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Investigation of the Possible GPS-TEC Anomalies before the 2005 Northern Peru Earthquake

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 214 - 221, 31.12.2018

Abstract

Recently, Total Electron Content (TEC) data, obtained from Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSS) receivers, are increasingly being used to detect seismo-ionospheric anomalies. In this study, Global Positioning System – Total Electron Content (GPS-TEC) data were used to investigate ionospheric abnormal behaviours prior to the 2005 Northern Peru earthquake (5.674 S, 76.409 W, September 26, 2005, 01:55:37 UT, Mw:7.5). The data obtained from three International GNSS Service (IGS) stations near the epicentre of the earthquake were used to detect ionospheric anomalies before the earthquake. Solar activity (F10.7), geomagnetic storm (Kp) and geomagnetic activity (Dst) index values which are both related to space weather conditions, were used to analyze these pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies. Analysis results revealed that anomalies occurred and the possible ionospheric VTEC anomalies associated with the earthquake obtained four to nine days before the Northern Peru earthquake. This study is supported by TUBITAK, Environment, Atmosphere, Earth and Marine Science Research Support Group (CAYDAG) grant no. 116Y109.

References

  • E. L. Afraimovich, E. A. Kosogorov, N. P. Perevalova, and A. V. Plotnikov, "The use of GPS arrays in detecting shock-acoustic waves generated during rocket launchings", Journal of Atmospherical Solar and Terrestrial Physics, 63, 1941-1957, 2001.
  • E. A. Bruevich, V. V. Bruevich, and G. V. Yakunina, "Changed Relation between Solar 10.7cm Radio Flux and some Activity Indices which describe the Radiation at Different Altitudes of Atmosphere during Cycles 21-23", Journal of Astrophys Astr, 35, 1-15, 2014.
  • E. Calais, and J.B. Minster, "GPS, earthquakes, the ionosphere, and the Space Shuttle", Physics Earth Planetary Int ens, 105, 167-181, 1998.
  • M. Chakraborty, S. Kumar, B. K. De, and A. Guha, "Latitudinal characteristics of GPS derived ionospheric TEC: a comparative study with IRI 2012 model", Ann Geophys-Italy, 57(59, 1-13, 2014. doi:10.4401/ag-6438, 2014.
  • W. R. Coley, R. A. Stoneback, R. A. Heelis, and M. R. Hairston, "Topside equatorial zonal ion velocities measured by C/NOFS during rising solar activity", Ann Geophys, 32, 69-75, 2014.
  • M. Contadakis, D. Arabelos, C. Pikridas, and S. Spatalas, "Total electron content variations over southern Europe before and during the M 6.3 Abruzzo earthquake of April 6", 2009, Ann Geophys-Italy, 55, 83-93, 2012.
  • K. Davies, and D. M. Baker, "Ionospheric Effects Observed Around Time of Alaskan Earthquake of March 28 1964", Journal of Geophysical Research, 70, 2251-2253, 1965.
  • R. Dach, U. Hugentobler, P. Fridez, and M. Meindl, "Manual of Bernese GPS Software Version5.0", Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Bern, 2007.
  • I. P. Dobrovolsky, S. I. Zubkov, and V. I. Miachkin, "Estimation of the Size of Earthquake Preparation Zones", Pure and Applied Geophysics, 117, 1025-1044, 1979.
  • M. Durmaz and M. O. Karslioglu, "Regional Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) modeling together with satellite and receiver Differential Code Biases (DCBs) using Semi-Parametric Multivariate Adaptive Regression B-splines (SP-BMARS)", Journal of Geodesy, 89(4), 347-360, 2014.
  • A. M. Hasbi, M. A. M. Ali, and N. Misran, "Ionospheric variations before some large earthquakes over Sumatra", Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 11, 597-611, 2011.
  • C. C. Hsiao, J. Y. Liu, K. I. Oyama, N. L. Yen, Y. A. Liou, S. S. Chen, and J. J. Miau, "Seismo-ionospheric precursor of the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake observed by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC", GPS Solut, 14, 83-89, 2010.
  • R. Jin, S. G., Jin, and G. P., Feng, "M_DCB: Matlab code for estimating GNSS satellite and receiver differential code biases", GPS Solut 16(4), 541-548, 2012.
  • L. Jyh-Woei, "Use of principal component analysis in the identification of the spatial pattern of an ionospheric total electron content anomalies after China's May 12, 2008", M=7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, Adv Space Res, 47, 1983-1989, 2011.
  • J. Klobuchar, "Design and characteristics of the GPS ionospheric time-delay algorithm for single-frequency users", Proceedings of the IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Las Vegas, November 4-7, 1986.
  • S. Klotz, and N. L. Johnson, "Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences", John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, 1983.
  • H. Le, J. Y. Liu, and L. Liu, "A statistical analysis of ionospheric anomalies before 736 M6.0+ earthquakes during 2002-2010", J Geophys Res, doi:10.1029/2010JA015781, 2011.
