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The Use of Trigger Warnings in Classrooms as a Precaution for Trauma-exposed Students

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 192 - 203, 15.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.388149

Abstract

The concept "trigger" refers to stimuli that might lead the person who has experienced trauma to recall a previous traumatic memory. It has been suggested that, in educational environments, "trigger warnings" should be used to protect people who have been through traumatic experiences from the triggering stimuli and to make it easier for the traumatized person to have control over the decision to be exposed to the triggering stimuli. In this study; the literature and the discussions about "trigger warnings" have been examined with examples. It has been observed that the concepts of "trigger" and "trauma" are used in a different and wider meaning in the literature on "trigger warnings", compared to the usage in standard terminology of psychology. Small number of empirical research on "trigger warnings" has been examined. The purpose of this study is to introduce the concepts to the individuals and the institutions that give education and produce literature in Turkish, and also to provide a groundwork for future empirical studies. 

References

  • AAUP (American Association of University Professors) (2014). On Trigger Warnings, https://www.aaup.org/report/trigger-warnings (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos) Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği [APA] (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5. Baskı (DSM-5) American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
  • BAUMGARTNER, S. E., & WIRTH, W. (2012). Affective priming during the processing of news articles. Media Psychology, 15(1), 1-18. beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 79, 252–263. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.006
  • BELLET, B. W., JONES, P. J., & McNALLY, R. J. (2018). Trigger warning: Empirical evidence ahead. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 61, 134–141. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.07.002
  • BELLET, B. W., JONES, P. J., MEYERSBURG, C. A., BRENNEMAN, M. M., MOREHEAD, K. E., & McNALLY, R. J. (2020). Trigger warnings and resilience in college students: A preregistered replication and extension. Journal of experimental psychology: Applied. doi: 10.1037/xap0000270
  • BOYSEN, G. A., ISAACS, R. A., TRETTER, L., & MARKOWSKI, S. (2019). Trigger warning efficacy: The impact of warnings on affect, attitudes, and learning. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology. doi: 10.1037/stl0000150
  • BOYSEN, G.A., WELLS, M.W., DAWSON, K.J. (2016). Instructors’ Use of Trigger Warnings and Behavior Warnings in Abnormal Psychology. Teaching of Psychology. Vol. 43(4) 334-339 doi: 10.1177/0098628316662766
  • BRİDGLAND, V. M., GREEN, D. M., OULTON, J. M., & TAKARANGI, M. K. (2019). Expecting the worst: Investigating the effects of trigger warnings on reactions to ambiguously themed photos. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 25(4), 602–617. doi: 10.1037/xap0000215.
  • CARTER, A. M. (2015). Teaching with trauma: Trigger warnings, feminism, and disability pedagogy. Disability Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 10. doi: 10.18061/dsq.v35i2.4652
  • CAUT (Canadian Association of University Teachers) (2015) Trigger Warnings. https://www.caut.ca/about-us/caut-policy/lists/caut-policy-statements/trigger-warnings (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • Clinical Psychological Science, 7, 778–793. doi: 10.1177/2167702619827018
  • COLBERT, S. (2017). Like Trapdoors. A History of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Trigger Warning. Knox, EJM (ed). Trigger Warnings: History, Theory, Context, içerisinde. Rowman & Littlefield. 3-21
  • COLLINS, A. M., & LOFTUS, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological review, 82(6), 407.
  • COLLINS, M. E., & MOWBRAY, C. T. (2005). Higher education and psychiatric disabilities: national survey of campus disability services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(2), 304. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.304
  • GAINSBURG, I., & EARL, A. (2018). Trigger warnings as an interpersonal emotion-regulation tool: Avoidance, attention, and affect depend on beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 79, 252-263. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.006
  • JANISZEWSKİ, C., & WYER Jr, R. S. (2014). Content and process priming: A review. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24(1), 96-118. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2013.05.006
  • JOHNSTON, A, (2014). Why I'll Add a Trigger Warning. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2014/05/29/essay-why-professor-adding-trigger-warning-his-syllabus (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 9 Ağustos)
  • JONES, P. J., BELLET, B. W., & McNALLY, R. J. (Basım Aşamasında). Helping or Harming? The Effect of Trigger Warnings on Individuals with Trauma Histories. Clinical Psychological Science Erişim: osf.io/9eapn
  • LUKIANOFF, G., & HAIDT, J. (2015, Eylül). The coddling of the American mind. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/ (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • MANNE, K. (2015, 19 Eylül). Why I Use Trigger Warnings. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/opinion/sunday/why-i-use-trigger-warnings.html (Erişim Tarihi: 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • McNALLY, R.J. (2016, 13 Eylül) If You Need a Trigger Warning, You Need P.T.S.D. Treatment, The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/09/13/do-trigger-warnings-work/if-you-need-a-trigger-warning-you-need-ptsd-treatment (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • MILLER-LEONARD, T. (2014, 27 Şubat) A.S. Senate Passes Proposal to Label Trauma-Provoking Academic Content. Daily Nexus. http://dailynexus.com/2014-02-27/a-s-senate-passes-proposal-to-label-trauma-provoking-academic-content/ (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • NCAC (National Coalition Against Cencorship) (2015), What’s the Truth About Trigger Warnings? http://ncac.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/NCAC-TriggerWarningReport.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 2017, 4 Aralık)
  • Oberlin University, Office of Equity Concerns (2013) Prevention, Support and Education: Support Resources for Faculty. Sexual Offense Resource Guide. http://web.archive.org/web/20131222174936/http:/new.oberlin.edu/office/equity-concerns/sexual-offense-resource-guide/prevention-support-education/support-resources-for- faculty.dot (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • ROBBINS, S.P. (2016) From the Editor—Sticks and Stones: Trigger Warnings, Microaggressions, and Political Correctness, Journal of Social Work Education, 52:1, 1-5. doi:: 10.1080/10437797.2016.1116850
  • ROSS-SHERIFF, F. (2012). Microaggression, women, and social work. Affilia, 27, 233–236. doi:10.1177/0886109912454366
  • SANSON, M., STRANGE, D., & GARRY, M. (2019). Trigger warnings are trivially helpful at reducing negative affect, intrusive thoughts, and avoidance. Clinical Psychological Science.7(4) 778-793 doi: 10.1177/2167702619827018
  • SCHMIDT, P. (2015, June 16). Many instructors embrace trigger warnings, despite their peers’ misgivings. Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/article/Many-Instructors-Embrace/230915 (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • SHULEVITZ, J. (2015, 21 Mart). In college and hiding from scary ideas. New York Times Sunday Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/22/opinion/sunday/judith-shulevitz-hiding-from-scary-ideas.htm (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • SUE, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
  • WILSON, J. P. (2004). PTSD and Complex PTSD: Symptoms, Syndromes, and Diagnoses. WILSON, J. P., & KEANE, T. M. (Eds.). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. içerisinde. Guilford Press.

