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Personal Photographs as Autobiographical Narratives in The Digital Age

Year 2019, Volume: 36 Issue: 2, 307 - 323, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.474920

Abstract

In recent years, the narrative has become focus of interest in different fields of social sciences beyond the theory of
literature. Narrative has been considered not only as literary genre but also as a basic form of communication that
makes human life meaningful. The increasing interest in narrative approaches is a part of the process called the
linguistic turn or cultural turn in social sciences. Narrative turn has emerged as a result of many social and academic
developments. After the demise of the grand narratives, a coherent life narrative is of critical importance for depthless,
fragmented, decentred postmodern self. This has had an important effect on the growing interest towards narrative in
different disciplines. Photograph has become an important tool for autobiographical narratives in everyday life after it
reached wide use in society. Along with the digital revolution and other historical developments, photography, with
its new qualities, has become a more important tool in creating and communicating personal narratives. In this study,
which evaluates personal photographs as autobiographical narratives, the transformation of the photographs will be
studied with narrative approach. For this purpose, the transformation of photography and new approaches in narrative
theory will be examined within the same historical context.

References

  • Abidin, C. (2014, 12 Kasım ). The rise of the selfie and the monetisation of social media. ABC Radio National. Erişim adresi: http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/thelist/the-rise-of-the-selfie-and-the-monetisation-of-social-media/5885926
  • Allan, K. (1997). The postmodern self: A theoretical consideration. Quarterly Journal of Ideology, 20(1), s. 3-24. Erişim adresi: https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/listing.aspx?id=5126
  • Alatalo, M. (2015). Reading pictures, constructing narratives: A study upon pictorial narrativity and a narrative analysis of work photography (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erişim adresi: http://lauda.ulapland.fi/handle/10024/61931
  • Bajac, Q. (2011). Fotoğraftan sonra: Analog fotoğraftan dijital devrime.(M. Franco, Çev.) İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
  • Bamberg, M. (2011). Who am I? Narration and its contribution to self and identity. Theory & Psychology, 21(1), s.3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354309355852
  • Barthes, R. (1988). Anlatıların yapısal çözümlemesine giriş. (M. Rifat ve S. Rifat,Çev.) İstanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi.
  • Barthes, R. (2014a). Görüntünün retoriği, sanat ve müzik. (A. Koç, Çev.). İstanbul. Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Barthes, R. (2014b). Camera lucida: Fotoğraf üzerine düşünceler. (R. Akçakaya, Çev.). İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayınları.
  • Benjamin, W. (2012). Fotoğrafın kısa tarihi: Teknik araçlarla yeniden-üretim (çoğaltma) çağında sanat eseri. (O. Akınhay, Çev.). İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Berger, J. (2015). Bir fotoğrafı anlamak. (B. Eyüboğlu, Çev.).İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Besley, T. (2001). Foucauldian influences in narrative therapy: An approach for schools. The Journal of Educational Enquiry, 2(2), s.72-93. Erişim adresi: https://www.ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/EDEQ/article/view/559
  • Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 18(1), s.1-21. Erişim adresi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1343711
  • Bruner, J. (2004). Life as narrative. Social Research, 71 (3), s.691- 710. Erişim tarihi: https://philpapers.org/rec/BRULAN
  • Culler, J. (1997). Literary theory: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Davis, J.E. (Ed.). (2002). Narrative and social movements: The power of stories, İçinde, J. E. Davis, (Eds.), Stories of change: Narrative and social movements. (s.3-29), Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Fallon, K. (2014). Streams of the self: The Instagram feed as narrative autobiography. M. Hudson vd.(Ed.). Proceedings of the Interactive Narratives, New Media & Social Engagement International Conference (s.54-60) içinde. Toronto, Kanada. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299102175
  • Fulford, R. (1999). Anlatının gücü: Kitle kültürü çağında hikâyecilik.(E.Kardelen,Çev.). İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap.
  • Georgakopoulou, A. (2016).From Narrating the self to posting self (ies): A small stories approach to selfies. Open Linguistics, 2(1), s.300-317. 10.1515/opli-2016-0014
  • Harrison, B. (2004). Photographic visions and narrative inquiry. M. Bamberg & M. Andrews (Ed). Considering counter narratives: narrating, resisting, making sense içinde (s. 113-136), Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Hogan, B. ve Wellman, B. (2014). The Relational self-portrait: selfies meet social networks. M. Graham & W. Dutton (Ed.). Society and the internet: how networks of information and communication are changing our lives içinde (s.53-66).Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hui, Y., & Halpin, H. (2013). Collective individuation: the future of the social web. The Unlike Us Reader, s.103-116. Erişim adresi: : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277309659
  • Hyvärinen M. (2010). Revisiting the narrative turns, Life Writing, Vol.7, s.69–82. 10.1080/14484520903342957
