Developed School Based Programs and Effectiveness to Prevent on Child Sexual Abuse

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 32 - 51, 31.08.2019

Haktan Demircioğlu Esra Işık

Abstract

Child sexual abuse is a universal problem in every society with the possibility of being seen and to protect children from sexual abuse, each state is obliged to take some measures in the educational context in order to protect developmental rights of children. It is very important raising awareness of children about the issue in order to prevent sexual abuse which has negative effects on children, sometimes even resulting in death. Taken from this perspective, modular or package programs which was developed in order to protect children from child sexual abuse has quite a separate value. Therefore, in the study it was aimed to examine developed school based these programs and their effectiveness to prevent on child sexual abuse. In this review study, the literature has been scanned related to examine developed school based programs and (their) effectiveness to prevent on child sexual abuse; was included the programs and the effectiveness of the programs which are achieved. Based on the information and findings obtained from the as a result of literature review, preventative schoolbased programs are revealed to be quite important to be trained about child sexual abuse on children who are selected as victims because they are vulnerable and unconscious and not informed by most families. In this context, it was concluded that each country should develop, implement school-based programmes to prevent child sexual abuse which are favorable in accordance with their cultural values and texture, evaluate and the level of impact which is achieved as a result of the evaluation of these programmes and that is necessary to design sustainable, traceable and updateable policies.

Keywords

Child sexual abuse, prevention, protection, school-based prevention programmes

Çocuk Cinsel İstismarını Önlemeye Yönelik Geliştirilen Okul Temelli Programlar Ve Etkililikleri

Abstract

Çocuk cinsel istismarı, her toplumda görülebilme olasılığına sahip olan evrensel bir problemdir ve çocukların cinsel istismardan korunabilmesi için her bir devlet çocuğun gelişimsel haklarını koruma adına eğitsel bağlamda bir takım tedbirleri almakla mükelleftir. Çocuklar üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olan ve hatta bazen ölümle sonuçlanan cinsel istismarın önlenebilmesi için çocukların konu hakkında bilinçlendirilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu açıdan ele alındığında cinsel istismardan korumak amacıyla çocuklar için geliştirilmiş modüler ya da paket programlar oldukça ayrı bir değere sahiptir. Bu nedenle söz konusu çalışmada, çocuk cinsel istismarını önlemeye yönelik geliştirilen okul temelli programlar ve bu programların etkililiklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu derleme çalışmada, çocuk cinsel istismarını önlemeye yönelik geliştirilen okul temelli programlar ve etkililikleri ile ilgili alan yazın gözden geçirilmiş; erişilen programlara ve programların etkililiklerine yer verilmiştir. Alan yazın taraması sonucunda ulaşılan bilgi ve bulgular üzerinden, savunmasız ve bilinçsiz olduğu için mağdur olarak seçilen ve çoğu aile tarafından bilgilendirilmeyen çocukların cinsel istismar hakkında bilinçlendirilmeleri için önleyici okul temelli programlarının oldukça önemli olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Bu bağlamda her bir ülkenin kendi kültürel değerlerine ve dokusuna uygun çocuk cinsel istismarını önlemeye yönelik okul temelli programlar geliştirmeleri, uygulamaları ve uygulama sonucunda ulaşılan etki düzeyini değerlendirmesinin sürdürülebilir, izlenebilir ve güncellenebilir politikalar tasarlayabilmek için gerekli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Çocuk cinsel istismarı, önleme, koruma, okul temelli önleyici programlar

