Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

DEMOKRASİ VE POLİTİK İSTİKRARIN MAKRO DEĞİŞKENLER İLE İLİŞKİSİNİN AMPİRİK ANALİZİ

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 57 - 78, 28.02.2022

Abstract

Ülkelerin kalkınmasında ve büyümesinde ekonomik etmenler kadar siyasal etmenlerde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yaşanan siyasi ve otoriteye bağlı sorunlar ekonomik problemleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Demokrasi sürecine geç ulaşan ülkelerde sosyal yaşamda yaşanan kaos ortamı ticaret başta olmak üzere ekonomik gelişimi sekteye uğratmaktadır. Siyasal yapıda oluşan karmaşık yapı düzensiz ve istikrarsız sistematik yapıların oluşmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada demokrasi ve siyasal istikrar kavramlarının ekonomide oluşturduğu etkiler ampirik analizle incelenmiştir. Araştırmada ülke seçiminde İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı’na üye olan ülkeler tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan değişkenlere ait veri sorununun yaşanmasından dolayı İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı’na üye olan seçili 10 ülke için analiz yapılmıştır. Endonezya, İran, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Türkiye, Mısır, Malezya, Pakistan, Arnavutluk, Azerbaycan için yürütülen çalışmada 2003-2018 yılları baz alınmıştır. Panel analizinin yapıldığı çalışmada iki ayrı model kurularak mevcut değişkenlerin birbirleri üzerindeki etkisi ayrı ayrı araştırılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda her iki model için anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Ele alınan değişkenlerin birbirlerini etkilediği ve uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin olduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Acaravcı, A. ve Erdoğan, S. (2015). “Türkiye’de Demokrasi, Reel Gelir ve Dışa Açıklık Arasındaki Uzun Dönemli ve Nedensel İlişkiler”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(31), 358-370.
  • Aisen, A. ve Veiga, F. J. (2013). “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?”. European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 151-167.
  • Akçay, S. (2000). “Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Demokrasi”. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (1), 1-15.
  • Alesina, A. ve Perotti, R. (1996). “Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment”. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Altıner, A. ve Bozkurt, E. (2018). “N11 Ülkelerinde Finansal Gelişme Ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi”. Uluslararası Ekonomi, İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 2 (2), 197-212.
  • Berggren, N. ve Jordahl, H. (2005). “Does Free Trade Really Reduce Growth? Further Testing Using the Economic Freedom Index”. Public Choice, 122(1-2): 99-114. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-3994-2
  • Bostan, A., Kelleci, S. ve Yılmaz, A. (2016). “Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Avrasya Ekonomileri Örneği”. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(5), 23-36.
  • Bozoklu, Ş. and Yılancı, V. (2013). “Finansal Gelişme ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ekonomiler İçin Analiz”. DEU İİBF Dergisi, 28 (2), 161-187.
  • Breuer, J. B., McNown, R. and Myles W. (2001). “Misleading Inference form Panel Unit Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity”, Review of International Economics, 9(3), 482-493.
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-53.
  • Cevizli, İ. (2013). “Demokrasi ve Ekonomik Gelişme İlişkisi”, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, İktisat Anabilim Dalı, Aydın.
  • Decker, J. ve Lim, J. (2009). “Democracy and Trade: An Empirical Study”. Economics of Governance, 10(2), 165-186.
  • Desai, R. M., Olofsgård, A. and Yousef, T. M. (2003). “Democracy, Inequality, and Inflation”. American Political Science Review, 97(3), 391-406.