Sınıflarda Travma Yaşantısı Olan Öğrenciler için Önleyici Bir Tedbir Olarak Tetikleyici Uyarısı Kullanımı

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 192 - 203, 15.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.388149

Abstract

Tetikleyici kavramı, travma yaşamış kişilerde kişiyi zihninde travmanın yaşandığı anın anısına geri götüren uyaranları ifade eder. Eğitim ortamlarında, travma yaşantısı olan kişileri bu uyaranların ortaya çıkarabileceği olumsuz deneyimlerden korumak ya da bu uyaranlara maruz kalıp kalmamak konusunda karar noktasında kontrol sahibi olabilmelerini kolaylaştırmak adına tetikleyici uyarılarının kullanılması gerektiği öne sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada tetikleyici uyarılarıyla ilgili alan yazın ve tartışmalar örneklerle incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemede “tetikleyici uyarıları” üzerine oluşan literatürde “tetikleyici” ve “travma” kavramlarının psikoloji literatüründe kullanıldığından daha farklı ve daha geniş bir anlamda kullandığı görülmüştür. Alandaki az sayıda görgül çalışma incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkçe yazılı materyal üreten ve eğitim veren kurumları ve kişileri kavramla tanıştırmak ve ileride yapılabilecek yerel görgül çalışmalar için zemin hazırlamaktır.

