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The Struggle of Vulnerable Groups with Climate Change on the Example of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 37, 1691 - 1711, 14.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1120046

Abstract

Whilst occupying only 2 percent of the world’s surface area. Cities are home to more than 55 percent of the world’s population as of 2018, which is estimated to reach about 68 percent by 2050 Ostensibly, cities are not just geographical places and infrastructures as such; they need to be taken into account with their inhabitants. Rapid urbanization has changed the demography of the cities and deepened their vulnerability by creating various socio-economic status groups. It is accepted that it is more vulnerable to climate change. Urban and socially vulnerable groups are most affected by this vulnerability. In the literature, these groups are defined as children, women, youth, elderly, disabled and immigrants. Especially when evaluated in terms of developing countries like our country; vulnerable groups such as women, the disabled, immigrants, minorities, children, the elderly and young people are more vulnerable and vulnerable to climate change. The main question of this study is to what extent vulnerable groups are included in the policy documents prepared at the local level within the scope of combating climate change. The main answer to this question will be tried to be given through the policy documents produced by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in the field of climate change.

References

  • C40 Cities. (2017). Cities100: Istanbul - circular design approach for processing waste. Retrieved from: https://www.c40.org/case-studies/cities100-istanbul-circular-design-approach-for-processing-waste/
  • C40 Cities. (2022). About C40. (06.06.2022) Retrieved from: https://www.c40.org/about-c40/
  • Çelik, F. (2013). Küresel bağımlılığın yeni biçimi: belediyelerin yerel-merkezileşmesi ve merkezi idareye pazar olarak bağlanması. Retrieved from: http://blog.radikal.com.tr/kent-kulturu/kuresel-bagimliligin-yeni-bicimi-belediyelerin-yerel-merkezilesmesi-ve-merkeziidareye-pazar-olarak-baglanmasi-37743.
  • Elgendy, K., & Tastan, K. (2022). Turkey’s climate opportunities and challenges. Retrieved from: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/05/turkeys-climate-opportunities-and-challenges
  • European Commission. (2019). The european green deal. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_19_6691
  • European Council. (2021). Fit for 55. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/#:~:text=Fit%20for%2055%20refers%20to,line%20with%20the%202030%20goal.
  • European Council. (2022). Council agrees on the carbon border adjustment mechanism Retrieved from:: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/15/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-council-agrees-its-negotiating-mandate/
  • Evans, B. (2011). Devlet aygıtları, iktidar partisinin gündemine daha da bağımlı hale gelecek. Retrieved from: http://www.sendika.org/2011/07/bryan-evans-devlet-aygitlari-iktidar-partisininsiyasal-gundemine-daha-da-bagimli-hale-gelecek/.
  • Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/
  • Görmez. K. (2012, 30 December). Yerelleşme-merkezileşme geriliminde büyükşehir yasası. Zaman, 18 Kasım. Retrieved from: http://www.zaman.com.tr/yorum_yerellesme-merkezilesme-geriliminde-buyuksehir-yasasi_2017227.html
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Summary for policymakers. Cambridge: New York: Cambridge University Press. (doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001)
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Summary for policymakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2015). İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi stratejik planı (2015-2019). Retrieved from: https://www.ibb.istanbul/Uploads/2020/1/stratejikplan15-19.pdf
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2020). İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi stratejik planı (2020-2024). Retrieved from: https://www.ibb.istanbul/Uploads/2020/2/iBB-STRATEJIK-PLAN-2020-2024.pdf
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Çevre Koruma Müdürlüğü. (2022). Retrieved from: https://cevrekoruma.ibb.istanbul/uluslararasi-aglar/
  • Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. (2021). İstanbul iklim değişikliği eylem planı. Retrieved from: https://cevrekoruma.ibb.istanbul/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ist_iklim_degisikligi_eylem_plani.pdf
  • İzci, F., & Turan, M. (2013). Türkiye’de büyükşehir belediyesi sistemi ve 6360 sayılı yasa ile büyükşehir belediyesi sisteminde meydana gelen değişimler: Van örneği. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 18(1), 117-152.
  • Karagöl, E. T. (2013). AK Parti dönemi Türkiye ekonomisi. Ankara: SETA.
  • Kaya, Y. (2018). İklim değişikliğine karşı kentsel kırılganlık: İstanbul için bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 11(2), 219-257.
  • Krellenberg, K., & Turhan, E. (2017). How to respond to climate change at the local level: A Guideline for turkish cities. Leipzig: UFZ-Bericht: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung.
  • Official Gazette. (2021a, July 16). The green deal action plan. Retrieved from: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/07/20210716-8.pdf
  • Official Gazette. (2021b, October 07). Regulation approving the ratification of the Paris Agreement. Retrieved from: Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/10/20211007-7.pdf
  • Övgün, B. (2016). Kamu yönetimi reformunda bir açmaz: Yerelleşme mi, merkezileşme mi?. Mülkiye Dergisi, 40(3), 159-179.
  • Polatoğlu, A. (2000). Turkish local government: The need for reform. Middle Eastern Studies, 36(4), 156-171. The Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change. (2022). The reason and aim of the climate council. Retrieved from: https://iklimsurasi.gov.tr/en/sayfa/the-aim-and-goals-of-the-council
  • Tomlinson, R. (2021). Smart cities and climate change: The evolution and curation of knowledge. Washington D.C.: Wilson Center.
  • Toros, H., Abbasnia, M., Sağdıç, M., & Tayanç, M. (2017). Long-term variations of temperature and precipitation in the megacity of Istanbul for the development of adaptation strategies to climate change. Advances in Meteorology, 1-14.
  • Turan, M., & Duru, B. (2014). Anakentin zayıf halkaları: İlçe belediyeleri. D İşçioğlu, (Yay.haz), Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Yerel Yönetimler Sempozyumu, 25-26 November 2014, KKTC, 283-291.
  • Turkstat. (2022). Sera gazı emisyon istatistikleri, 1990-2020. Retrieved from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sera-Gazi-Emisyon-Istatistikleri-1990-2020-45862
  • United Cities and Local Governments Middle East and West Asia Section. (2016). Malatya Consensus. Retrieved from: https://cevre.ibb.istanbul/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/istanbul-Deklarasyonu.pdf
  • The United Nations Development Programme. (2021). UNDP, Türkiye'nin 2053 yılına kadar net sıfır rotası çizmesine destek veriyor. Retrieved from: UNDP https://www.undp.org/tr/turkey/press-releases/undp-t%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99nin-2053-y%C4%B1l%C4%B1na-kadar-net-s%C4%B1f%C4%B1r-rotas%C4%B1-%C3%A7izmesine-destek-veriyor
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2019). UN population dynamics. Retrieved from: (23.06.2022) https://population.un.org/wup/Download/.
  • United Nations Environment Programme. (2017). Resilience and resource efficiency in cities. Retrieved from: https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/20629 .
  • World Bank. (2021). Advancing climate action and resilience through an urban lens Retrieved from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/climate-action-through-an-urban-lens.

İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Örneği Üzerinde Kırılgan Grupların İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadelesi

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 37, 1691 - 1711, 14.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1120046

Abstract

Şehirler, dünya yüzölçümünün yalnızca yüzde 2'sini oluştururken; 2018 itibariyle dünya nüfusunun yüzde 55'inden fazlasına ev sahipliği yapmakta ve bu oranın 2050 yılına kadar yaklaşık yüzde 68'e ulaşacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Hızlı kentleşme, kentlerin demografisini değiştirmiş ve çeşitli sosyo-ekonomik statü grupları yaratarak kentlerin kırılganlıklarını derinleştirmiştir. İklim değişikliği karşısında kırılganlığının daha fazla olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu kırılganlıktan en çok kentlerde yaşayan ve sosyal olarak savunmasız gruplar etkilenmektedir. Literatürde bu gruplar çocuklar, kadınlar, gençler, yaşlılar, engeliler ve göçmenler olarak belirlenmiştir. Özellikle ülkemiz gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kadınlar, engelliler, göçmenler, azınlıklar, çocuklar, yaşlılar ve gençler gibi kırılgan gruplar iklim değişikliğine karşı daha hassas olmaktadırlar Yerel düzeyde hazırlanan politika belgelerinde iklim değişikliği ile mücadele kapsamında kırılgan gruplara ne ölçüde yer verildiği, bu çalışmanın temel sorusudur. Bu soruya temel yanıt İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nin iklim değişikliği alanında ürettiği politika belgeleri üzerinden verilmeye çalışılacaktır.