  • Dineri, E. and Taş, İ. (2017). “Tasarruf ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği”. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 2(1), 1-12.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. ve Hurlin, C. (2012). “Testing for Granger Noncausality in Heterogeneous Panels”. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • Doucouliagos, H. ve Ulubaşoğlu, M. A. (2008). “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta Analysis”. American Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 61-83.
  • Easton, S. T., & Walker, M. A. (1997). “Income, Growth and Economic Freedom”. The American Economic Review, 87(2), 328-332.
  • Erkuş, S. ve Karamelikli, H. (2016). “Türkiye’de Demokrasi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki Uzun Dönemli İlişki.” https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sefa-Erkus/publication/308779726_Turkiye%27de_Demokrasi_ve_Iktisadi_Buyume_Arasindaki_Uzun_Donemli_Iliski/links/57efeb0c08ae886b897541b0/Tuerkiyede-Demokrasi-ve-Iktisadi-Bueyueme-Arasindaki-Uzun-Doenemli-Iliski.pdf
  • Fabro, G. and Aixala, J. (2012). “Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic and Political Freedom on Economic Growth”. Journal of Economic Issues, 46(4), 1059-1080.
  • Fenira, M. (2014). “Democracy: A Determinant Factor in Reducing Inflation”. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(2), 363-375.
  • Fosu, A. K. (2001). “Political Instability and Economic Growth in Developing Economies: Some Specification Empirics”. Economics Letters, 70(2), 289-294.
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. and Traynor, T. L. (1999). “Political Instability, Investment and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of African Economies, 8(1), 52-86.
  • Hill, L. E., Butler, C. E. ve Lorenzen, S. A. (1977). “Inflation and the Destruction of Democracy: The Case of the Weimar Republic”. Journal of Economic Issues, 11(2), 299-313.
  • Jong-A-Pin, R. (2009). “On the Measurement of Political Instability and its Impact on Economic Growth”, European Journal of Political Economy, 25(1), 15-29.
  • Konat, G. (2021). “Balkan Ülkeleri İçin Orta Gelir Tuzağı: Panel Veri Analizi”. Gaziantep Unıversıty Journal Of Socıal Scıences, 20(2), 466-479
  • Lipset, S. M. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Development”. American Political Science Review, 53, 69-105.
  • Lopez, L. ve Weber, S. (2017). “Testing for Granger Causality in Panel Data”, University of Neuchatel Institute of Economic Research, IRENE Working paper 17-03.
  • McCoskey, S. ve Kao, C. (1998). “A Residual-Based Test of the Null of Cointegration in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, 17(1): 57-84.
  • Milner, H. V. ve Kubota, K. (2005). “Why the Move to Free Trade? Democracy and Trade Policy in the Developing Countries”. International Organization, 107-143.
  • Moral-Benito, E. (2012). “Determinants of Economic Growth: A Bayesian Panel Data Approach”. The Review of Economics and İstatistiks, 94(2), 566-579.
  • Nel, P. (2003). “Income Inequality, Economic Growth, and Political Instability in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Journal of Modern African Studies, 611-639.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A Simple Panel UnitRoot Test in The Presence of Cross‐ SectionDependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Rachdia, H. ve Saidi, H. (2015). “Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence in MENA Countries”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 616 - 621.
  • Scully, G. W. (1988). “The Institutional Framework and Economic Development”. Journal of Political Economy, 96(3), 652. http://doi.org/10.1086/261555
  • Şanlısoy, S. (2010). “Politik İstikrarsızlık-Ekonomik Süreç Politikaları Etkileşimi”, Sosyo Ekonomi, 2, 191-214.
  • Tavares, J. ve Wacziarg, R. (2001). “How Democracy Affects Growth”. European Economic Review, 45(8), 1341-1378.
  • Westerlund, J. ve Edgerton D. L. (2007), “A Panel Bootstrap Cointegration Test”. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.

