Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Okul çağı Kekemelik tanılı Çocuklarda Akran Zorbalığı ve Benlik Saygısı

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 85 - 91, 26.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1597011

Abstract

Giriş: Çalışmamızda Türkçe konuşan, okul çağı kekemelik tanılı çocuklarda akran zorbalığının sıklığını ve zorbalığa maruz kalma ile çocukların benlik saygısı, depresyon ve kaygı belirtileri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçladık.
Yöntem: Kekemelik tanısı konulan 35 çocuk olgu grubuna, konuşması akıcı olan 35 çocuk ise kontrol grubuna dahil edildi. Kekemelik tanısı olan çocuklara, dil ve konuşma terapisti tarafından Kekemelik Şiddet Değerlendirme Aracı-4 uygulanmıştır. Çocuklar tarafından doldurulması için Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Envanteri, Olweus Akran Zorbalığı Anketi ve Çocukluk Çağı Anksiyete Depresyon Ölçeği verilmiştir.
Sonuçlar: Her iki grup arasında akran zorbalığı deneyimleri, benlik saygısı, depresyon ve kaygı belirtileri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki vardı (p<0.05). Kekemelik tanılı çocukların, akran zorbalığına daha sık maruz kaldıkları ve daha az benlik saygısına sahip oldukları saptandı. Ayrıca, benlik saygısı düşük olan kekemelik tanılı çocuklarda depresyon, yaygın anksiyete ve sosyal anksiyete belirti puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu saptandı.
Tartışma: Çalışmamız, okul çağı kekemelik tanılı çocukların akran zorbalığına daha sık maruz kaldıklarını, daha düşük benlik saygısına, daha çok kaygı ve depresyon belirtilerine sahip olduklarını gösterdi. Okul çağı kekemelik tanısı olan çocuklar ile çalışırken akran zorbalığı ve benlik saygısının değerlendirilmesinin faydalı olacağını düşünmekteyiz. Ayrıca bu çocukların, benlik saygısını arttırmayı yönelik aktivitelere dahil edilmelerinin depresif bozukluk, kaygı bozukluğu gibi ikincil psikopatolojilerin gelişimini önlemeye yardımcı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

References

  • 1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5TR). Fifth ed2022.
  • 2. Mawson AR, Radford NT, Jacob B. Toward a theory of stuttering. European neurology. 2016;76(5-6):244-51.
  • 3. Kefalianos E, Onslow M, Packman A, Vogel A, Pezic A, Mensah F, et al. The history of stuttering by 7 years of age: Follow-up of a prospective community cohort. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2017;60(10):2828-39.
  • 4. Laiho A, Elovaara H, Kaisamatti K, Luhtalampi K, Talaskivi L, Pohja S, et al. Stuttering interventions for children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review as a part of clinical guidelines. Journal of communication disorders. 2022;99:106242.
  • 5. Tonkaz GY, Demirdöğen EY. Assessment of Executive Functioning in School-Age Children With And Without Stuttering: A case-control study. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2024;14(1):31-.
  • 6. Erickson S, Block S. The social and communication impact of stuttering on adolescents and their families. Journal of fluency disorders. 2013;38(4):311-24.
  • 7. Vanryckeghem M, Brutten GJ, Hernandez LM. A comparative investigation of the speech-associated attitude of preschool and kindergarten children who do and do not stutter. Journal of fluency disorders. 2005;30(4):307-18.
  • 8. Langevin M, Packman A, Onslow M. Peer responses to stuttering in the preschool setting. 2009.
  • 9. Boyle MP, Beita-Ell C, Milewski KM, Fearon AN. Self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social support as predictors of communicative participation in adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2018;61(8):1893-906.
  • 10. Gredler G, Olweus D. Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA. Blackwell Publishing. 1993;25:699-700.
  • 11. Erim A. Kekemelikte Akran Akran Zorbalığı Yönetimi: Dil ve Konuşma Terapistleri için Genel Bir Bakış. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2022;5(1):79-98.
  • 12. Blood GW, Boyle MP, Blood IM, Nalesnik GR. Bullying in children who stutter: Speech-language pathologists’ perceptions and intervention strategies. Journal of fluency disorders. 2010;35(2):92-109.
  • 13. Bernard RFL, Norbury CF. Factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in children who stutter. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools. 2023;54(2):535-49.
  • 14. Blood GW, Blood IM. Long-term consequences of childhood bullying in adults who stutter: Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. Journal of fluency disorders. 2016;50:72-84.
  • 15. Hollingshead AB. Four factor index of social status. New Haven, CT; 1975.
  • 16. Riley G. SSI-4 stuttering severity instrument fourth edition. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. 2009.
  • 17. Mutlu A. Kekemelik şiddetini değerlendirme aracının (stuttering severity instrument-4) 6-16 yaş okul çağı çocuklarda Türkçe uyarlaması [yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 2014.
  • 18. Rosenberg M. Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health. 1965.
  • 19. Çuhadaroğiu F. Adölesanlarda benlik saygısı, Uzmanlık Tezi, H, Ü. Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara. 1986.
  • 20. Gredler GR. Olweus, D.(1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 140 pp., $25.00. Wiley Online Library; 2003.
  • 21. SİPAHİ HT, Karababa AO. Olweus öğrenciler için akran zorbalığı anketinin Türkçeye ve Türkiye’ye uyarlanması ve geçerlilik, güvenirlik analizi. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2018;57(4):222-7.
  • 22. Chorpita BF, Yim L, Moffitt C, Umemoto LA, Francis SE. Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour research and therapy. 2000;38(8):835-55.
  • 23. Gormez V, Kılınçaslan A, Orengul AC, Ebesutani C, Kaya I, Ceri V, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale–Child Version in a clinical sample. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017;27(1):84-92.
  • 24. Hugh‐Jones S, Smith PK. Self‐reports of short‐and long‐term effects of bullying on children who stammer. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 1999;69(2):141-58.
  • 25. Blood GW, Blood IM, Tramontana GM, Sylvia AJ, Boyle MP, Motzko GR. Self-reported experience of bullying of students who stutter: Relations with life satisfaction, life orientation, and self-esteem. Perceptual and motor skills. 2011;113(2):353-64.
  • 26. Kara İ, Karamete A. Kekemeliği olan yetişkinlerin okul çağındaki akran zorbalığı mağduriyetlerinin belirlenmesi: Ön çalışma. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2018;1(1):50-61.
  • 27. Kılıçaslan F, Cicek E, Gungoren S, Kutuk MO, Ali ET. Peer bullying, anxiety, and depression levels among Turkish children with Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (COFD): A single-center, case-control study. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2022;12(3):99.
  • 28. Davis S, Howell P, Cooke F. Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their non‐stuttering classmates. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002;43(7):939-47.
  • 29. Blood GW, Blood IM. Preliminary study of self-reported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: Relation to increased anxiety. Perceptual and motor skills. 2007;104(3_suppl):1060-6.
  • 30. Blood GW, Blood IM. Bullying in adolescents who stutter: Communicative competence and self-esteem. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders. 2004;31(Spring):69-79.
  • 31. Karahan Tığrak T, Kulak Kayıkcı ME, Kirazlı MÇ, Tığrak A. Emotional and behavioural problems of children and adolescents who stutter: Comparison with typically developing peers. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology. 2021;46(4):186-92.
  • 32. Bernard R, Hofslundsengen H, Frazier Norbury C. Anxiety and depression symptoms in children and adolescents who stutter: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2022;65(2):624-44.
  • 33. Iverach L, Rapee RM, Wong QJ, Lowe R. Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering: A cognitive-behavioral model. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2017;26(2):540-56.

