<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>int. adv. res. eng. j.</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2618-575X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Ceyhun YILMAZ</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35860/iarej.1777248</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Construction Materials</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yapı Malzemeleri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Effect of crystalline waterproofing admixture on modulus of elasticity of concrete with different W/C ratios</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6563-9548</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Moghimi</surname>
                                    <given-names>Saeid</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>EGE UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9846-2435</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Hosseınnezhad</surname>
                                    <given-names>Hojjat</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>EGE UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8452-3447</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bayram</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mustafa Emir</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>EGE UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2040-5163</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Orhan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Derviş</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>EGE UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5267-5312</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Gültekin</surname>
                                    <given-names>Adil</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DÜZCE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2200-2691</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ramyar</surname>
                                    <given-names>Kambiz</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>EGE UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260420">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>20</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>10</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>13</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250904">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>04</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260323">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>23</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Crystalline waterproofing admixtures (CWA) are used to reduce permeability and provide self-healing effect. Although previous studies have investigated the effects of crystalline admixtures on strength and durability properties of concrete, the effects of these admixtures on the modulus of elasticity of concretes with different W/C ratios remains an area requiring research. In this study, the effect of self-healing provided by CWA on the permeability and mechanical properties of concrete particularly its modulus of elasticity was investigated. For this purpose, 12 concrete mixtures with three different water-to-cement ratios (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) and four different CWA dosages (0, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2% by weight of cement) were designed. Three series of specimens were prepared. While one series was tested at the end of 28-day curing without any additional process, second series was pre-loaded to 65% of its compressive strength to induce damage. The last series, following damage induction, underwent additional water curing for 21 days to assess self-healing capacity. To facilitate the observation of self-healing, pre-loading was applied to induce micro-damage. The results indicated that self-healing occurred in concretes containing CWA, the phenomenon verified through SEM imaging. An examination of modulus of elasticity test results revealed that the reference concretes (produced without CWA inclusion) exhibited no substantial improvements. However, CWA-bearing concretes demonstrated enhanced modulus of elasticity, with optimal CWA dosages determined as 1.2%, 0.8%, and 1.2% for W/C ratios of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, respectively. Furthermore, the CWA reduced water absorption and water penetration depth under pressure, while enhancing both splitting tensile and compressive strengths.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Crystalline admixture</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Modulus of elasticity</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Self-healing</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Transport properties</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Waterproofing</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">1.	Shirzad, W., M.M.       Behsoodi, and M.Y. Tasal, Utilization and effects of various particle sizes of waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement in concrete. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2023. 07(03): p. 191-199.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2.	Zhou, S.X., Y. Pan, J. Guan, and Q. Wang, Multi-band feature images concrete crack segmentation framework using deep learning. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2024. 28(9): p. 3902–3912.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">3.	Omidinasab, F., S.M. Goodarzi, and A.S. Moghadam, Characterization and optimization of mechanical and impact properties of steel fiber reinforced recycled concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2022. 20: p. 41-55.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">4.	Barbhuiya, S., B.B. Das, and D. Adak, A comprehensive review on integrating sustainable practices and circular economy principles in concrete industry. Journal of Environmental Management, 2024. 370(122702).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">5.	Janamian, K., and J. Aguiar, Concrete Materials and Technology: A Practical Guide. 2023, USA: CRC Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">6.	Jalali, U.H., and S. Afgan, Analysis of integral crystalline waterproofing technology for concrete. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2018. 5(10): p. 1076-1085.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">7.	Dobrovolski, M.E.G., A.V. Trisotto, N.C.S. Santos, P.O. Trentin, and R.A. Medeiros-Junior, Effect of crystalline admixtures in the mass transport of concrete with polypropylene microfibers. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2021. 19: p. 1369–1381.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">8.	Cappellesso, V.G., P.N. Dos Santos, D.C.C. Dal Molin, and A.B. Masuero, Use of crystalline waterproofing to reduce capillary porosity in concrete. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 2016. 1(9).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">9.	Wu, W., T. Wang, Q. Gong, K. Zhang, X. An, and D. Wang, Characteristics of the alkali-silica reaction in seawater and sea sand concrete with different water-cement ratios. Construction and Building Materials, 2023. 400(132822).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">10.	Chen, W., B. Huang, Y. Yuan, and M. Deng, Deterioration process of concrete exposed to internal sulfate attack. Materials, 2020. 13(1336).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">11.	Wang, R., Z. Hu, Y. Li, K. Wang, and H. Zhang, Review on the deterioration and approaches to enhance the durability of concrete in the freeze–thaw environment. Construction and Building Materials, 2022. 