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Narrow MFN Clauses from Competition Law and Economics Prespective

Year 2022, Volume: 80 Issue: 1, 117 - 152, 15.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.1.0004

Abstract

Digital platforms have become significant for the operation of the global economy, as they bring numerous benefits for consumers and undertakings, but the widespread use of most favored nation (MFN) clauses in e-commerce poses important challenges for policymakers. Ordinarily, such clauses have been implemented in traditional industries; however, the economic dynamics of e-commerce have made these clauses a cornerstone for digital platforms, as they enable platforms to adhere to competitive price guarantees. Unlike traditional MFN clauses, platform MFN clauses, which include restrictions on consumer purchase price, have a significant restrictive impact on the market and are often the subject of complaints from commercial users, such as retailers, restaurants, and hotels. Thus, platform MFN clauses have been the subject of scrutiny by competition authorities in recent years, and under some conditions, these clauses have been found problematic. MFN clauses are examined under narrow and wide headings, and primarily wide MFN clauses (depending on the existence of market power) are prohibited. Nevertheless, narrow MFN clauses are considered legal; however, under certain conditions, narrow MFN clauses may also harm the competitive environment in the market. This is particularly the case for scenarios of high market power of the platform for which the narrow MFN clause is accepted, and the direct channel serves as an important alternative for consumers. This study aims to examine the conditions under which such clauses can pose competition law risks and to distinguish scenarios in which the competition law interference of narrow MFN clauses is likely.

References

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  • Billard O ve Honore P, ‘Most Favored Nation Clauses: A French Perspective on the Booking.com Case’ (2015), Mayıs 2015 CPI Antitrust Chronicle. google scholar
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  • Deuschle A, ‘Good Night, ‘Most Favoured Nation’ Clauses’, D’Kart Antitrust Blog, 19 Mayıs 2021, <https://www.d-kart.de/en/blog/2021/05/19/good-night-bestpreisklauseln/>, Date of Access 26 May 2021. google scholar
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  • Heinz S, ‘Online Booking Platforms and EU Competition Law in the Wake of the German Bundeskartellamt’s Booking.com Infringement Decision’ (2016), 7 (8) Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 530-536. google scholar
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  • ICN Advocacy Working Group, ‘Report on ICN Members’ Recent Experiences in Conduction Competition Advocacy in Digital Markets’ (2019), <https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork. org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AWG_AdvDigitalMktsReport2019.pdf>, Date of Access 25 August 2020. google scholar
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  • Pike C ve Carovano G, ‘Competition Law Under Fire: Responding to Competing Demands for Change in the Case of Price Parity Clauses and Loyalty Rebates’ (2019), Eylül 2019 CPI Antitrust Chronicle, <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3484905>, Date of Access 10 August 2020. google scholar
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Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları

Year 2022, Volume: 80 Issue: 1, 117 - 152, 15.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.1.0004

Abstract

Platform iş modelinin çevrimiçi ticaret içerisindeki yerinin artmasının önemli sonuçlarından biri de en çok kayrılan müşteri koşullarının piyasada yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmasıdır. Bu koşullar, esasen geleneksel piyasalarda da kullanılmaktadır. Fakat, çevrimiçi ticaretin ekonomik dinamikleri, bu koşulları dijital platformlar için önemli hâle getirmiştir. Geleneksel en çok kayrılan müşteri koşullarından farklı olarak, doğrudan tüketicinin alış fiyatına ilişkin bir sınırlama içeren platform en çok kayrılan müşteri koşulları, piyasada önemli etki göstermekte ve perakendeci, restoran ve oteller gibi ticari kullanıcıların şikâyetlerine sık sık konu olmaktadır. Bunun sonucu olarak platform en çok kayrılan müşteri koşulları, son yıllarda rekabet otoriteleri tarafından inceleme konusu olmuş ve bazı şartlar altında bu koşullara rekabeti sınırlayıcı olduğu gerekçesiyle müdahale edilmiştir. Verilen kararlar incelendiği zaman, en çok kayrılan müşteri koşullarının, dar ve geniş olmak üzere iki başlık altında incelendiği ve daha ziyade geniş en çok kayrılan müşteri koşullarının (piyasa gücünün de varlığına bağlı olarak) yasaklandığı görülmektedir. Öte yandan, dar en çok kayrılan müşteri olarak adlandırılan sözleşme hükümleri ise çoğunlukla hukuka uygun görülmektedir. Ne var ki muhtelif bazı koşullar altında, dar en çok kayrılan müşteri koşulu da piyasadaki rekabet ortamına zarar verebilir. Bu durum özellikle, lehine dar en çok kayrılan müşteri koşulu kabul edilen platformun piyasa gücünün bulunması, doğrudan kanalın tüketiciler için önemli bir alternatif olduğu kurgularda söz konusu olur.

