recreational divers with insulin-requiring diabetes. Undersea Hyperb Med 2004; 31(3)291-301.
  • 18. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26(S):5-20.

Design and Implementation of an Underwater Telemetric Glucose Monitoring System for Scuba Divers

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 141 - 146, 29.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.17350/HJSE19030000086

Abstract

Despite the abundance of telemetric applications for ecology, behaviour and physiology of marine life, few efforts were reported about the use of acoustic telemetry for SCUBA divers. Such systems are required to follow the medical conditions of divers with chronic health problems such as diabetics. This study communicates the details of a study to design, manufacture and test a prototype system that measures the blood glucose while diving and transmit the results in real time to the surface. A subcutaneous glucose sensor placed on the diver transmits wirelessly the glycaemia data to a microcontroller based RF receiver board placed in a custom built waterproof casing. This board works as a relay to transmit the blood glucose value to an acoustic modem SAM-1 Desert Star Systems LLC, Monterey Bay, CA, USA via RS232 serial communication. The modem transmits the data to the other modem, which is placed underwater at 1 m depth with a maximum baud rate of 100 bit/sec with ultrasound communication. Finally, the data reaches a portable computer from RS232 serial interface of the acoustic modem. The data is displayed and logged on the computer based at the surface. The whole system is tested to 11 Bar in hyperbaric chamber. The acoustical data link is first established between two computers located at surface to test the reliability of the communication. The acoustical link experiments were successful for 20 minutes of simulated signals for the depth, interstitial glycaemia, breathing frequency and temperature information. The overall efficiency was 80.1%, with 474 bytes sent and 378 bytes received. The bandwidth of the acoustical link is very low max 4 reading/min but is adequate for glycaemia monitoring that can be as low as 1 reading every 5 minutes. Finally the system recorded the interstitial glucose of divers in 8 open water dives successfully and will be beneficial for studying diabetic divers. The system has a potential to be used to verify and optimize the existing protocols on diabetic divers. It offers as well an emergency system to monitor the non-diabetic divers during extreme exposures such as saturation diving.

References

  • 1. Pollock, NW, Uguccioni, DM, Dear, GdeL. (Eds.). Diabetes and recreational diving: guidelines for the future. Proceedings of the UHMS/DAN Workshop, Durham, NC, 19 June, Divers Alert Network, 136 p, 2005.
  • 2. Pieri, M, Cialoni, C, Marroni, A. Continuous real-time monitoring and recording of glycemia during scuba diving: pilot study. Undersea Hyperb Med 43 (2016) 265–272.
  • 3. Baggeroer. AB. Acoustic telemetryan overview. IEEE J Oceanic Engineering 9 (1984) 229–235.
  • 4. Fell, RB, Skutt, HR, Waterfield, A. Four-channel ultrasonic telemetry system for obtaining physiological data from ocean divers. Biotelemetry 1 (1974) 50-59.
  • 5. Gooden, BA, Feinstein, R, Skutt HR. Heart rate responses of scuba divers via ultrasonic telemetry. Undersea Biomed Res 2 (1975) 11–19.
  • 6. Istepanian, RHS. Use of microcontrollers for diver monitoring by underwater acoustic biotelemetry in multipath environments. PhD thesis, Loughborough Univ. U.K., 1994.
  • 7. Woodward, B, Istepanian, RSH. Physiological monitoring by underwater ultrasonic biotelemetry. J. Soc. Underwater Technol 18 (1992) 34–44.
  • 8. Egi, SM. Design of an acoustic telemetry system for rebreathers. Undersea Hyperb Med 36 (2009) 65–71.
  • 9. Vaganay J, Baccou P, Jouvencel B. Homing by acoustic ranging to a single beacon. Proceedings OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference, 3 (2000), 1457-1462.
  • 10. Black, S. wixel-xdrip. https://github.com/ StephenBlackWasAlreadyTaken/wixelxDrip, 2015. Access date: 20.08.2017.
  • 11. In vitro diagnostic test systems -- Requirements for bloodglucose monitoring systems for self-testing in managing diabetes mellitus. ISO 15197:2013.
  • 12. Clarke WL, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick LA, Carter W, Pohl SL. Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care 10 (1987) 622–628
  • 13. https://www.pololu.com/product/1336. Access date: 14.11.2017.
  • 14. h t t p : //w w w. i n n o v a s u b . c o m /p a g e s /d e c o p a g e . aspx?pro=uepm_d_board. Access date: 14.11.2017.
  • 15. Davis J, Bove AA. Medical Evaluation for Sport Diving. In: Bove AA, ed. Diving Medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1997: 355-6.
  • 16. USA Public Law 101-336; 104 Stat. 327; 1990
  • 17. Dear G de L, Pollock NW, Uguccioni DM, Dovenbarger J, Feinglos MN, Moon, RE. Plasma glucose responses in recreational divers with insulin-requiring diabetes. Undersea Hyperb Med 2004; 31(3)291-301.
  • 18. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26(S):5-20.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Salih Murat Egi This is me

Corentin Altepe This is me

Massimo Pieri This is me

D. Rüzgar Sinoplu This is me

Danilo Cialoni This is me

Tamer Özyiğit This is me

Paola Pierleoni This is me

Alessandro Marroni This is me

Publication Date June 29, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Egi SM, Altepe C, Pieri M, Sinoplu DR, Cialoni D, Özyiğit T, Pierleoni P, Marroni A. Design and Implementation of an Underwater Telemetric Glucose Monitoring System for Scuba Divers. Hittite J Sci Eng. 2018;5(2):141-6.

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