  • Iqani, M. & Schroeder, E.J. (2015). #selfie: digital self-portraits as commodity form and consumption practice. Consumption Markets & Culture, 19 (5), s. 405-415.doi: 10.1080/10253866.2015.1116784
  • Jennings,P. (1996). Narrative structures for new media: Towards a new definition. Leonardo, 29(5), s.345-350. doi:10.2307/1576398
  • Jørgensen, T. E. (2004) Challenges and Problems of the Linguistic Turn. Bo Stråth's Homepage. Erişim adresi: http://www.helsinki.fi/strath/strath/archive/pastseminars/0304problems_linguistic_turn/seminar_problemsoflinguisticturn.html
  • Kılıç, S. (2015). Lyotard: fark ve çokluğun anlatısı postmodernite. Temaşa Erciyes Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Dergisi, 3, s. 106-137. Erişim adresi: http://dergipark.gov.tr/temasa/issue/23816/253731
  • Kraus, W. (2000). Timely stories. narrating a self in postmodern times. The first International Conference on the Dialogical Self,s.1-13. Nijmegen, Netherlands. Erişim adresi: http://ikus.net/texte/timely_stories.pdf
  • Koliska, M. & Roberts, J.(2015). Selfies: witnessing and participatory journalism with a point of view. International Journal of Communication, 9, s. 1672-1685. Erişim adresi: : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289618357
  • Kraus, W. (2005). The Eye of the Beholder: Narratology as seen by social psychology. J.C.Meister (Ed.), Narratology beyond literary criticis içinde (s.265-287). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Lima, C.C.(2015). The selfİe as expression of contemporary fashion and narcisism. Moda Documenta: Museu, Memória e Design, II(I), 1–14.
  • Lyotard, J.F.(2013). Postmodern Durum, (İ. Birkan, Çev.) Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık.
  • McAdams, D. P. (2008). Personal narratives and the life story: Theory and research. J.Oliver vd.(Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research içinde (s. 241-261). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Nichols, M (2015). Identity crafting: Reading the agency and art implicit in selfies. Bridges: A Journal of Student Research, 9,1-6. Erişim adresi: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6baa/7a45c845e7ec3366497811260100f89ae4af.pdf
  • Orvell, M. (1998).Picturing Ourselves: Photography and Autobiography. Biography, 21(3),352-354. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23540075?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2014, 28 Nisan). A networked selfie: Storytelling of the self in the age of digital reproduction. Culture Digitally. Erişim adresi:http://culturedigitally.org/2014/04/a-networked-selfie-storytelling-of-the-self-in-the-age-of-digital-reproduction/
  • Randall, W.L.(2014). Bizi “biz” yapan hikâyeler. (Ş. Süer, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Rich, R. (2014). Storied identities: Identity formation and the life story. University of Sussex Journal of Contemporary History, 15, 1-16. Erişim adresi: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/history/research/usjch/pastissues
  • Rugg, L. H. (2007). Picturing ourselves: Photography and autobiography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Seiter, C.(2015, 17 Haziran). The psychology of selfies: Why we love taking and vieving photos of faces. Buffersocail: Thoughts on Social Media and Online Marketing. Erişim adresi: https://blog.bufferapp.com/psychology-of-selfies.
  • Senft, T. M. & Baym, N. (2015).What does the selfie say? Investigating a global phenomenon. International Journal of Communication, 9, s.1588–1606. Erişim adresi: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4067/1387
  • Sennett, R.(2008). Karakter aşınması: Yeni kapitalizmde işin karakter üzerindeki etkileri. (B.Yıldırım. Çev.).İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Simmel, G. (2009. Bireysellik ve kültür. (T. Birkan, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Smithsonian. Face Value (t.y.). Portraiture in the age of absraction. Erişim adresi: 2018. http://npg.si.edu/exhibit/face/index.html
  • Sontag, S. (2011). Fotoğraf üzerine. (O. Akınhay,Çev.). İ stanbul:Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Suler, J. (2015). Contemporary media forum: From self-portraits to selfies. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 12 (2), s. 175–180. doi.org/10.1002/aps.1448
  • Sundbo, J. & SËrensen, F. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook on the experience economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Üğüden, D. (2015, 9 Ekim). 3 yıl boyunca her gün çektiği selfie’ler eşliğinde bir kızın erkeğe dönüşüm süreci. listelist.com. Erişim adresi: http://listelist.com/cinsiyet-degistirme-fotograflari/
  • Acar Vanleene, S.M. (2011). Paul Ricoeur’de kendiliğe ilişkin bir sorgulama olarak “anlatısal kimlik” sorunu. (Doktora Tezi). Erişim adresi: http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/browse/6083/tez.pdf?show
  • Van Dijck, J. (2008). Digital photography: communication, identity, memory.Visual Communication, 7(1), s. 57-76. doi: 10.1177/1470357207084865
  • Viviennei S. & Burgess, J. (2013). The Remediation of the personal photograph and the politics of self- representation in digital storytelling. Journal of Material Culture , 18(3), s. 279-298. doi: 10.1177/1359183513492080
  • Wallace, W. (2015). Selfie a day-everyday photo diary. iTunes Preview. Erişim adresi: 2018. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/selfie-day-everyday-photo/id877133105?mt=8
  • Wilkes, D. ( 2013, 29 Kasım). Girl Who pulled all her hair out: The compulsive disorder victim whose youtube diary made her an unlikely star. Daily Mail Online. Erişim adresi: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2514880/Student-rare-hair-pulling-condition-trichotillomania-online-sensation.html

