Determination of Liquefaction Resistance and Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soils Based on VS (Shear wave) velocity; Case Study: Isparta Süleyman Demirel Industrial Region Waste Treatment Facility

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 180 - 188, 30.11.2020

Emre Timur , Coşkun Sarı

Abstract

It was a very common procedure to investigate liquefaction risk with standard penetration test (SPT). However, this method has been lost its importance after the developments of conic penetration method in 1971, Becker penetration method and S-wave velocity measurements. S-wave velocity measurements could be very reasonable alternatives in order to carry out penetration tests for the gravelly and unconsolidated overburden soil investigations. In this study, S-wave velocity values were used in order to determine liquefaction resistance and allowable bearing capacity of soil where two different methods were applied to S-wave velocity values and the results were also compared. All the application steps of the methods were defined. Data were collected along 4 profiles for the ground investigations carried out for the Isparta Süleyman Demirel Industrial Region Waste Treatment Facility.

Keywords

Bearing capacity, Liquefaction analysis, Seismic refraction

References

• [1] Seed H.B., I.M.Idriss “Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div. 97(9) (1971) 1249-1273
• [2] Andrus R.D., , P.Paramananthan, S.E. Brian, Z. Jianfeng, J.C.Hsein “Comparing liquefaction evaluation methods using penetration-Vs relationships” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 24 (2004) 713-721
• [3] Andrus R.D., K.H.Stokoe “Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear-wave velocity” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. ASCE 126(11) (2000) 1015-1025 [4] Seed H.B. “Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division. ASCE 105(GT2) (1979) 201-255 [5] Seed H.B., I.M.Idriss, Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Monograph, Oakland, California (1982)
• [6] Seed H.B., K.Tokimatsu, L.F.Harder, R.M.Chung “The influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations” J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 111(12) (1985) 1425-1445
• [7] Youd T.L., R.E.Kayen, J.K.Mitchell “Liquefaction criteria based on energy content of seismograms”, Proc. NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction resistance of Soils, Nat. Ctr. for Earthquake Eng. Res., State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, pp. 217-224 (1997)
• [8] Robertson P.K., R.G.Campanella “Liquefaction potential in sands using the CPT” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division. ASCE 111(3) 384-403 (1985)
• [9] Olsen R.S. “Cyclic liquefaction based on the cone penetration test”, Proc. NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils. Nat. Ctr. for Earthquake Eng. Res., State University of New York at Buffalo, pp. 225-276 (1997)
• [10] Robertson P.K., C.E.Wride “Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using cone penetration test” Can. Geotech. J. 35(3) (1998) 442-459
• [11] Seed H.B., , P.De Alba “Use of SPT and CPT tests for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of sands” SP Clemence Proceedings, in situ'86 Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, pp. 281-302 (1986)
• [12] Stark T.D., S.M.Olson “Liquefaction resistance using CPT and field case histories” J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 121(12) (1995) 856-869
• [13] Youd T.L. “Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from The 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils” J. Geotech. Geonviron. Eng., ASCE 127(10) (2001) 817-833
• [14] Dobry R., K.H.Stokoe II, R.S.Ladd, T.L.Youd “Liquefaction susceptibility from S-wave velocity. In situ testing to evaluate liquefaction susceptibility” ASCE, Geotechnical Engineering Division, New York, (1981) 1-15
• [15] Seed H.B., I.M.Idriss, I.Arango “Evaluation of liquefaction potential using field performance data” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division. 109(3) (1983) 458-482 [16] Stokoe K.H., S.Nazarian, G.J.Rix, I.Sanchez-Salinaro, J.C.Sheu, et al. “In situ seismic testing of hard to sample soils by surface wave method” In: Von Thun, J.L. (ed.) Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics II-Recent advances in ground motion evaluation. Geotechnical Special Publication 20 Park City, Utah, pp. 264-278 (1988)