References

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  • Akman P ve Sokol D D, ‘Online RPM and MFN Under Antitrust Law and Economics’ (2017), 50 Review of Industrial Organization 133-151. google scholar
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, ‘Commission Staff Working Document Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament Final report on the E-commerce Sector Inquiry’ (2017), s. 179, para. 621, <https://ec.europa.eu/competition/ antitrust/sector_inquiry_swd_en.pdf>, Date of Access 26 August 2020 (Anılış: E-Commerce CSW). google scholar
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, ‘Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Final report on the E-commerce Sector Inquiry’ (2017), <https://ec.europa.eu/competition/ antitrust/sector_inquiry_final_report_en.pdf>, Date of Access 26 August 2020 (Anılış: E-Commerce Final Report). google scholar
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  • Baker J B, ‘Vertical Restraints with Horizontal Consequences: Competitive Effects of ‘Most-Favored-Customer’ Clauses’, (1996), 64(3) Antitrust Law Journal, 517-534. google scholar
  • Baker J B ve Scott Morton F, ‘Antitrust Enforcement Against Platform MFNs’ (2018), 127 The Yale Law Journal, 2176-2202. google scholar
  • Billard O ve Honore P, ‘Most Favored Nation Clauses: A French Perspective on the Booking.com Case’ (2015), Mayıs 2015 CPI Antitrust Chronicle. google scholar
  • Bostoen F, ‘Most Favoured Nation Clauses: Towards an Assessment Framework under EU Competition Law’ (2017), 1(3) European Competition and Regulatory Law Review 223-236. google scholar
  • Chappatte P ve O’Connell K, ‘European Union - E-commerce: Most Favoured Nation Clauses’, Global Competition Review, 15 Ekim 2019, <https://www.lexology.com/libchapatrary/detail. aspx?g=a4d20f2b-4857-4609-8f8b-06879d2bda96>, Date of Access 27 August 2020. google scholar
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  • Colangelo M, ‘Competition Law and Most Favoured Nation Clauses in Online Markets’ (2019), K. Mathis, A. Tor (eds.), New Developments in Competition Law and Economics, 7 Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship 295-317 (Anılış: Online Markets). google scholar
  • Colangelo M, ‘Parity Clauses and Competition Law in Digital Marketplaces: The Case of Online Hotel Booking’ (2017), 8(1) Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 3, 3-14 (Anılış: Online Hotel Booking). google scholar
  • Cremer J, Alexandre de Montjoye Y ve Schweitzer H, ‘Competition Policy For the Digital Era’ (2019), Avrupa Komisyonu, <https://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/reports/ kd0419345enn.pdf>, Date of Access 24 August 2020 google scholar
  • Deuschle A, ‘Good Night, ‘Most Favoured Nation’ Clauses’, D’Kart Antitrust Blog, 19 Mayıs 2021, <https://www.d-kart.de/en/blog/2021/05/19/good-night-bestpreisklauseln/>, Date of Access 26 May 2021. google scholar
  • Digital Competition Expert Panel, ‘Unlocking Digital Competition’ (2019), <https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/785547/ unlocking_digital_competition_furman_review_web.pdf>, Date of Access 21 November 2020. google scholar
  • Doğan C, Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dijital Platformlar (On İki Levha Yayınevi 2021). google scholar
  • Ezrachi A, ‘The competitive effects of parity clauses on online commerce’ (2015), 11(2-3) European Competition Journal 488-519. google scholar
  • Heinz S, ‘Online Booking Platforms and EU Competition Law in the Wake of the German Bundeskartellamt’s Booking.com Infringement Decision’ (2016), 7 (8) Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 530-536. google scholar
  • Hunold M, Kesler R, Laitenberger U ve Schlütter F, ‘Evaluation of best price clauses in online hotel bookings’ (2018), 61 International Journal of Industrial Organization 542-571. google scholar
  • ICN Advocacy Working Group, ‘Report on ICN Members’ Recent Experiences in Conduction Competition Advocacy in Digital Markets’ (2019), <https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork. org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AWG_AdvDigitalMktsReport2019.pdf>, Date of Access 25 August 2020. google scholar
  • ICN Unilateral Conduct Working Group, ‘Vertical Restraints Multi Year Project, 2016-2019’ (2019), <https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/UCWG-2019-Vertical-Restraints-Project.pdf> Date of Access 25 August 2020 (Anılış: Vertical Restraints). google scholar