References

• Boyle C, Lutzker J. 2005. Teaching young children to discriminate abusive from nonabusive situations using multiple exemplars in a modified discrete trial teaching format. Journal of Fam Viol 20(2): 55–69.
• Çeçen, A. R. (2007). Çocuk Cinsel İstismarı : Sıklığı, Etkileri ve Okul Temelli Önleme Yolları [Child Sexual Abuse: Prevalence, Effects and School Based Prevention]. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi[Journal of Human Sciences], 4(1), 1–17.
• Çeçen-Eroğul, A. R., & Kaf Hasırcı, Ö. (2013). İlköğretim Birinci Kademe Öğrencilerine Yönelik Geliştirilen Cinsel İstismarı Önleme Psiko-eğitim Programının Etkililiğinin Sınanması [The Effectiveness of Psycho-educational School-based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Training Program on Turkish Elementary Students].Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri[Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice], 13(2), 719–729.
• Daro D, Donnelly AC. 2002. Child abuse prevention: Accomplishments and challenges. In The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment, second edition, Myers JEB,
• Berliner L, BriereJ, Hendrix CT, Jenny C, Reid TA (eds). Sage Publications, Inc: Thousand Oaks, CA; 431–448.
• Deblinger, E., Stauffer, L. B., & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for children who were sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreat , 6(4), 332–343.
• Demircioğlu, H. (2015). Danışmanlık Tedbiri Uygulamaları El Kitabı (pp. 1–172). MEB Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü.
• Dworkin, E., & Martyniuk, H. (2011). Child Sexual Abuse Prevention.Retrieved from www.nsvrc.org
• Finkelhor, D. (2008). Childhood Victimization: Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People . New York: Oxford University Press.
• Finkelhor, D. (2009). The Prevention of Childhood Sexual Abuse. The Future of Child, 19(2), 169.
• Finkelhor, D., Hammer, H., & Sedlak, A. J. (2008). Sexually Assaulted Children: National Estimates and Characteristics.
• Geeraert, L., Van den Noortgate, W., Grietens, H., & Onghena, P. (2004). The Effects of Early Prevention Programs for Families with Young Children at Risk for Physical Child Abuse and Negl: A Meta-Analysis. Child Maltreat, 9(3), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559504264265
• Gibson, L. E., & Leitenberg, H. (2000). Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: Do They Decrease The Occurrence Of Child Sexual Abuse? Child Abuse & Negl, 24(9), 1115–1125.
• Hazzard, A. (1993). Psychoeducational groups to teach children sexual abuse prevention skills. Journal of Child and Adolesc Group Therapy, 3(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00973640
• Hazzard, A., Webb, C., Kleemeier, C., Angert, L., & Pohl, J. (1991). Child sexual abuse prevention: Evaluation and one-year follow-up. Child Abuse & Negl, 15(1–2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(91)90097-W
• Işık, E., & Demircioğlu, H. (2018). Preventive and Protective Intervention Studies Performed in Turkey and Other Countries for Child Abuse. In E. Alexandrova, N. L. Shapekova, B. Ak, & F. Özcanaslan (Eds.), Health Sciences Research in the Globalizing World (pp. 539–551). Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
• Jacobs, J. E., Hashima, P. Y., & Kenning, M. (1995). Children’s perceptions of the risk of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Negl, 19(12), 1443–1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(95)00092-5
• Kenny, M. C., Capri, V., R., R., Thakkar-Kolar, Ryan, E. E., & Runyon, M. K. (2008). Child sexual abuse: from prevention to self-protection. Child Abuse Rev, 17(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1012
• Koçak, C., & Büyükgönenç, L. (2011). Toplumdaki Bireylerin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmaline Yönelik Bilgi ve Görüşleri [Knowledge anf View of Individuals on Child Abuse and Neglect]. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , 4(1), 89–104.
• Madak, P. R., & Berg, D. H. (1992). The Prevention of Sexual Abuse: An Evaluation of "Talking About Touching" Canadian Journal of Counselling / Revue Canadienne de Counseling, 26, 29. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ449631.pdf
• MEB. (2015). Okullarda Rehberli̇k ve Psi̇koloji̇k Danişma Hi̇zmetleri̇ Kılavuzu (pp. 1–86). Ankara.
• National Sexual Violence Resource Center. (2011). Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: Programs For Children. Retrieved from www.nsvrc.org
• Pitts, C. (2015). Child sexual abuse prevention programs for pre-schoolers: A synthesis of current evidence. Sydney . Retrieved from www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/research.
• Polat, O. (2018). Türkiye’de Çocuk İstismarı Raporu -2 Basın Özeti. İstanbul.
• Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolesc Psychiatr, 42(3), 269-278.
• Sarno, J. A., & Wurtele, S. K. (1997). Effects of a Personal Safety Program on Preschoolers’ Knowledge, Skills, and Perceptions of Child Sexual Abuse. Child Maltreat, 2(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559597002001004
• Stedt, E. V. (2018). 2018 Prevention Resource Guide: Keeping Children Safe And Families Strong In Supportive Communities. Washington, U.S.
• Topping, K. J., & Barron, I. G. (2009). School-Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: A Review of Effectiveness. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 431–463. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325582
• Tutty, L. M. (1997). Child sexual abuse prevention programs: Evaluating who do you tell. Child Abuse & Negl, 21(9), 869–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00048-3
• Tutty, L. M. (2000). What Children Learn from Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: Difficult Concepts and Developmental Issues. Research on Social Work Practice, 10(3), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973150001000301
• Walsh, K., Zwi, K., Woolfenden, S., & Shlonsky, A. (2015). School-based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), 1–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004380.pub3
• Wurtele, S. K. (2009). Preventing Sexual Abuse of Children in the Twenty-First Century: Preparing for Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Child Sex Abus, 18(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710802584650
• Wurtele, S. K., & Owens, J. S. (1997). Teaching Personal Safety Skills To Young Children: An Investigation Of Age And Gender Across Five Studies. Child Abuse & Negl, 21(8), 805–814.
• Wurtele, S., Kvaternick, M., & Franklin, C. F. (1992). Sexual abuse prevention for preschoolers: A survey of parents’ behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs. Journal of Child Sex Abus, 1(1), 113–128.
• Zollner, H., Fuchs, K. A., & Fegert, J. M. (2014). Prevention of sexual abuse: improved information is crucial. Child and Adolesc Psychiatr and Ment Health, 8(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000 8-5