Dijital Çağda Otobiyografik Anlatılar Olarak Kişisel Fotoğraflar

Year 2019, Volume: 36 Issue: 2, 307 - 323, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.474920

Abstract

Anlatı, son yıllarda edebiyat teorisi dışında sosyal bilimlerin farklı alanlarında ilgi uyandıran bir konu haline gelmiştir.
Yalnızca edebi bir tür olarak değil, insan yaşamını anlamlı hale getiren temel bir iletişim formu olarak ele alınmaya
başlanmıştır. Anlatısal yaklaşımlara artan ilgi, sosyal bilimlerde yaşanan dilsel dönüş veya kültürel dönüş olarak
adlandırılan sürecin parçasını oluşturur. Anlatısal dönüş, birçok toplumsal ve akademik gelişmenin sonucu olarak
ortaya çıkmıştır. Büyük anlatıların ölümüyle derinliksiz, parçalı ve merkezsiz postmodern benlik için tutarlı bir yaşam
anlatısı kritik bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu durum, farklı disiplinlerde anlatıya yönelik ilginin artmasında önemli bir
etkiye sahiptir. Fotoğraf, toplumun önemli kesimine ulaşmasıyla birlikte gündelik yaşamda otobiyografik anlatılar için
bir araç olmuştur. Dijital devrim ve diğer tarihsel gelişmeler ile birlikte fotoğraf yeni nitelikler kazanmış; kişisel
anlatıların oluşturulması ve iletilmesinde önemli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Kişisel fotoğrafları otobiyografik anlatılar
olarak değerlendiren bu çalışmada, fotoğrafın geçirdiği dönüşüm anlatısal bir yaklaşımla ele alınacaktır. Bu amaçla
dijital devrim ile birlikte fotoğrafın geçirdiği dönüşüm ve anlatı teorisindeki yeni yaklaşımlar aynı tarihsel dönüşüm
içinden okunacaktır.

