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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2147-1339</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-8519</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.9733/JGG.2024R0004.E</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Photogrametry</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Fotogrametri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Examining the accuracy of DEM of difference and 3D point cloud comparison methods: Open pit mine case study</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Fark SYM ve 3B nokta bulutu karşılaştırma yöntemlerinin doğruluklarının incelenmesi: Açık maden ocağı örneği</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3929-6813</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özdaş</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nilüfer</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7992-5860</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Koçak</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehmet Güven</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK VE MİMARLIK FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5765-7666</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karakış</surname>
                                    <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK VE MİMARLIK FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20240503">
                    <day>05</day>
                    <month>03</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>11</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>41</fpage>
                                        <lpage>50</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20240115">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20240228">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>28</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012, Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>With the widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), high-accuracy photogrammetric mapping studies can be carried out over small areas with cost-effective simple systems. By comparing images obtained at different epochs, 3 Dimensional (3D) change detection studies can be easily performed. Digital surface models (DSM) are obtained from the point cloud (PC) with the processing software, their differences are taken, and temporal changes can thus be modeled. This method is known as DEM (DSM) of Difference (DoD) in practice and has low computational cost. Recently, with the availability and accessibility of powerful computers capable of processing increasing amounts of data, 3D change detection studies can be performed directly with raw PCs without converting them to DSM. Methodologically, DoD and PC-based analysis strategies have different evaluation stages and outputs. With DoD, only changes in the vertical direction can be revealed, while PC comparison methods can produce the 3D change vector. In this study, the well-established DoD method and Multiscale Model-to-Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2), one of the 3D PC comparison methods, were compared. The accuracy of the methods was tested at an active open pit mine site where intensive excavation works have been undertaken. Standard deviation values were found below 11 cm with M3C2 distance and DoD differences obtained from UAV images having average ground sampling distances (GSD) of 5.8-6.9 cm. Only about 1% of the differences were categorized as outliers.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>İnsansız hava araçlarının (İHA) yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte düşük maliyetli basit sistemlerle küçük alanlar üzerinde yüksek doğruluklu fotogrametrik haritalama çalışmaları yapılabilmektedir. Farklı zamanlarda elde edilen görüntüler karşılaştırılarak 3 Boyutlu (3B) değişim tespit çalışmaları da kolaylıkla gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Fotogrametrik değerlendirme yazılımları ile elde edilen nokta bulutundan sayısal yüzey modelleri (SYM) elde edilir, farkları alınır ve zamansal değişimler modellenebilir. Bu yöntem pratikte Fark SYM yöntemi olarak bilinir ve düşük hesaplama maliyetine sahiptir. Son zamanlarda, büyük veri işleyebilen güçlü bilgisayarların gelişmesi ve bunlara erişimin düşük maliyetlerle mümkün olması neticesinde 3B değişim tespit çalışmaları ham nokta bulutundan SYM elde edilmeksizin doğrudan noktaların kendisiyle yapılabilmektedir. Metodolojik olarak, Fark SYM ve nokta bulutu tabanlı analiz stratejilerinin farklı değerlendirme aşamaları ve çıktıları vardır. Fark SYM ile sadece düşey yöndeki değişimler ortaya çıkarılabilirken, ham nokta bulutu karşılaştırma yöntemleri 3B değişim vektörünü hesaplayabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, pratikte sıklıkla kullanılan Fark SYM yöntemi ile 3B nokta bulutu karşılaştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan M3C2 karşılaştırılmıştır. Yöntemlerin doğruluğu, yoğun kazı çalışmalarının yapıldığı aktif bir açık ocak maden sahasında test edilmiştir. Ortalama yer örnekleme aralığı 5.8-6.9 cm olan İHA görüntülerinden elde edilen M3C2 uzunluk ve DoD farklarıyla 11 cm&#039;den düşük standart sapma değerleri bulunmuştur. Farkların sadece %1 civarındaki kesimi uyuşumsuz olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>3D point cloud</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Digital surface modeling</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  DEM of difference</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  M3C2</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Accuracy</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>3B nokta bulutu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sayısal yüzey modeli</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Fark SYM</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  M3C2</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Doğruluk</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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