Role of Biomedical Engineering during COVID-19 Pandemic

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 26.06.2020

Ala Şahada Ayşe Nur Tekindor Mohammad Bilal Abbadı Mohammad Ahmed Malluhı Pınar Yılgör Huri

https://doi.org/10.38061/idunas.754344

Cited By: 2

Abstract

In December 2019 the novel virus of corona-viruses family caused by SARS-COV-2 virus appeared in Wuhan, Hubei province, spreading rapidly throughout China, just a few weeks later it starts spreading all around the world bringing severe consequences that should be laid out and studied in order to raise the level of readiness to face the upcoming pandemics. This review paper aims to scheme out the social and the economic effects of Covid19 Pandemic, and the importance of the healthcare infrastructure in the response to the rapid spread of pandemics.In this paper the roles of 3D printing, artificial intelligence integrated in different technologies in the urgent response to pandemic like Covid-19 is reviewed. In addition, the very wide research area of vaccines and treatments are covered, reviewing the most promising candidate drugs and vaccines that entered the clinical trials to date. In coorperation with several other disciplines, biomedical engineering with its wide range of application areas played an important role in the propagation of the urgent response.

Keywords

Covid-19, SARS-COV-2, Economics Impacts, Social Impacts, Biomedical Engineering, Healthcare Infrastructure, 3D printing, Artificial Intelligence, Vaccines