Empirical Analysis of The Relationship af Democracy and Political Stability With Macro Variables

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 57 - 78, 28.02.2022

Abstract

Political factors play an essential role in the development of countries and their growth besides the economic factors. Political and authority-linked issues, especially in case of developing countries, bring along economic problems. The chaotic environment and social conditions in countries that have launched the democratisation process late disrupt economic development and trade. The complex structure formed in the political structure leads to the formation of irregular and unstable systematic structures. In this study, the effects of the factors of democracy and political stability on the economy were examined by empirical analysis. In the study, countries that are members of the Organization of the Islamic Union were preferred in the country selection. Due to the data problem of the variables used in the study, analysis was made for 10 selected countries that are members of the Organization of the Islamic Union. The study has been conducted for Indonesia, Iranian, Kazakhistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Egypt, Malaysia, Pakistan, Albania and Azerbaijan and is based on the 2003-2018 data. The study consists of a panel analysis with two separate models established and with the effects of variables on each other investigated separately. As a result of the analysis, significant relationships were discovered in all two models. It was determined that the studied variables affect each other and that there is a long-term relationship.

References

  • Acaravcı, A. ve Erdoğan, S. (2015). “Türkiye’de Demokrasi, Reel Gelir ve Dışa Açıklık Arasındaki Uzun Dönemli ve Nedensel İlişkiler”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(31), 358-370.
  • Aisen, A. ve Veiga, F. J. (2013). “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?”. European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 151-167.
  • Akçay, S. (2000). “Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Demokrasi”. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (1), 1-15.
  • Alesina, A. ve Perotti, R. (1996). “Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment”. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Altıner, A. ve Bozkurt, E. (2018). “N11 Ülkelerinde Finansal Gelişme Ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi”. Uluslararası Ekonomi, İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 2 (2), 197-212.
  • Berggren, N. ve Jordahl, H. (2005). “Does Free Trade Really Reduce Growth? Further Testing Using the Economic Freedom Index”. Public Choice, 122(1-2): 99-114. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-005-3994-2
  • Bostan, A., Kelleci, S. ve Yılmaz, A. (2016). “Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Avrasya Ekonomileri Örneği”. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(5), 23-36.
  • Bozoklu, Ş. and Yılancı, V. (2013). “Finansal Gelişme ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ekonomiler İçin Analiz”. DEU İİBF Dergisi, 28 (2), 161-187.
  • Breuer, J. B., McNown, R. and Myles W. (2001). “Misleading Inference form Panel Unit Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity”, Review of International Economics, 9(3), 482-493.
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-53.
  • Cevizli, İ. (2013). “Demokrasi ve Ekonomik Gelişme İlişkisi”, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, İktisat Anabilim Dalı, Aydın.
  • Decker, J. ve Lim, J. (2009). “Democracy and Trade: An Empirical Study”. Economics of Governance, 10(2), 165-186.
  • Desai, R. M., Olofsgård, A. and Yousef, T. M. (2003). “Democracy, Inequality, and Inflation”. American Political Science Review, 97(3), 391-406.
  • Dineri, E. and Taş, İ. (2017). “Tasarruf ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği”. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 2(1), 1-12.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. ve Hurlin, C. (2012). “Testing for Granger Noncausality in Heterogeneous Panels”. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • Doucouliagos, H. ve Ulubaşoğlu, M. A. (2008). “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta Analysis”. American Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 61-83.
  • Easton, S. T., & Walker, M. A. (1997). “Income, Growth and Economic Freedom”. The American Economic Review, 87(2), 328-332.
  • Erkuş, S. ve Karamelikli, H. (2016). “Türkiye’de Demokrasi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki Uzun Dönemli İlişki.” https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sefa-Erkus/publication/308779726_Turkiye%27de_Demokrasi_ve_Iktisadi_Buyume_Arasindaki_Uzun_Donemli_Iliski/links/57efeb0c08ae886b897541b0/Tuerkiyede-Demokrasi-ve-Iktisadi-Bueyueme-Arasindaki-Uzun-Doenemli-Iliski.pdf
  • Fabro, G. and Aixala, J. (2012). “Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic and Political Freedom on Economic Growth”. Journal of Economic Issues, 46(4), 1059-1080.
  • Fenira, M. (2014). “Democracy: A Determinant Factor in Reducing Inflation”. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(2), 363-375.
  • Fosu, A. K. (2001). “Political Instability and Economic Growth in Developing Economies: Some Specification Empirics”. Economics Letters, 70(2), 289-294.
  • Gyimah-Brempong, K. and Traynor, T. L. (1999). “Political Instability, Investment and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of African Economies, 8(1), 52-86.
  • Hill, L. E., Butler, C. E. ve Lorenzen, S. A. (1977). “Inflation and the Destruction of Democracy: The Case of the Weimar Republic”. Journal of Economic Issues, 11(2), 299-313.
  • Jong-A-Pin, R. (2009). “On the Measurement of Political Instability and its Impact on Economic Growth”, European Journal of Political Economy, 25(1), 15-29.
  • Konat, G. (2021). “Balkan Ülkeleri İçin Orta Gelir Tuzağı: Panel Veri Analizi”. Gaziantep Unıversıty Journal Of Socıal Scıences, 20(2), 466-479
  • Lipset, S. M. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Development”. American Political Science Review, 53, 69-105.
  • Lopez, L. ve Weber, S. (2017). “Testing for Granger Causality in Panel Data”, University of Neuchatel Institute of Economic Research, IRENE Working paper 17-03.
  • McCoskey, S. ve Kao, C. (1998). “A Residual-Based Test of the Null of Cointegration in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, 17(1): 57-84.
  • Milner, H. V. ve Kubota, K. (2005). “Why the Move to Free Trade? Democracy and Trade Policy in the Developing Countries”. International Organization, 107-143.
  • Moral-Benito, E. (2012). “Determinants of Economic Growth: A Bayesian Panel Data Approach”. The Review of Economics and İstatistiks, 94(2), 566-579.
  • Nel, P. (2003). “Income Inequality, Economic Growth, and Political Instability in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Journal of Modern African Studies, 611-639.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A Simple Panel UnitRoot Test in The Presence of Cross‐ SectionDependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Rachdia, H. ve Saidi, H. (2015). “Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence in MENA Countries”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 616 - 621.
  • Scully, G. W. (1988). “The Institutional Framework and Economic Development”. Journal of Political Economy, 96(3), 652. http://doi.org/10.1086/261555
  • Şanlısoy, S. (2010). “Politik İstikrarsızlık-Ekonomik Süreç Politikaları Etkileşimi”, Sosyo Ekonomi, 2, 191-214.
  • Tavares, J. ve Wacziarg, R. (2001). “How Democracy Affects Growth”. European Economic Review, 45(8), 1341-1378.
  • Westerlund, J. ve Edgerton D. L. (2007), “A Panel Bootstrap Cointegration Test”. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ceren Pehlivan 0000-0001-5632-2955

Ayşegül Han 0000-0002-3390-2129

Publication Date February 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Pehlivan, C., & Han, A. (2022). DEMOKRASİ VE POLİTİK İSTİKRARIN MAKRO DEĞİŞKENLER İLE İLİŞKİSİNİN AMPİRİK ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 57-78.