<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2536-4758</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Hacettepe University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.16986/hunefd.1747472</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Social and Humanities Education (Excluding Economics, Business and Management)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Eğitimi (Ekonomi, İşletme ve Yönetim Hariç)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Problemli ChatGPT Kullanımı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye Uyarlama Çalışması</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Adaptation Study of the Problematic ChatGPT Use Scale into Turkish</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9253-8403</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Tiring</surname>
                                    <given-names>Okan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Marmara Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8297-7370</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>İslamoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ebrucan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>41</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>360</fpage>
                                        <lpage>370</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250721">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>21</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251211">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1986, </copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1986</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder></copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Bu çalışmanın amacı, Yu ve arkadaşları (2024) tarafından geliştirilen Problemli ChatGPT Kullanımı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğini incelemektir. Teknolojinin bilinçsiz ve aşırı kullanımı, bireyler üzerinde çeşitli olumsuz etkilere yol açabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, ölçek, bireylerin ChatGPT’yi sağlıksız bir şekilde kullanıp kullanmadığını belirlemek için geliştirilmiştir. Araştırma sürecinde, ölçeğin dilsel ve kavramsal uyumu sağlandıktan sonra, üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde detaylı bir analiz yapılmıştır. Araştırma, 18-60 yaş arasındaki yetişkinlerin ChatGPT kullanımını belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmaya 204 kadın ve 97 erkek olmak üzere toplam 301 yetişkin katılmıştır. Yapılan açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı analizler sonucunda, ölçeğin beşli Likert tipi, bir alt boyut ve 11 maddeden oluşan bir yapıya sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Faktör yükleri 0,52 ile 0,87 arasında değişirken, doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde yapılan Ki-kare testi (χ2=2319,736; sd=55, p=0,00) anlamlı bulunmuş, uyum indeksi değerleri ise CFI = 0.819, TLI = 0.774, RMSEA = 0.178 ve SRMR = 0.107 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, ölçeğin iç tutarlılığını değerlendiren Cronbach Alpha katsayısı 0,91 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, Problemli ChatGPT Kullanımı Ölçeği’nin, yetişkinlerin sosyal medya bağımlılığını belirlemeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ölçeğin ölçüt geçerliliğini test etmek amacıyla, literatürde yaygın olarak kullanılan ve geçerliliği kanıtlanmış Yapay Zekaya Bağımlılık Ölçeği ile ilişkilendirme yapılacaktır. Bu ilişkilendirme, Problemli ChatGPT Kullanımı Ölçeği ile Yapay Zekaya Bağımlılık Ölçeği arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirerek, iki ölçeğin benzer kavramları ölçüp ölçmediğini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Sonuç olarak, çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, Problemli ChatGPT Kullanımı Ölçeği’nin sosyal medya bağımlılığı konusunda etkili bir araç olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the Problematic ChatGPT Use Scale developed by Yu et al. (2024). Unconscious and excessive use of technology may lead to negative psychological, social, and academic outcomes, and the scale was designed to identify whether individuals engage in unhealthy or maladaptive patterns of ChatGPT use. Following the linguistic and conceptual adaptation procedures, the scale was administered to adult participants aged 18–60. A total of 301 adults participated in the study (204 women, 97 men). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the scale has a single-factor structure consisting of 11 items rated on a five-point Likert format. Factor loadings ranged from 0.52 to 0.87. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the chi-square value was significant (χ² = 2319.736, df = 55, p = .00), and the fit indices were CFI = 0.819, TLI = 0.774, RMSEA = 0.178, and SRMR = 0.107. Internal consistency analysis yielded a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.91. Criterion validity was supported by a significant correlation with the Artificial Intelligence Dependence Scale, indicating conceptual overlap between the two constructs. Overall, the findings show that the Turkish version of the Problematic ChatGPT Use Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing problematic ChatGPT use among adults.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Problematic ChatGPT Use</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Artificial Intelligence Addiction Scale</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Validity</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Reliability.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Problemli ChatGPT Kullanımı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yapay Zekaya Bağımlılık Ölçeği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Geçerlik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Güvenirlik.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Yoktur.</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0056-9</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ayyıldız, Y. D. D. H., &amp; Cengiz, A. G. E. (2006). Pazarlama modellerinin testinde kullanılabilecek yapısal eşitlik modeli (YEM) üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 63–84. https://izlik.org/JA87RD74TM</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bulut, H. (2023). R ile istatistiksel analiz ve programlama. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (8th ed.). Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (12th ed.). Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chou, C., Condron, L., &amp; Belland, J. C. (2005). A review of the research on internet addiction. Educational Psychology Review, 17(4), 363–388. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10648-005-8138-1</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Duong, C. D., Vu, T. N., Ngo, T. V. N., Do, N. D., &amp; Tran, N. M. (2024). Reduced student life satisfaction and academic performance: Unraveling the dark side of ChatGPT in the higher education context. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2356361</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Feuerriegel, S., Hartmann, J., Janiesch, C., &amp; Zschech, P. (2024). Generative AI. Business &amp; Information Systems Engineering, 66(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-023-00834-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fornell, C., &amp; Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., &amp; Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Social networking addiction: An overview of preliminary findings. In K. P. Rosenberg &amp; L. C. Feder (Eds.), Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment (pp. 119–141). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00006-9</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., &amp; Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., &amp; Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Huang, S., Lai, X., Ke, L., Li, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, X., Dai, X., &amp; Wang, Y. (2024). AI technology panic—Is AI dependence bad for mental health? A cross-lagged panel model and the mediating roles of motivations for AI use among adolescents. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 1087–1102. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S440889</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalaycı, Ş. (2009). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khan, M. T. (2025). The revolutionary intersection of AI and healthcare: Embracing ChatGPT with caution. Chronicles of Biomedical Sciences, 2(1). https://cbsciences.us/index.php/cbs/article/view/35</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kim, T. W., Jiang, L., Duhachek, A., Lee, H., &amp; Garvey, A. (2022). Do you mind if I ask you a personal question? How AI service agents alter consumer self-disclosure. Journal of Service Research, 25(4), 649–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/10946705221120232</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marriott, H. R., &amp; Pitardi, V. (2024). One is the loneliest number… two can be as bad as one: The influence of AI friendship apps on users’ well-being and addiction. Psychology &amp; Marketing, 41(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21899</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Meng, S. Q., Cheng, J. L., Li, Y. Y., Yang, X. Q., Zheng, J. W., Chang, X. W., &amp; Shi, J. (2022). Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, 102–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102128</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Morales-García, W. C., Sairitupa-Sanchez, L. Z., Morales-García, S. B., &amp; Morales-García, M. (2024). Development and validation of a scale for dependence on artificial intelligence in university students. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1323898. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1323898</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pentina, I., Xie, T., Hancock, T., &amp; Bailey, A. (2023). Consumer–machine relationships in the age of artificial intelligence: Systematic literature review and research directions. Psychology &amp; Marketing, 40(8), 1593–1614. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21853</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ramadan, Z. B. (2021). Alexafying shoppers: The examination of Amazon’s captive relationship strategy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102610</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Savaş, B. Ç. (2024). Yapay zekâya bağımlılık ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of
the dependence to artificial intelligence scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study]. Journal of Sports for All and
Recreation, 6(3). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jsar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Skjuve, M., Følstad, A., Fostervold, K. I., &amp; Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2021). My chatbot companion—A study of human-chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 149(1), 102601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102601</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sönmez, V., &amp; Alacapınar, G. F. (2014). Örneklendirilmiş bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Anı Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş (Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları). Ekinoks.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tabachnick, B. G., &amp; Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tehci, A., &amp; Ersoy, Y. (2018). Industry 4.0: New Approaches in Production Management and Marketing. In Mellal, M. A. (Ed.) Advanced Manufacturing: Progress, Trends and Prospects, 1, pp. 187–200). Nova.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Xie, T., Pentina, I., &amp; Hancock, T. (2023). Friend, mentor, lover: Does chatbot engagement lead to psychological dependence? Journal of Service Management, 23, 806–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-02-2022-0072</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Worthington, R. L., &amp; Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yu, S.-C., Chen, H.-R., &amp; Yang, Y.-W. (2024). Development and validation of the Problematic ChatGPT Use Scale: A preliminary report. Current Psychology, 43, 26080–26092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06259-z</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zaman, T. (2019). Efficient estimators of population mean using auxiliary attribute in stratified random sampling. Advances and Applications in Statistics, 56(2), 153–171.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhou, Z., Gan, W., Xie, J., Guo, Z., &amp; Zhang, Z. (2024). Harnessing the potential of large language models in medicine: Opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations. International Journal of Surgery, 110(9), 5850–5851. https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000001613</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