References

• 1. Lock, S. (2020, May 12). Loss in global tourism jobs due to COVID-19 by region 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://www.who.int/
• 2. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, et al. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19) [Updated 2020 Apr 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan
• 3. Greenwood, D., Barer, M., Slack, R., & Irving, W. L. (2012). Medical microbiology a guide to microbial infections: pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnosis and control. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.Accessed May 23, 2020
• 4. NIH (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) https://www.niaid.nih.gov/
• 5. Al Jazeera. (2020, March 10). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.net/news.
• 6. United Nations , World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) mid-year update Report. Accessed May 05, 2020
• 7. Taub, Amanda. "A new Covid-19 crisis: Domestic abuse rises worldwide." New York Times 6 (2020).Accessed May 23, 2020
• 8. McKee, M., Stuckler, D. If the world fails to protect the economy, COVID-19 will damage health not just now but also in the future. Nat Med 26, 640–642 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0863-y
• 9. Lock, S. (2020, May 12). Loss in global tourism jobs due to COVID-19 by region 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104835/coronavirus-travel-tourism-employment-loss/
• 10. Centeno, R. S., & Marquez, J. P. (2020). How much did the Tourism Industry Lost? Estimating Earning Loss of Tourism in the Philippines. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.09952.
• 11. L. F. Emison (2020) ” A San Francisco Baker on What Hospitality Looks Like During the Coronavirus Pandemic” , The Newyorker https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/linnea-feldman-emison Accessed May 25, 2020
• 12. A Wilder-Smith, MD, D O Freedman, MD, Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, Journal of Travel Medicine, Volume 27, Issue 2, March 2020, taaa020, https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020 13. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Health emergency preparedness for imported cases of high-consequence infectious diseases. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019.Accessed May 25, 2020
• 14. Hancı, P. : COVID-19’un Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Yönetimi, Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, 2019.
• 15. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 28.
• 16. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. Published online February 7, 2020.
• 17. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-1062.
• 18. Kanne JP, Little BP, Chung JH, Elicker BM, Ketai LH. Essentials for Radiologists on COVID-19: An Update-Radiology Scientific Expert Panel. Radiology 2020; 200527 (published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 27).
• 19. Ceylan, N., Savaş, R., COVID-19’un Radyolojik Bulguları, Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, 2019.
• 20. https://www.philips.com.tr/healthcare/medical-specialties/covid-19/ultrasound#!=&triggername=menu_one [accessed 13.05.2020]
• 21. FDA.gov, FAQs on shortages of surgical masks and gowns
• 22. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/faqs-shortages-surgical-masks-and-gowns-during-covid-19-pandemic [ accessed 23.05.2020]
• 23. M. Petch, 3D printing community responds to COVID-19 and coronavirus resources https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/3d-printing-community-responds-to-covid-19-and-coronavirus-resources-169143/ [accessed 24.05.2020]
• 24. C. Graham. Johns Hopkins engineers develop 3D-printed ventilator splitters https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/04/02/3d-printed-ventilator-splitters-for-covid-19/ [accessed 24.05.2020]
• 25. Medically approved emergency 3D printed ventilator goes into production, https://www.3dnatives.com/en/3d-printed-respirator-230320205/ [accessed 23.05.2020]
• 26. https://formlabs.com/covid-19-response/covid-test-swabs/ [accessed 23.05.2020]
• 27. Raju Vaishya, Mohd Javaid, Ibrahim Haleem Khan, Abid Haleem, Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pandemic, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, Volume 14, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 337-339, ISSN 1871-4021,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012.
• 28. Fried, I. (2020, April 10). Apple, Google team up on coronavirus contact tracing. Retrieved from https://www.axios.com/apple-google-team-up-on-coronavirus-contact-tracing-6579b80f-f348-4c8e-ac87-d823b9abb4fb.html
• 29. Commentary, G. (2020, March 17). The Role of AI in the Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine. Retrieved from https://www.informationweek.com/big-data/ai-machine-learning/the-role-of-ai-in-the-race-for-a-coronavirus-vaccine/a/d-id/1337278
• 30. Ophir Gozes, Maayan Frid-Adar, Hayit Greenspan, Patrick D. Browning, Huangqi Zhang, Wenbin Ji, Adam Bernheim, Eliot Siegel Rapid. AI Development Cycle for the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Initial Results for Automated Detection & Patient Monitoring using Deep Learning CT Image Analysis.
• 31. Marr, B. (2020, April 21). Coronavirus: How Artificial Intelligence, Data Science And Technology Is Used To Fight The Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2020/03/13/coronavirus-how-artificial-intelligence-data-science-and-technology-is-used-to-fight-the-pandemic/#2eecd0565f5f.
• 32. https://nextstrain.org/ncov/global
• 33. Precision Vax LLC. Robert Carlson. INO-4800 DNA Coronavirus Vaccine. MAY 2020
• 34. RAJU MUKHERJEE. April 2020. Global efforts on vaccines for COVID-19: Since, sooner or later, we all will catch the coronavirus.
• 35. Rapid development of a synthetic DNA vaccine for covid 19. 10.21203/rs.3.rs-16261/v1,
• 36. Milken Institute Website.
• 37. Pfizer and BioNTech Dose First Participants in the U.S. as Part of Global COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Development Program. May. 2020. Pfizer.com.
• 38. Moderna gets FDA ‘fast-track’ designation for its COVID-19 vaccine ‘mRNA-1273’ timesnownews.com. MAY 2020.
• 39. Sinopharm Group (Wuhan Institute of Biological Products) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Wuhan Institute of Virology). (2020, May 17). Retrieved from https://www.genengnews.com/.
• 40. Sinopharm Group (China National Biotech Group, Beijing Institute of Biological Products) and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, May 18). Retrieved from https://www.genengnews.com/.
• 41. Nascimento IP, Leite LC. Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45(12):1102‐1111. doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500142.
• 42. CanSino Biologics. (2020, May 18). Retrieved from https://www.genengnews.com/covid-19-candidates/cansino-biologics/
• 43. https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/Table_of_therapeutics_Appendix_17022020.pdf?ua=1
• 44. Clark D Russell, Jonathan E Millar, J Kenneth Baillie, Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury.The Lancet. Volume 395, Issue 10223. 2020.Pages 473-475. ISSN 0140-6736. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2
• 45. Chroboczek, Tomasz, et al. "Beneficial effect of corticosteroids in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a propensity score matching analysis." medRxiv (2020).
• 46. Sheahan, T.P., Sims, A.C., Leist, S.R. et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun 11, 222 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13940-6
• 47. Hsu, Chen-Yang, et al. "Efficacy of remdesivir in COVID-19 patients with a simulated two-arm controlled study." medRxiv (2020).
• 48. Furuta, Yousuke, et al. "Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor." Antiviral research 100.2 (2013): 446-454.
• 49. clincialtrials.gov (Identifier:NCT04264533)
• 50. Aranow C. Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med. 2011;59(6):881‐886. doi:10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755
• 51. C-reactive protein , Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein
• 52. Daneshkhah, A., Agrawal, V., Eshein, A., Subramanian, H., Roy, H. K., & Backman, V. (2020, May 18 ). The Possible Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm and Associated Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Retrieved from https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058578v4
• 53. Carlucci, Philip, et al. "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin plus zinc vs hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alone: outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients." medRxiv (2020).