321(126371).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">12.	Peng, Y., X. Meng, F. Song, and G. Xu, Experimental study on the corrosion characteristics of concrete exposed to acid water containing aggressive carbon dioxide and sodium sulfate. Construction and Building Materials, 2022. 321(126397).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">13.	Deng, Y., and Y. Yang, An experimental study on corrosion resistance and bond behavior of reinforced concrete structures with various fibers. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2024. 28(12): p. 5593-5603.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">14.	Jahandari, S., Z. Tao, M.A. Alim, and W. Li, Integral waterproof concrete: A comprehensive review. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023. 78(107718).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">15.	Mehta, P.K.A.M., and P. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials. 2014, USA: McGraw-Hill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">16.	Antón, C., H. Gurdián, G. De Vera, and M-Á. Climent, Effect of a crystalline admixture on the permeability properties of concrete and the resistance to corrosion of embedded steel. Applied Sciences, 2024. 14(5): 1731.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">17.	Ammar, M.A., A. Chegenizadeh, M.A. Budihardjo, and H. Nikraz, The effects of crystalline admixtures on concrete permeability and compressive strength: A review. Buildings, 2024. 14(9): 3000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">18.	Nasim, M., U.K. Dewangan, and S.V. Deo, Autonomous healing in concrete by crystalline admixture: A review. Materials Today Proceedings, 2020. 32: p. 638–644.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">19.	Reddy, M.K.C., B. Ramesh, and D. Macrin, Effect of crystalline admixtures, polymers and fibers on self-healing concrete-A review. Materials Today Proceedings, 2020. 33: p. 763–770.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">20.	Gojević, A., V. Ducman, G.I. Netinger, A. Baričević, and I. Banjad Pečur, The effect of crystalline waterproofing admixtures on the self-healing and permeability of concrete. Materials, 2021. 14(8): 1860.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">21.	Azarsa, P., R. Gupta, P. Azarsa, and A. Biparva, Durability and self-sealing examination of concretes modified with crystalline waterproofing admixtures. Materials, 2021. 14(21): 6508.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">22.	Suwondo, R., M. Suangga, A. Dario, and L. Cunningham, Enhancing concrete durability through crystalline waterproofing admixtures: A comprehensive performance evaluation. International Journal of GEOMATE, 2024. 26(114): p. 17-24.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">23.	Ding, F., X. Fan, Y. Xie, S. Jiang, C. Qiu, D. Sun, and R. Wu, Combined effect of rice husk ash and cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing materials on the performance of mortar. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024. 84(108479).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">24.	De Souze, D.J., L.F.M. Sanchez, and A. Biparva, The influence of waterproofing admixtures on ASR development mechanism and kinetics. Rilem State of the Art Reports, 2024. p. 542-549.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">25.	Reddy, T.C.S., A. Ravitheja, and C. Sashidhar, Micromechanical properties of self-healing concrete with crystalline admixture and silica fume. ACI Materials Journal, 2020. 117(3).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">26.	Guzlena, S., and G. Sakale, Self-healing of glass fibre reinforced concrete (GRC) and polymer glass fibre reinforced concrete (PGRC) using crystalline admixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 2021. 267(120963).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">27.	TS EN 197-1. Cement – Part 1: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements. 2012. Turkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">28.	TS EN 12390-8. Testing hardened concrete—Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure. 2009. Turkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">29.	TS EN 12390-7. — Testing hardened concrete — Part 7: Density of hardened concrete. 2019. Turkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">30.	TS EN 12390-3. Testing hardened concrete—Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. 2010. Turkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">31.	TS EN 12390-6. Testing hardened concrete—Part 4: Determination of the splitting tensile strength of test specimens. 2010. Turkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">32.	ASTM C469. Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression. 2022. USA.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">33.	Weng, T-L., and A. Cheng, Influence of curing environment on concrete with crystalline admixture. Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly, 2014. 145(1): p. 195–200.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">34.	Pazderka, J., and E. Hájková, Crystalline admixtures and their effect on selected properties of concrete. Acta Polytechnica, 2016. 56(4): p. 306–311.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">35.	Lin, X., W. Li, A. Castel, T. Kim, Y. Huang, and K. Wang, A comprehensive review on self-healing cementitious composites with crystalline admixtures: Design, performance and application. Construction and Building Materials, 2023. 409(134108).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">36.	Sahin, O, Effect of Crystalline Waterproofing Admixture on the Transport Properties of Concrete. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 2023. 15(2): p. 472–483.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">37.	Caputcu, A., T. Yildirim, and G. Sapsizoglu, Effect of Waterproofing Admixture on Concrete Micro Cracks. Concrete 2023 Proceeding, 8-10 November, p. 465-474.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">38.	Neville, A.M., Properties of concrete. 2011, England: Pearson.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">39.	Feng, Z., D. Shen, J. Zhang, H. Tang, and G. Jiang, Effect of crystalline admixture on early‐age residual stress and cracking potential of high‐strength concrete. Structural Concrete, 2023. 24(3): p. 4243–4258.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">40.	Jo, B.W., M.A. Sikandar, Z. Baloch, and R.M.A. Khan, Effect of incorporation of self-healing admixture (SHA) on physical and mechanical properties of mortars. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 2015. 16(1): p. 138-143.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">41.	Zhang, C., R. Lu, Y. Li, and X. Guan,  Effect of crystalline admixtures on mechanical, self-healing and transport properties of engineered cementitious composite. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021. 124(104256).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">42.	Roig-Flores, R., S. Moscato, P. Serna, and L. Ferrara, Self-healing capability of concrete with crystalline admixtures in different environments. Construction and Building Materials, 2015. 86: p. 1-11.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">43.	Azarsa, P., R. Gupta, and A. Biparva, Crystalline Waterproofing Admixtures Effects on Self-healing and Permeability of Concrete. 1st International Conference on New Horizons in Green Civil Engineering (NHICE-01), Victoria, BC, Canada, April 25 – 27, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