References

  • AAUP (American Association of University Professors) (2014). On Trigger Warnings, https://www.aaup.org/report/trigger-warnings (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos) Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği [APA] (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5. Baskı (DSM-5) American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
  • BAUMGARTNER, S. E., & WIRTH, W. (2012). Affective priming during the processing of news articles. Media Psychology, 15(1), 1-18. beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 79, 252–263. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.006
  • BELLET, B. W., JONES, P. J., & McNALLY, R. J. (2018). Trigger warning: Empirical evidence ahead. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 61, 134–141. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.07.002
  • BELLET, B. W., JONES, P. J., MEYERSBURG, C. A., BRENNEMAN, M. M., MOREHEAD, K. E., & McNALLY, R. J. (2020). Trigger warnings and resilience in college students: A preregistered replication and extension. Journal of experimental psychology: Applied. doi: 10.1037/xap0000270
  • BOYSEN, G. A., ISAACS, R. A., TRETTER, L., & MARKOWSKI, S. (2019). Trigger warning efficacy: The impact of warnings on affect, attitudes, and learning. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology. doi: 10.1037/stl0000150
  • BOYSEN, G.A., WELLS, M.W., DAWSON, K.J. (2016). Instructors’ Use of Trigger Warnings and Behavior Warnings in Abnormal Psychology. Teaching of Psychology. Vol. 43(4) 334-339 doi: 10.1177/0098628316662766
  • BRİDGLAND, V. M., GREEN, D. M., OULTON, J. M., & TAKARANGI, M. K. (2019). Expecting the worst: Investigating the effects of trigger warnings on reactions to ambiguously themed photos. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 25(4), 602–617. doi: 10.1037/xap0000215.
  • CARTER, A. M. (2015). Teaching with trauma: Trigger warnings, feminism, and disability pedagogy. Disability Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 10. doi: 10.18061/dsq.v35i2.4652
  • CAUT (Canadian Association of University Teachers) (2015) Trigger Warnings. https://www.caut.ca/about-us/caut-policy/lists/caut-policy-statements/trigger-warnings (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • Clinical Psychological Science, 7, 778–793. doi: 10.1177/2167702619827018
  • COLBERT, S. (2017). Like Trapdoors. A History of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Trigger Warning. Knox, EJM (ed). Trigger Warnings: History, Theory, Context, içerisinde. Rowman & Littlefield. 3-21
  • COLLINS, A. M., & LOFTUS, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological review, 82(6), 407.
  • COLLINS, M. E., & MOWBRAY, C. T. (2005). Higher education and psychiatric disabilities: national survey of campus disability services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(2), 304. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.304
  • GAINSBURG, I., & EARL, A. (2018). Trigger warnings as an interpersonal emotion-regulation tool: Avoidance, attention, and affect depend on beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 79, 252-263. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.006
  • JANISZEWSKİ, C., & WYER Jr, R. S. (2014). Content and process priming: A review. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24(1), 96-118. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2013.05.006
  • JOHNSTON, A, (2014). Why I'll Add a Trigger Warning. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2014/05/29/essay-why-professor-adding-trigger-warning-his-syllabus (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 9 Ağustos)
  • JONES, P. J., BELLET, B. W., & McNALLY, R. J. (Basım Aşamasında). Helping or Harming? The Effect of Trigger Warnings on Individuals with Trauma Histories. Clinical Psychological Science Erişim: osf.io/9eapn
  • LUKIANOFF, G., & HAIDT, J. (2015, Eylül). The coddling of the American mind. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/ (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • MANNE, K. (2015, 19 Eylül). Why I Use Trigger Warnings. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/opinion/sunday/why-i-use-trigger-warnings.html (Erişim Tarihi: 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • McNALLY, R.J. (2016, 13 Eylül) If You Need a Trigger Warning, You Need P.T.S.D. Treatment, The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/09/13/do-trigger-warnings-work/if-you-need-a-trigger-warning-you-need-ptsd-treatment (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • MILLER-LEONARD, T. (2014, 27 Şubat) A.S. Senate Passes Proposal to Label Trauma-Provoking Academic Content. Daily Nexus. http://dailynexus.com/2014-02-27/a-s-senate-passes-proposal-to-label-trauma-provoking-academic-content/ (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • NCAC (National Coalition Against Cencorship) (2015), What’s the Truth About Trigger Warnings? http://ncac.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/NCAC-TriggerWarningReport.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 2017, 4 Aralık)
  • Oberlin University, Office of Equity Concerns (2013) Prevention, Support and Education: Support Resources for Faculty. Sexual Offense Resource Guide. http://web.archive.org/web/20131222174936/http:/new.oberlin.edu/office/equity-concerns/sexual-offense-resource-guide/prevention-support-education/support-resources-for- faculty.dot (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • ROBBINS, S.P. (2016) From the Editor—Sticks and Stones: Trigger Warnings, Microaggressions, and Political Correctness, Journal of Social Work Education, 52:1, 1-5. doi:: 10.1080/10437797.2016.1116850
  • ROSS-SHERIFF, F. (2012). Microaggression, women, and social work. Affilia, 27, 233–236. doi:10.1177/0886109912454366
  • SANSON, M., STRANGE, D., & GARRY, M. (2019). Trigger warnings are trivially helpful at reducing negative affect, intrusive thoughts, and avoidance. Clinical Psychological Science.7(4) 778-793 doi: 10.1177/2167702619827018
  • SCHMIDT, P. (2015, June 16). Many instructors embrace trigger warnings, despite their peers’ misgivings. Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/article/Many-Instructors-Embrace/230915 (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • SHULEVITZ, J. (2015, 21 Mart). In college and hiding from scary ideas. New York Times Sunday Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/22/opinion/sunday/judith-shulevitz-hiding-from-scary-ideas.htm (Erişim Tarihi 2017, 8 Ağustos)
  • SUE, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
  • WILSON, J. P. (2004). PTSD and Complex PTSD: Symptoms, Syndromes, and Diagnoses. WILSON, J. P., & KEANE, T. M. (Eds.). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. içerisinde. Guilford Press.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Berk Efe Altınal 0000-0001-6987-8012

Publication Date January 15, 2021
Acceptance Date May 20, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Altınal, B. E. (2021). Sınıflarda Travma Yaşantısı Olan Öğrenciler için Önleyici Bir Tedbir Olarak Tetikleyici Uyarısı Kullanımı. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 192-203. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.388149

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