<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2146-9067</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Murat CİNİVİZ</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18245/ijaet.633252</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Engineering</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Mühendislik</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Direct torque control of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5798-8350</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çavuş</surname>
                                    <given-names>Bariş</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ONDOKUZ MAYIS UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2608-1000</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Aktaş</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ONDOKUZ MAYIS UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20200608">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>08</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>9</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>58</fpage>
                                        <lpage>65</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20191015">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2019</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20200226">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are highly preferred in electric vehicles due to their high efficiency, good torque-speed characteristics, simple structure and long life. In this paper, the simulation study of direct torque controlled PMSM for electric vehicles was performed in MATLAB by direct torque control (DTC) method using different speed control and speed estimation methods, because output parameters of DTC method such as torque and current, have high ripple, and this ripple should be reduced for electric vehicle. Due to the simple structure of the DTC and its low dependence on the system parameters, it is widely used in alternative current motors. When DTC is used in PMSM drive, it is known that although it has fast dynamic response when it is compared to other vector control methods, the ripple in the torque and flux increases. In this study, direct torque controlled PMSM is tried to be minimized by using different speed control methods and speed estimation methods. For this purpose, proportional-integral (PI), fuzzy logic and sliding mode speed controller are used as speed controllers and their performances are compared. In addition, speed sensor less direct torque control of PMSM was performed by using sliding mode observer and model reference adaptive system (MRAS) observer. As a result of the simulation studies, it was found that sliding mode speed control method provides less ripples in the torque, better speed control and less energy consumption. Furthermore, as a speed observer, the sliding observer gives better results in speed estimation and provides less energy consumption.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>electric vehicle</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  permanent magnet synchronous motor</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  direct torque control</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  fuzzy logic controller</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sliding mode controller</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sliding mode observer</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  model reference adaptive system</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. R. Hachicha, M. Ghariani and R. Neji, “Induction machine DTC optimization using artificial intelligence for EV&#039;s applications”, Eighth International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals &amp; Devices, Sousse, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. Abassi, A. Khlaief, O. Saadaoui, A. Chaari and M. Boussak, “Performance analysis of FOC and DTC for PMSM drives using SVPWM technique”, 2015 16th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA), pp. 228-233, Monastir, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">V. M. Bida, D. V. Samokhvalov and F. S. Al-Mahturi, “PMSM vector control techniques-A survey”,  IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), pp. 577-581, Moscow, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A. Kronberg, “Design and simulation of field oriented control and irect torque control for a permanent magnet synchronous motor with positive saliency”, Thesis for M.S. degree, Uppsala university, May 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Y. Yue, R. Zhang, B. Wu and W. Shao, “Direct Torque Control Method of PMSM Based on FractionalOrder PID Controller”, IEEE 6th Data Driven Control and Learning Systems Conference May 26-27, Chongqing, China, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A. M. Omara, M. Sleptsov, A. A. Z. Diab, “Cascaded Fuzzy Logic Based Direct Torque Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Variable Speed Electric Drive Systems”, 25th International Workshop on Electric Drives: Optimization in Control of Electric Drives (IWED), Moscow, Russia, Jan 31-Feb 02, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A. Ameur, B. Mokhtari, N. Essounbouli, and L. Mokrani, “Speed Sensorless Direct Torque Control of a PMSM Drive using Space Vector Modulation Based MRAS and Stator Resistance Estimator”, International Scholarly and Scientific Research &amp; Innovation 6(6), pp. 198-203, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Y. K. H. Dan Sun , Jian Guo Zhu, “Direct Torque Control of a Permanent Magnet synchronous Motor”, Aupec, pp. 3358-3361, 2002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">J. Liu-, W. Wang and Y. Wang, “Research on FOC and DTC switching control of asynchronous motor based on parameter estimation”, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, Qingdao, pp. 1754-1758, 2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">J. Thomas K. René A.A. Melkebeek “Direct Torque Of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors-An Overview”, 3rd IEEE, April 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. Kadjoudj, S. Taibi N. Golea, H. Benbouzid, “Modified Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives”, International Journal of Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control &amp; computer engineering, Volume 1, No. 2, December 2007, pp. 167-180.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carlos Canudas de Wit, “Modélisation contrôle vectoriel et DTC”, Hermes Science Europe Ltd, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">F. Korkmaz, İ. Topaloğlu, M. F. Çakir and R. Gürbüz, “Comparative performance evaluation of FOC and DTC controlled PMSM drives”, 4th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, pp. 705-708, Istanbul, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">C. Ling,W. Zhao and S. Bing “The Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) based on the Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode (NTSM)”, International Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control, Wuhan, China, June 24-26, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">S. P. Bhat and D. S. Bernstein, “Finite-time stability of homogeneous systems”, Proceedings of American Control Conference, pp. 2513-2514, 1997.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">S. P. Bhat and D. S. Bernstein, “Continuous finite-time stabilization of the translational and rotational  double integrator”, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, vol.43, no.5, pp.678-682, 1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">G. Shahgholian, M. H. Rezaei, A. Etesami, M. R. Yousefi “Simulation of Speed Sensor less Control of PMSM Based on DTC Method with MRAS”, Proceeding of the IEEE/IPEC, pp.40-45, October, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li Yongdong and Zhu Hao, “Sensorless Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor-A Survey”, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Harbin, China, September 3-5, 2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">K. Rajashekara, A. Kawamura and K. Matsuse, “Sensorless Control of AC Motor Drives”, IEEE Press, 1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">J. Hole, “State of the Art of Controlled AC Drives without Speed Sensors”, Int.J.Electronics, vol.80, No.2, pp.249-263, 1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">D. Y. Ohm, J.W. Brown, and V. B. Chava, “Modeling and parameter characterization of permanent magnet synchronous motors”, in Annual Symposium of Incremental Motion Control Systems and Devices, 1995.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">I. Takahashi, T. Noguchi, “A New Quick-Response and High-Efficiency Control Strategy of an Induction Motor”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-22, no. 5, pp. 820-827, Sept./Oct. 1986.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">L. A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control”, vol. 8, pp. 338-353, 1965.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Y. S. Han, J. S. Choi and Y. S. Kim, “Sensorless PMSM Drive with a Sliding Mode Control Based Adaptive Speed and Stator Resistance Estimator”, IEEE Transactions on magnetics, vol.36, no.5, pp. 3588-3591, September, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Y. S. Kim, S. K. Kim, Y. A. Kwon, “MRAS Based Sensorless vontrol of permanent magnet synchronous motor”, SICE Annual conference in Fukui, August 4-6, 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