References

  • Abidin, C. (2014, 12 Kasım ). The rise of the selfie and the monetisation of social media. ABC Radio National. Erişim adresi: http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/thelist/the-rise-of-the-selfie-and-the-monetisation-of-social-media/5885926
  • Allan, K. (1997). The postmodern self: A theoretical consideration. Quarterly Journal of Ideology, 20(1), s. 3-24. Erişim adresi: https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/listing.aspx?id=5126
  • Alatalo, M. (2015). Reading pictures, constructing narratives: A study upon pictorial narrativity and a narrative analysis of work photography (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erişim adresi: http://lauda.ulapland.fi/handle/10024/61931
  • Bajac, Q. (2011). Fotoğraftan sonra: Analog fotoğraftan dijital devrime.(M. Franco, Çev.) İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
  • Bamberg, M. (2011). Who am I? Narration and its contribution to self and identity. Theory & Psychology, 21(1), s.3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354309355852
  • Barthes, R. (1988). Anlatıların yapısal çözümlemesine giriş. (M. Rifat ve S. Rifat,Çev.) İstanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi.
  • Barthes, R. (2014a). Görüntünün retoriği, sanat ve müzik. (A. Koç, Çev.). İstanbul. Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Barthes, R. (2014b). Camera lucida: Fotoğraf üzerine düşünceler. (R. Akçakaya, Çev.). İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayınları.
  • Benjamin, W. (2012). Fotoğrafın kısa tarihi: Teknik araçlarla yeniden-üretim (çoğaltma) çağında sanat eseri. (O. Akınhay, Çev.). İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Berger, J. (2015). Bir fotoğrafı anlamak. (B. Eyüboğlu, Çev.).İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Besley, T. (2001). Foucauldian influences in narrative therapy: An approach for schools. The Journal of Educational Enquiry, 2(2), s.72-93. Erişim adresi: https://www.ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/EDEQ/article/view/559
  • Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 18(1), s.1-21. Erişim adresi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1343711
  • Bruner, J. (2004). Life as narrative. Social Research, 71 (3), s.691- 710. Erişim tarihi: https://philpapers.org/rec/BRULAN
  • Culler, J. (1997). Literary theory: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Davis, J.E. (Ed.). (2002). Narrative and social movements: The power of stories, İçinde, J. E. Davis, (Eds.), Stories of change: Narrative and social movements. (s.3-29), Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Fallon, K. (2014). Streams of the self: The Instagram feed as narrative autobiography. M. Hudson vd.(Ed.). Proceedings of the Interactive Narratives, New Media & Social Engagement International Conference (s.54-60) içinde. Toronto, Kanada. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299102175
  • Fulford, R. (1999). Anlatının gücü: Kitle kültürü çağında hikâyecilik.(E.Kardelen,Çev.). İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap.
  • Georgakopoulou, A. (2016).From Narrating the self to posting self (ies): A small stories approach to selfies. Open Linguistics, 2(1), s.300-317. 10.1515/opli-2016-0014
  • Harrison, B. (2004). Photographic visions and narrative inquiry. M. Bamberg & M. Andrews (Ed). Considering counter narratives: narrating, resisting, making sense içinde (s. 113-136), Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Hogan, B. ve Wellman, B. (2014). The Relational self-portrait: selfies meet social networks. M. Graham & W. Dutton (Ed.). Society and the internet: how networks of information and communication are changing our lives içinde (s.53-66).Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hui, Y., & Halpin, H. (2013). Collective individuation: the future of the social web. The Unlike Us Reader, s.103-116. Erişim adresi: : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277309659
  • Hyvärinen M. (2010). Revisiting the narrative turns, Life Writing, Vol.7, s.69–82. 10.1080/14484520903342957
  • Iqani, M. & Schroeder, E.J. (2015). #selfie: digital self-portraits as commodity form and consumption practice. Consumption Markets & Culture, 19 (5), s. 405-415.doi: 10.1080/10253866.2015.1116784
  • Jennings,P. (1996). Narrative structures for new media: Towards a new definition. Leonardo, 29(5), s.345-350. doi:10.2307/1576398
  • Jørgensen, T. E. (2004) Challenges and Problems of the Linguistic Turn. Bo Stråth's Homepage. Erişim adresi: http://www.helsinki.fi/strath/strath/archive/pastseminars/0304problems_linguistic_turn/seminar_problemsoflinguisticturn.html
  • Kılıç, S. (2015). Lyotard: fark ve çokluğun anlatısı postmodernite. Temaşa Erciyes Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Dergisi, 3, s. 106-137. Erişim adresi: http://dergipark.gov.tr/temasa/issue/23816/253731
  • Kraus, W. (2000). Timely stories. narrating a self in postmodern times. The first International Conference on the Dialogical Self,s.1-13. Nijmegen, Netherlands. Erişim adresi: http://ikus.net/texte/timely_stories.pdf
  • Koliska, M. & Roberts, J.(2015). Selfies: witnessing and participatory journalism with a point of view. International Journal of Communication, 9, s. 1672-1685. Erişim adresi: : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289618357
  • Kraus, W. (2005). The Eye of the Beholder: Narratology as seen by social psychology. J.C.Meister (Ed.), Narratology beyond literary criticis içinde (s.265-287). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Lima, C.C.(2015). The selfİe as expression of contemporary fashion and narcisism. Moda Documenta: Museu, Memória e Design, II(I), 1–14.
  • Lyotard, J.F.(2013). Postmodern Durum, (İ. Birkan, Çev.) Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık.
  • McAdams, D. P. (2008). Personal narratives and the life story: Theory and research. J.Oliver vd.(Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research içinde (s. 241-261). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Nichols, M (2015). Identity crafting: Reading the agency and art implicit in selfies. Bridges: A Journal of Student Research, 9,1-6. Erişim adresi: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6baa/7a45c845e7ec3366497811260100f89ae4af.pdf
  • Orvell, M. (1998).Picturing Ourselves: Photography and Autobiography. Biography, 21(3),352-354. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23540075?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2014, 28 Nisan). A networked selfie: Storytelling of the self in the age of digital reproduction. Culture Digitally. Erişim adresi:http://culturedigitally.org/2014/04/a-networked-selfie-storytelling-of-the-self-in-the-age-of-digital-reproduction/
  • Randall, W.L.(2014). Bizi “biz” yapan hikâyeler. (Ş. Süer, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Rich, R. (2014). Storied identities: Identity formation and the life story. University of Sussex Journal of Contemporary History, 15, 1-16. Erişim adresi: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/history/research/usjch/pastissues
  • Rugg, L. H. (2007). Picturing ourselves: Photography and autobiography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Seiter, C.(2015, 17 Haziran). The psychology of selfies: Why we love taking and vieving photos of faces. Buffersocail: Thoughts on Social Media and Online Marketing. Erişim adresi: https://blog.bufferapp.com/psychology-of-selfies.
  • Senft, T. M. & Baym, N. (2015).What does the selfie say? Investigating a global phenomenon. International Journal of Communication, 9, s.1588–1606. Erişim adresi: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4067/1387
  • Sennett, R.(2008). Karakter aşınması: Yeni kapitalizmde işin karakter üzerindeki etkileri. (B.Yıldırım. Çev.).İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Simmel, G. (2009. Bireysellik ve kültür. (T. Birkan, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Smithsonian. Face Value (t.y.). Portraiture in the age of absraction. Erişim adresi: 2018. http://npg.si.edu/exhibit/face/index.html
  • Sontag, S. (2011). Fotoğraf üzerine. (O. Akınhay,Çev.). İ stanbul:Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Suler, J. (2015). Contemporary media forum: From self-portraits to selfies. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 12 (2), s. 175–180. doi.org/10.1002/aps.1448
  • Sundbo, J. & SËrensen, F. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook on the experience economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Üğüden, D. (2015, 9 Ekim). 3 yıl boyunca her gün çektiği selfie’ler eşliğinde bir kızın erkeğe dönüşüm süreci. listelist.com. Erişim adresi: http://listelist.com/cinsiyet-degistirme-fotograflari/
  • Acar Vanleene, S.M. (2011). Paul Ricoeur’de kendiliğe ilişkin bir sorgulama olarak “anlatısal kimlik” sorunu. (Doktora Tezi). Erişim adresi: http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/browse/6083/tez.pdf?show
  • Van Dijck, J. (2008). Digital photography: communication, identity, memory.Visual Communication, 7(1), s. 57-76. doi: 10.1177/1470357207084865
  • Viviennei S. & Burgess, J. (2013). The Remediation of the personal photograph and the politics of self- representation in digital storytelling. Journal of Material Culture , 18(3), s. 279-298. doi: 10.1177/1359183513492080
  • Wallace, W. (2015). Selfie a day-everyday photo diary. iTunes Preview. Erişim adresi: 2018. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/selfie-day-everyday-photo/id877133105?mt=8
  • Wilkes, D. ( 2013, 29 Kasım). Girl Who pulled all her hair out: The compulsive disorder victim whose youtube diary made her an unlikely star. Daily Mail Online. Erişim adresi: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2514880/Student-rare-hair-pulling-condition-trichotillomania-online-sensation.html
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Serpil Karaaslan 0000-0002-5788-7226

Publication Date December 30, 2019
Submission Date October 25, 2018
Acceptance Date May 29, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 36 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karaaslan, S. (2019). Dijital Çağda Otobiyografik Anlatılar Olarak Kişisel Fotoğraflar. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.474920


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