References

  • C40 Cities. (2017). Cities100: Istanbul - circular design approach for processing waste. Retrieved from: https://www.c40.org/case-studies/cities100-istanbul-circular-design-approach-for-processing-waste/
  • C40 Cities. (2022). About C40. (06.06.2022) Retrieved from: https://www.c40.org/about-c40/
  • Çelik, F. (2013). Küresel bağımlılığın yeni biçimi: belediyelerin yerel-merkezileşmesi ve merkezi idareye pazar olarak bağlanması. Retrieved from: http://blog.radikal.com.tr/kent-kulturu/kuresel-bagimliligin-yeni-bicimi-belediyelerin-yerel-merkezilesmesi-ve-merkeziidareye-pazar-olarak-baglanmasi-37743.
  • Elgendy, K., & Tastan, K. (2022). Turkey’s climate opportunities and challenges. Retrieved from: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/05/turkeys-climate-opportunities-and-challenges
  • European Commission. (2019). The european green deal. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_19_6691
  • European Council. (2021). Fit for 55. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition/#:~:text=Fit%20for%2055%20refers%20to,line%20with%20the%202030%20goal.
  • European Council. (2022). Council agrees on the carbon border adjustment mechanism Retrieved from:: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/15/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-council-agrees-its-negotiating-mandate/
  • Evans, B. (2011). Devlet aygıtları, iktidar partisinin gündemine daha da bağımlı hale gelecek. Retrieved from: http://www.sendika.org/2011/07/bryan-evans-devlet-aygitlari-iktidar-partisininsiyasal-gundemine-daha-da-bagimli-hale-gelecek/.
  • Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/
  • Görmez. K. (2012, 30 December). Yerelleşme-merkezileşme geriliminde büyükşehir yasası. Zaman, 18 Kasım. Retrieved from: http://www.zaman.com.tr/yorum_yerellesme-merkezilesme-geriliminde-buyuksehir-yasasi_2017227.html
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Summary for policymakers. Cambridge: New York: Cambridge University Press. (doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001)
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Summary for policymakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2015). İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi stratejik planı (2015-2019). Retrieved from: https://www.ibb.istanbul/Uploads/2020/1/stratejikplan15-19.pdf
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2020). İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi stratejik planı (2020-2024). Retrieved from: https://www.ibb.istanbul/Uploads/2020/2/iBB-STRATEJIK-PLAN-2020-2024.pdf
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Çevre Koruma Müdürlüğü. (2022). Retrieved from: https://cevrekoruma.ibb.istanbul/uluslararasi-aglar/
  • Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. (2021). İstanbul iklim değişikliği eylem planı. Retrieved from: https://cevrekoruma.ibb.istanbul/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ist_iklim_degisikligi_eylem_plani.pdf
  • İzci, F., & Turan, M. (2013). Türkiye’de büyükşehir belediyesi sistemi ve 6360 sayılı yasa ile büyükşehir belediyesi sisteminde meydana gelen değişimler: Van örneği. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 18(1), 117-152.
  • Karagöl, E. T. (2013). AK Parti dönemi Türkiye ekonomisi. Ankara: SETA.
  • Kaya, Y. (2018). İklim değişikliğine karşı kentsel kırılganlık: İstanbul için bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 11(2), 219-257.
  • Krellenberg, K., & Turhan, E. (2017). How to respond to climate change at the local level: A Guideline for turkish cities. Leipzig: UFZ-Bericht: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung.
  • Official Gazette. (2021a, July 16). The green deal action plan. Retrieved from: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/07/20210716-8.pdf
  • Official Gazette. (2021b, October 07). Regulation approving the ratification of the Paris Agreement. Retrieved from: Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/10/20211007-7.pdf
  • Övgün, B. (2016). Kamu yönetimi reformunda bir açmaz: Yerelleşme mi, merkezileşme mi?. Mülkiye Dergisi, 40(3), 159-179.
  • Polatoğlu, A. (2000). Turkish local government: The need for reform. Middle Eastern Studies, 36(4), 156-171. The Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change. (2022). The reason and aim of the climate council. Retrieved from: https://iklimsurasi.gov.tr/en/sayfa/the-aim-and-goals-of-the-council
  • Tomlinson, R. (2021). Smart cities and climate change: The evolution and curation of knowledge. Washington D.C.: Wilson Center.
  • Toros, H., Abbasnia, M., Sağdıç, M., & Tayanç, M. (2017). Long-term variations of temperature and precipitation in the megacity of Istanbul for the development of adaptation strategies to climate change. Advances in Meteorology, 1-14.
  • Turan, M., & Duru, B. (2014). Anakentin zayıf halkaları: İlçe belediyeleri. D İşçioğlu, (Yay.haz), Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Yerel Yönetimler Sempozyumu, 25-26 November 2014, KKTC, 283-291.
  • Turkstat. (2022). Sera gazı emisyon istatistikleri, 1990-2020. Retrieved from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sera-Gazi-Emisyon-Istatistikleri-1990-2020-45862
  • United Cities and Local Governments Middle East and West Asia Section. (2016). Malatya Consensus. Retrieved from: https://cevre.ibb.istanbul/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/istanbul-Deklarasyonu.pdf
  • The United Nations Development Programme. (2021). UNDP, Türkiye'nin 2053 yılına kadar net sıfır rotası çizmesine destek veriyor. Retrieved from: UNDP https://www.undp.org/tr/turkey/press-releases/undp-t%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99nin-2053-y%C4%B1l%C4%B1na-kadar-net-s%C4%B1f%C4%B1r-rotas%C4%B1-%C3%A7izmesine-destek-veriyor
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2019). UN population dynamics. Retrieved from: (23.06.2022) https://population.un.org/wup/Download/.
  • United Nations Environment Programme. (2017). Resilience and resource efficiency in cities. Retrieved from: https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/20629 .
  • World Bank. (2021). Advancing climate action and resilience through an urban lens Retrieved from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/climate-action-through-an-urban-lens.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Asmin Kavas Bilgiç 0000-0001-8319-7950

Early Pub Date September 7, 2022
Publication Date November 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 13 Issue: 37

Cite

APA Kavas Bilgiç, A. (2022). The Struggle of Vulnerable Groups with Climate Change on the Example of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. İDEALKENT, 13(37), 1691-1711. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1120046