  • R. S. Leonard, and R. A. Barnes, "Observation of Ionospheric Disturbances Following Alaska Earthquake", J Geophys Res. 70, 1250-1253, 1965.
  • J. Lin, Y. Wu, F. Zhu, X. Qiao, and Y. Zhou, "Wenchuan earthquake ionosphere TEC anomaly detected by GPS", Chinese J. Geophys-Ch, 52, 297-300, 2009.
  • J. Lin, "Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Anomalies Associated with Earthquakes through Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT)", Terr Atmos Ocean Sci, 21, 253-265, 2010.
  • V. A. Liperovsky, O. A. Pokhotelov, E. V. Liperovskaya, M. Parrot, C. V. Meister, and O. A. Alimov, "Modification of sporadic E-layers caused by seismic activity", Surv Geophys, 21, 449-486, 2000.
  • J. Liu, Y. Chuo, S. Shan, Y. Tsai, Y. Chen, S. Pulinets, and S. Yu, "Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements", Ann Geophys, 22, 1585-1593, 2004.
  • J. Y. Liu, Y. I. Chen, C. H. Chen, C. Y. Liu, C. Y. Chen, M. Nishihashi, J. Z. Li, Y. Q. Xia, K. I. Oyama, K. Hattori, and C. H. Lin, "Seismo-ionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 M(w)7.9 Wenchuan earthquake", J Geophys Res, doi:10.1029/2008JA013698, 2009.
  • J. Y. Liu, C. H. Chen, C. H. Lin, H. F. Tsai, C. H. Chen, and M. Kamogawa, "Ionospheric disturbances triggered by the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake", J Geophys Res, doi:10.1029/2011JA016761, 2011.
  • A. A. Namgaladze, M. V. Klimenko, V. V. Klimenko, and I. E. Zakharenkova, "Physical mechanism and mathematical modelling of earthquake ionospheric precursors registered in total electron content", Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 49(2), 252-262, 2009.
  • Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, A. Saito, T. Tsugawa, S. Fukao, and S. Miyazaki, "A new technique for mapping of total electron content using GPS network in Japan", Earth Planets Space, 54, 63-70, 2002.
  • Y. Otsuka, N. Kotake, T. Tsugawa, K. Shiokawa, T. Ogawa, S. Effendy Saito, M. Kawamura, T. Maruyama, N. Hemmakorn, and T. Komolmis, "GPS detection of total electron content variations over Indonesia and Thailand following the 26 December 2004 earthquake", Earth Planets Space, 58, 159-165, 2006.
  • M. Parrot, J. Achache, J. J. Berthelier, E. Blanc, A. Deschamps, F. Lefeuvre, M. Menvielle, J. L. Plantet, P. Tarits, and J. P. Villain, "High-Frequency Seismo-Electromagnetic Effects", Physics Earth Planetary Int ens, 77, 65-83, 1993.
  • S. A. Pulinets, A. D. Legen'ka, T. V. Gaivoronskaya, and V. K. Depuev, "Main phenomenological features of ionospheric precursors of strong earthquakes", J Atmos Solar Terrest Phys, 65, 1337-1347, 2003.
  • S. A. Pulinets, and K. Boyarchuk, "Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes", Springer, Berlin, 2004.
  • S. A. Pulinets, "Natural radioactivity, earthquakes, and the ionosphere", Eos Trans AGU, 88(20), 217, 2007.
  • S. A. Pulinets, "Physical Mechanism of the Vertical Electric Field Generation over Active Tectonic Field Faults", Adv. Space Res., 44(6), 767-773, 2009.
  • A. Rozhnoi, M. S. Solovieva, O. A. Molchanov, and M. Hayakawa, "Middle latitude LF (40 kHz) phase variations associated with earthquakes for quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions", Phys Chem Earth, 29, 589-598, 2004.
  • S. Schaer, W. Gurtner, and J. Feltens, "IONEX: The IONosphere Map EXchange Format, Version 1", Proceedings of the 1998 IGS Analysis Center Workshop, Darmstadt, Germany, 1998.
  • S. Schaer, "Mapping and predicting the Earth's ionosphere using the Global Positioning System", Dissertation, University of Berne, Switzerland, 1999.
  • M. Schmidt, D. Bilitza, C. K. Shum, and Zeilhofer, C., "Regional 4-D modelling of the ionospheric electron density", Adv Space Res, 42, 782-790, 2008.
  • L. Spogli, L. Alfonsi, P. J. Cilliers, E. Correia, G. De Franceschi, C. N. Mitchell, V. Romano, J. Kinrade, and M. Angel Cabrera, "GPS scintillations and total electron content climatology in the southern low, middle and high latitude regions", Ann Geophys-Italy, doi:10.4401/ag-6240, 2013.
  • Y. Yao, P. Chen, H. Wu, S. Zhang, and W. Peng, "Analysis of ionospheric anomalies before the 2011 Mw 9.0 Japan earthquake", Chinese Sci Bull, 57, 500-510, 2012.
  • I. Zakharenkova, I. Shagimuratov, N. Tepenitzina, and A. Krankowski, "Anomalous modification of the ionospheric total electron content prior to the 26 September 2005 Peru earthquake", J Atmos Solar Terrest Phys, 70, 1919-1928, 2008.
  • Y. Zhou, Y. Wu, X. Qiao, and X. Zhang, "Ionospheric anomalies detected by ground-based GPS before the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, China", J Atmos Solar Terrest Phys, 71, 959-966, 2009.
  • Classification of Kp index values http://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/help/the-kp-index (Access date: 18th March 2016).