• [17] Tokimatsu K., A.Uchida “Correlation between liquefaction resistance and shear wave velocity” Soils and Found. 30(2) (1990) 33-42 [18] Jamiolkowski M., D.C.F.Lo Presti “Correlation between liquefaction resistance and shear wave velocity” Soils and Found. 32(2) (1990) 145-148 [19] Roy D., R.G.Campanella, P.M.Byrne, J.M.O. Hughes “Strain level and uncertainty of liquifaction related index tests” In: Shackelford, C.D., Nelson, P.P., Roth, M.J.S. (eds.) Uncertainty in the geologic environment: From theory to practice. Geotech. Spec. Publ. No: 58(2), ASCE New York, pp. 1149-1162 (1996)
• [20] Teachavorasinskun S., F.Tasuoka, D.C.F.Lo Presti “Effects of the cyclic prestaining on dilatancy characteristics and liquefaction strength of sand” In: Shibuya, S., Mitachi, T., Miura, S. (eds.) Pre-failure deformation of geomaterials, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Nederlands, pp. 75-80 (1994)
• [21] Prandtl L. Über die Eindringungsfestigkeit (Härte) plastischer Baustoffe und die Festigkeit von Schneiden. (On the penetrating strengths (hardness) of plastic construction materials and the strength of cutting edges). Zeit. Angew. Math. Mech. 1(1) 15-20 (1921)
• [22] Reissner H. “Zum Erddruckproblem” (Concerning the earth-pressure problem). Proc. 1st Int. Congress of Applied Mechanics. Delft, pp. 295-311 (1924)
• [23] Meyerhof G.G. “Penetration tests and bearing capacity of cohesionless soils” Proceedings ASCE, 82(SM1) pp. 1-19 (1956)
• [24] Hansen J.B. “A revised extended formula for bearing capacity” Danish Geotechnical Institute Bulletin. 28 (1968)
• [25] DeBeer E.E. “Experimental determination of the shape factors and the bearing capacity factors of sand” Geotechnique. 20 (1970) 387-411
• [26] Sieffert J.G., Ch Bay-Gress. “Comparison of the European bearing capacity calculation methods for shallow foundations” Geotechnical Engineering Institution of Civil Engineers. 143 (2000) 65-74 [27] Stokoe K.H., R.D.Woods “Insitu shear wave velocity by cross-hole method” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Divison, ASCE. 98(SM5) (1972) 443-460 [28] Tezcan S.S., S.M.Erden, H.T.Durgunoğlu “Insitu measurement of shear wave velocity at Bosphorus (Boğaziçi) University Campus” Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, 2 pp. 157-164 (1975)
• [29] Belloti R., J.Jamiolkowski, D.C.F.Lo Presti, , D.A.O'Neill “Anisotropy of small strain stiffness of Ticino sand” Geotechnique. 46(1) (1996) 115-131
• [30] Roesler S.K. “Anisotropic shear modulus due to stress anisotropy” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division. ASCE 105(7) (1979) 871-880
• [31] Stokoe K.H., S.H.H.Lee, D.P.Knox “Shear moduli measurements under true triaxial stresses” Proc. Adv. in the Art of Testing Soil Under Cyclic Conditions. ASCE, New York, pp. 166-185 (1985)
• [32] Dobry R. “Some Basic aspects of soil liquefaction during earthquakes” Earthquake hazards and the design of constructed facilities in the eastern United States. In: Jacob, K.H., Turkstra, C.J. (eds.) Ann. of the New York Acad. of Sci., New York, 558 172-182 (1989)
• [33] Idriss I.M. “Presentation notes: An update of Seed-Idriss Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Liquefaction Potential” Proc. TRB Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction Anal. Publ. No. FHWA-RD-99-165. Washington DC Federal Highway Administration (1999)
• [34] Tezcan S.S., Z.Özdemir, A.Keçeli “Allowable Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations Based on Shear Wave Velocity”. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. CV-338 24 (2006) 203-218 [35] Skempton A.W., D.H.MacDonald “Allowable settlement of buildings” Proceedings ICE, 5(3) pp. 727-768 (1956)
• [36] Tezcan S.S., Z.Özdemir, A.Keçeli, A.Erkal “A rapid technique to determine allowable bearing pressure” International Eartquake Symposium, Kocaeli pp. 234-241 (2007)
• [37] Jakosky J.J. “Exploration Geophysics” Time-Mirrors Press, Los Angeles (1940)
• [38] Gardner G.H.F., L.W.Garner, A.R.Gregory “Formation velocity and density-the diagnostic basics for stratigraphic traps” Geophysics. 39(6) (1974) 770-780
• [39] Yılmaz H.R. “Ground Mechanics-1 Lecture Notes” Aegean University Engineering Faculty Department of Civil Engineering. Unpublished (2001)
• [40] Uyanık O., Ph.D. Thesis, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Kayma Dalga Hızına Bağlı Potansiyel Sıvılaşma Analiz Yöntemi. 2002 (in Turkish).