  • ICN Unilateral Conduct Working Group, ‘Report on the Results of the ICN Survey on Dominance/ SubstantialMarketPowerinDigitalMarkets’(2020)<https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork. org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/UCWG-Report-on-dominance-in-digital-markets.pdf>, Date of Access 10 Fabruary 2021 (Anılış: Dominance). google scholar
  • Leslie W, ‘Online booking platforms, MFNs and the vertical block exemption: the need for certainty’ (2018), 39(7) European Competition Law Review 330-335. google scholar
  • Long S, ‘Retail MFNs and Online Platforms under EU Competition Law: A Practical Primer’ (2019), Eylül 2019 Competition Policy International Antitrust Chronicle, September 2019, 6, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3549847 Date of Access: 08 August 2020. google scholar
  • Mantovani A, Piga C ve Reggiani C, ‘On the Economic Effects of Price Parity Clauses - What Do We Know Three Years Later?’ (2018), 9 (10) Journal of European Competition Law & Practive 650-654. google scholar
  • Pike C ve Carovano G, ‘Competition Law Under Fire: Responding to Competing Demands for Change in the Case of Price Parity Clauses and Loyalty Rebates’ (2019), Eylül 2019 CPI Antitrust Chronicle, <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3484905>, Date of Access 10 August 2020. google scholar
  • Pike, C./Carovano, G.: Competition Law Under Fire: Responding to Competing Demands for Change in the Case of Price Parity Clauses and Loyalty Rebates, CPI Antitrust Chronicle, Eylül 2019, Erişim Linki: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3484905, Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2020. google scholar
  • Rekabet Kurumu, E-Pazaryeri Platformları Sektör İncelemesi Ön Raporu (2021). google scholar
  • Report on the monitoring exercise carried out in the online hotel booking sector by EU competition authorities, <https://ec.europa.eu/competition/ecn/hotel_monitoring_report_en.pdf> Date of Access 26 August 2020 (Anılış: Monitoring report). google scholar
  • Solano Diaz P, ‘Price Parity Clauses: Has the Commission Let Slip the Watchdogs of War’ (2016), 9(1) European Journal of Legal Studies 38-61. google scholar
  • Vandenborre I ve Frese M J, ‘Most Favoured Nation Clauses Revisited’ (2014), 12 European Competition Law Review 588-593. google scholar
  • Van der Veer J P, ‘Antitrust Scrutiny of Most-Favoured-Customer Clauses: An Economic Analysis’ (2013), 4(6) Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 501-505. google scholar
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kerem Cem Sanlı This is me 0000-0002-9026-942X

Cihan Doğan This is me 0000-0002-0643-3099

Publication Date April 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 80 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sanlı, K. C., & Doğan, C. (2022). Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 80(1), 117-152. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.1.0004
AMA Sanlı KC, Doğan C. Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. April 2022;80(1):117-152. doi:10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.1.0004
Chicago Sanlı, Kerem Cem, and Cihan Doğan. “Rekabet Hukuku Ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 80, no. 1 (April 2022): 117-52. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.1.0004.
EndNote Sanlı KC, Doğan C (April 1, 2022) Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 80 1 117–152.
IEEE K. C. Sanlı and C. Doğan, “Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları”, İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 117–152, 2022, doi: 10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.1.0004.
ISNAD Sanlı, Kerem Cem - Doğan, Cihan. “Rekabet Hukuku Ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 80/1 (April 2022), 117-152. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.1.0004.
JAMA Sanlı KC, Doğan C. Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2022;80:117–152.
MLA Sanlı, Kerem Cem and Cihan Doğan. “Rekabet Hukuku Ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 80, no. 1, 2022, pp. 117-52, doi:10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.1.0004.
Vancouver Sanlı KC, Doğan C. Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2022;80(1):117-52.