Peer Bullying and Self-Esteem in Turkish School-Age Children Who Stutter

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 85 - 91, 26.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1597011

Abstract

Background: This study aims to examine the prevalence of peer bullying among Turkish-speaking school-aged children who stutter (CWS) and to explore the relationships between exposure to bullying and self-esteem, depression, and anxiety symptoms in these children.
Methods: The study included a case group of 35 children diagnosed with stuttering and a control group of 35 children with fluent speech. The children in the stuttering group were assessed by a speech and language therapist using the Stuttering Severity Instrument. Additionally, all children were asked to complete the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, and the Revised-Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS).
Results: There was a significant relationship between peer bullying experiences, self-esteem, anxiety, and depression symptoms between both groups (p< 0.05). CWS demonstrated greater susceptibility to peer bullying compared to the control group, and they scored higher on the RSES, indicating reduced self-esteem. Furthermore, it was found that symptom scores for depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder increased in stuttering children with low self-esteem.
Discussion: Our study demonstrated that school-aged CWS exhibit lower self-esteem and more pronounced symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorders. We believe that healthcare professionals working with the school-age CWS should assess their self-esteem and engage them in activities aimed at enhancing self-esteem, as this may help prevent the development of secondary psychopathologies such as depressive disorder, anxiety disorder.

Ethical Statement

The study was performed in compliance with ethical standards by the ethics committee of the University of Health Sciences (2022/17-159).