2005 Kuzey Peru Depremi Öncesinde Ortaya Çıkan Muhtemel GPS-TEC Anomalilerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 214 - 221, 31.12.2018

Abstract

Son zamanlarda, Global Navigasyon Uydu Sistemleri (GNSS) alıcılarından elde edilen Toplam Elektron İçeriği (TEC) verileri, sismo-iyonosferik anomalileri tespit etmek için giderek daha fazla kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2005 Kuzey Peru depremi öncesinde iyonosferik anormal davranışları araştırmak için Küresel Konumlandırma Sistemi- Toplam Elektron İçeriği (GPS-TEC) verileri kullanılmıştır (5.674 G, 76.409 B, 26 Eylül 2005, 01:55:37 UT, Mw:7.5). Deprem merkez üssüne yakın üç Uluslararası GNSS Servisi (IGS) istasyonundan elde edilen veriler deprem öncesi iyonosferik anomalileri tespit etmek için kullanılmıştır. Deprem öncesi iyonosferik anomalileri incelemek için, uzay iklim koşullarına bağlı güneş aktivitesi (F10.7), jeomanyetik fırtına (Kp) ve jeomanyetik aktivite (Dst) indis değerleri kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına bakıldığında, anomalilerin ortaya çıktığı ve depremle ilişkili muhtemel iyonosferik VTEC anomalilerinin, Kuzey Peru depreminden dört ila dokuz gün önce meydana geldiği görülmüştür. Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK, Çevre, Atmosfer, Yer ve Deniz Bilimleri Araştırma Destek Grubu (CAYDAG) tarafından 116Y109 nolu proje ile desteklenmektedir.

References

  • E. L. Afraimovich, E. A. Kosogorov, N. P. Perevalova, and A. V. Plotnikov, "The use of GPS arrays in detecting shock-acoustic waves generated during rocket launchings", Journal of Atmospherical Solar and Terrestrial Physics, 63, 1941-1957, 2001.
  • E. A. Bruevich, V. V. Bruevich, and G. V. Yakunina, "Changed Relation between Solar 10.7cm Radio Flux and some Activity Indices which describe the Radiation at Different Altitudes of Atmosphere during Cycles 21-23", Journal of Astrophys Astr, 35, 1-15, 2014.
  • E. Calais, and J.B. Minster, "GPS, earthquakes, the ionosphere, and the Space Shuttle", Physics Earth Planetary Int ens, 105, 167-181, 1998.
  • M. Chakraborty, S. Kumar, B. K. De, and A. Guha, "Latitudinal characteristics of GPS derived ionospheric TEC: a comparative study with IRI 2012 model", Ann Geophys-Italy, 57(59, 1-13, 2014. doi:10.4401/ag-6438, 2014.
  • W. R. Coley, R. A. Stoneback, R. A. Heelis, and M. R. Hairston, "Topside equatorial zonal ion velocities measured by C/NOFS during rising solar activity", Ann Geophys, 32, 69-75, 2014.
  • M. Contadakis, D. Arabelos, C. Pikridas, and S. Spatalas, "Total electron content variations over southern Europe before and during the M 6.3 Abruzzo earthquake of April 6", 2009, Ann Geophys-Italy, 55, 83-93, 2012.
  • K. Davies, and D. M. Baker, "Ionospheric Effects Observed Around Time of Alaskan Earthquake of March 28 1964", Journal of Geophysical Research, 70, 2251-2253, 1965.
  • R. Dach, U. Hugentobler, P. Fridez, and M. Meindl, "Manual of Bernese GPS Software Version5.0", Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Bern, 2007.
  • I. P. Dobrovolsky, S. I. Zubkov, and V. I. Miachkin, "Estimation of the Size of Earthquake Preparation Zones", Pure and Applied Geophysics, 117, 1025-1044, 1979.
  • M. Durmaz and M. O. Karslioglu, "Regional Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) modeling together with satellite and receiver Differential Code Biases (DCBs) using Semi-Parametric Multivariate Adaptive Regression B-splines (SP-BMARS)", Journal of Geodesy, 89(4), 347-360, 2014.
  • A. M. Hasbi, M. A. M. Ali, and N. Misran, "Ionospheric variations before some large earthquakes over Sumatra", Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 11, 597-611, 2011.
  • C. C. Hsiao, J. Y. Liu, K. I. Oyama, N. L. Yen, Y. A. Liou, S. S. Chen, and J. J. Miau, "Seismo-ionospheric precursor of the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake observed by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC", GPS Solut, 14, 83-89, 2010.
  • R. Jin, S. G., Jin, and G. P., Feng, "M_DCB: Matlab code for estimating GNSS satellite and receiver differential code biases", GPS Solut 16(4), 541-548, 2012.
  • L. Jyh-Woei, "Use of principal component analysis in the identification of the spatial pattern of an ionospheric total electron content anomalies after China's May 12, 2008", M=7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, Adv Space Res, 47, 1983-1989, 2011.
  • J. Klobuchar, "Design and characteristics of the GPS ionospheric time-delay algorithm for single-frequency users", Proceedings of the IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Las Vegas, November 4-7, 1986.
  • S. Klotz, and N. L. Johnson, "Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences", John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, 1983.
  • H. Le, J. Y. Liu, and L. Liu, "A statistical analysis of ionospheric anomalies before 736 M6.0+ earthquakes during 2002-2010", J Geophys Res, doi:10.1029/2010JA015781, 2011.
  • R. S. Leonard, and R. A. Barnes, "Observation of Ionospheric Disturbances Following Alaska Earthquake", J Geophys Res. 70, 1250-1253, 1965.
  • J. Lin, Y. Wu, F. Zhu, X. Qiao, and Y. Zhou, "Wenchuan earthquake ionosphere TEC anomaly detected by GPS", Chinese J. Geophys-Ch, 52, 297-300, 2009.
  • J. Lin, "Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Anomalies Associated with Earthquakes through Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT)", Terr Atmos Ocean Sci, 21, 253-265, 2010.
  • V. A. Liperovsky, O. A. Pokhotelov, E. V. Liperovskaya, M. Parrot, C. V. Meister, and O. A. Alimov, "Modification of sporadic E-layers caused by seismic activity", Surv Geophys, 21, 449-486, 2000.
  • J. Liu, Y. Chuo, S. Shan, Y. Tsai, Y. Chen, S. Pulinets, and S. Yu, "Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements", Ann Geophys, 22, 1585-1593, 2004.
  • J. Y. Liu, Y. I. Chen, C. H. Chen, C. Y. Liu, C. Y. Chen, M. Nishihashi, J. Z. Li, Y. Q. Xia, K. I. Oyama, K. Hattori, and C. H. Lin, "Seismo-ionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 M(w)7.9 Wenchuan earthquake", J Geophys Res, doi:10.1029/2008JA013698, 2009.
  • J. Y. Liu, C. H. Chen, C. H. Lin, H. F. Tsai, C. H. Chen, and M. Kamogawa, "Ionospheric disturbances triggered by the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake", J Geophys Res, doi:10.1029/2011JA016761, 2011.
  • A. A. Namgaladze, M. V. Klimenko, V. V. Klimenko, and I. E. Zakharenkova, "Physical mechanism and mathematical modelling of earthquake ionospheric precursors registered in total electron content", Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 49(2), 252-262, 2009.
  • Y. Otsuka, T. Ogawa, A. Saito, T. Tsugawa, S. Fukao, and S. Miyazaki, "A new technique for mapping of total electron content using GPS network in Japan", Earth Planets Space, 54, 63-70, 2002.
  • Y. Otsuka, N. Kotake, T. Tsugawa, K. Shiokawa, T. Ogawa, S. Effendy Saito, M. Kawamura, T. Maruyama, N. Hemmakorn, and T. Komolmis, "GPS detection of total electron content variations over Indonesia and Thailand following the 26 December 2004 earthquake", Earth Planets Space, 58, 159-165, 2006.
  • M. Parrot, J. Achache, J. J. Berthelier, E. Blanc, A. Deschamps, F. Lefeuvre, M. Menvielle, J. L. Plantet, P. Tarits, and J. P. Villain, "High-Frequency Seismo-Electromagnetic Effects", Physics Earth Planetary Int ens, 77, 65-83, 1993.
  • S. A. Pulinets, A. D. Legen'ka, T. V. Gaivoronskaya, and V. K. Depuev, "Main phenomenological features of ionospheric precursors of strong earthquakes", J Atmos Solar Terrest Phys, 65, 1337-1347, 2003.
  • S. A. Pulinets, and K. Boyarchuk, "Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes", Springer, Berlin, 2004.
  • S. A. Pulinets, "Natural radioactivity, earthquakes, and the ionosphere", Eos Trans AGU, 88(20), 217, 2007.
  • S. A. Pulinets, "Physical Mechanism of the Vertical Electric Field Generation over Active Tectonic Field Faults", Adv. Space Res., 44(6), 767-773, 2009.
  • A. Rozhnoi, M. S. Solovieva, O. A. Molchanov, and M. Hayakawa, "Middle latitude LF (40 kHz) phase variations associated with earthquakes for quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions", Phys Chem Earth, 29, 589-598, 2004.
  • S. Schaer, W. Gurtner, and J. Feltens, "IONEX: The IONosphere Map EXchange Format, Version 1", Proceedings of the 1998 IGS Analysis Center Workshop, Darmstadt, Germany, 1998.
  • S. Schaer, "Mapping and predicting the Earth's ionosphere using the Global Positioning System", Dissertation, University of Berne, Switzerland, 1999.
  • M. Schmidt, D. Bilitza, C. K. Shum, and Zeilhofer, C., "Regional 4-D modelling of the ionospheric electron density", Adv Space Res, 42, 782-790, 2008.
  • L. Spogli, L. Alfonsi, P. J. Cilliers, E. Correia, G. De Franceschi, C. N. Mitchell, V. Romano, J. Kinrade, and M. Angel Cabrera, "GPS scintillations and total electron content climatology in the southern low, middle and high latitude regions", Ann Geophys-Italy, doi:10.4401/ag-6240, 2013.
  • Y. Yao, P. Chen, H. Wu, S. Zhang, and W. Peng, "Analysis of ionospheric anomalies before the 2011 Mw 9.0 Japan earthquake", Chinese Sci Bull, 57, 500-510, 2012.
  • I. Zakharenkova, I. Shagimuratov, N. Tepenitzina, and A. Krankowski, "Anomalous modification of the ionospheric total electron content prior to the 26 September 2005 Peru earthquake", J Atmos Solar Terrest Phys, 70, 1919-1928, 2008.
  • Y. Zhou, Y. Wu, X. Qiao, and X. Zhang, "Ionospheric anomalies detected by ground-based GPS before the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, China", J Atmos Solar Terrest Phys, 71, 959-966, 2009.
  • Classification of Kp index values http://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/help/the-kp-index (Access date: 18th March 2016).
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Ulukavak 0000-0003-2092-3075

Mualla Yalçınkaya

Muhammed Arslan Tariq This is me

Publication Date December 31, 2018
Submission Date December 7, 2018
Acceptance Date January 3, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ulukavak, M., Yalçınkaya, M., & Tariq, M. A. (2018). Investigation of the Possible GPS-TEC Anomalies before the 2005 Northern Peru Earthquake. Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 3(3), 214-221.