References

  • 1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5TR). Fifth ed2022.
  • 2. Mawson AR, Radford NT, Jacob B. Toward a theory of stuttering. European neurology. 2016;76(5-6):244-51.
  • 3. Kefalianos E, Onslow M, Packman A, Vogel A, Pezic A, Mensah F, et al. The history of stuttering by 7 years of age: Follow-up of a prospective community cohort. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2017;60(10):2828-39.
  • 4. Laiho A, Elovaara H, Kaisamatti K, Luhtalampi K, Talaskivi L, Pohja S, et al. Stuttering interventions for children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review as a part of clinical guidelines. Journal of communication disorders. 2022;99:106242.
  • 5. Tonkaz GY, Demirdöğen EY. Assessment of Executive Functioning in School-Age Children With And Without Stuttering: A case-control study. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2024;14(1):31-.
  • 6. Erickson S, Block S. The social and communication impact of stuttering on adolescents and their families. Journal of fluency disorders. 2013;38(4):311-24.
  • 7. Vanryckeghem M, Brutten GJ, Hernandez LM. A comparative investigation of the speech-associated attitude of preschool and kindergarten children who do and do not stutter. Journal of fluency disorders. 2005;30(4):307-18.
  • 8. Langevin M, Packman A, Onslow M. Peer responses to stuttering in the preschool setting. 2009.
  • 9. Boyle MP, Beita-Ell C, Milewski KM, Fearon AN. Self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social support as predictors of communicative participation in adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2018;61(8):1893-906.
  • 10. Gredler G, Olweus D. Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA. Blackwell Publishing. 1993;25:699-700.
  • 11. Erim A. Kekemelikte Akran Akran Zorbalığı Yönetimi: Dil ve Konuşma Terapistleri için Genel Bir Bakış. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2022;5(1):79-98.
  • 12. Blood GW, Boyle MP, Blood IM, Nalesnik GR. Bullying in children who stutter: Speech-language pathologists’ perceptions and intervention strategies. Journal of fluency disorders. 2010;35(2):92-109.
  • 13. Bernard RFL, Norbury CF. Factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in children who stutter. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools. 2023;54(2):535-49.
  • 14. Blood GW, Blood IM. Long-term consequences of childhood bullying in adults who stutter: Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. Journal of fluency disorders. 2016;50:72-84.
  • 15. Hollingshead AB. Four factor index of social status. New Haven, CT; 1975.
  • 16. Riley G. SSI-4 stuttering severity instrument fourth edition. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. 2009.
  • 17. Mutlu A. Kekemelik şiddetini değerlendirme aracının (stuttering severity instrument-4) 6-16 yaş okul çağı çocuklarda Türkçe uyarlaması [yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 2014.
  • 18. Rosenberg M. Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health. 1965.
  • 19. Çuhadaroğiu F. Adölesanlarda benlik saygısı, Uzmanlık Tezi, H, Ü. Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara. 1986.
  • 20. Gredler GR. Olweus, D.(1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 140 pp., $25.00. Wiley Online Library; 2003.
  • 21. SİPAHİ HT, Karababa AO. Olweus öğrenciler için akran zorbalığı anketinin Türkçeye ve Türkiye’ye uyarlanması ve geçerlilik, güvenirlik analizi. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2018;57(4):222-7.
  • 22. Chorpita BF, Yim L, Moffitt C, Umemoto LA, Francis SE. Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour research and therapy. 2000;38(8):835-55.
  • 23. Gormez V, Kılınçaslan A, Orengul AC, Ebesutani C, Kaya I, Ceri V, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale–Child Version in a clinical sample. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017;27(1):84-92.
  • 24. Hugh‐Jones S, Smith PK. Self‐reports of short‐and long‐term effects of bullying on children who stammer. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 1999;69(2):141-58.
  • 25. Blood GW, Blood IM, Tramontana GM, Sylvia AJ, Boyle MP, Motzko GR. Self-reported experience of bullying of students who stutter: Relations with life satisfaction, life orientation, and self-esteem. Perceptual and motor skills. 2011;113(2):353-64.
  • 26. Kara İ, Karamete A. Kekemeliği olan yetişkinlerin okul çağındaki akran zorbalığı mağduriyetlerinin belirlenmesi: Ön çalışma. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2018;1(1):50-61.
  • 27. Kılıçaslan F, Cicek E, Gungoren S, Kutuk MO, Ali ET. Peer bullying, anxiety, and depression levels among Turkish children with Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (COFD): A single-center, case-control study. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2022;12(3):99.
  • 28. Davis S, Howell P, Cooke F. Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their non‐stuttering classmates. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002;43(7):939-47.
  • 29. Blood GW, Blood IM. Preliminary study of self-reported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: Relation to increased anxiety. Perceptual and motor skills. 2007;104(3_suppl):1060-6.
  • 30. Blood GW, Blood IM. Bullying in adolescents who stutter: Communicative competence and self-esteem. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders. 2004;31(Spring):69-79.
  • 31. Karahan Tığrak T, Kulak Kayıkcı ME, Kirazlı MÇ, Tığrak A. Emotional and behavioural problems of children and adolescents who stutter: Comparison with typically developing peers. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology. 2021;46(4):186-92.
  • 32. Bernard R, Hofslundsengen H, Frazier Norbury C. Anxiety and depression symptoms in children and adolescents who stutter: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2022;65(2):624-44.
  • 33. Iverach L, Rapee RM, Wong QJ, Lowe R. Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering: A cognitive-behavioral model. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2017;26(2):540-56.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gülsüm Yitik Tonkaz 0000-0001-7195-2293

Esen Yıldırım Demirdöğen 0000-0002-2457-5832

Ali Çakır 0000-0001-9467-3641

Sümeyye Kocaman 0009-0001-6673-2138

Early Pub Date March 12, 2025
Publication Date March 26, 2025
Submission Date December 5, 2024
Acceptance Date February 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Yitik Tonkaz G, Yıldırım Demirdöğen E, Çakır A, Kocaman S. Peer Bullying and Self-Esteem in Turkish School-Age Children Who Stutter. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;22(1):85-91.

Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi  / Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty