Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata)

Nurudeen Sanyaolu; Agbola Olufemi; Adeola Ibikunle; Segun Ogundare; Adejare Oloyede

doi:10.32571/ijct.1278596

Research Article

Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata)

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 10 - 18, 05.06.2024

Nurudeen Sanyaolu Agbola Olufemi Adeola Ibikunle Segun Ogundare Adejare Oloyede

https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1278596

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal activity of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nutshell liquid on fungal pathogens of dry rot diseases of yam (Dioscorea cayennensis subsp. rotundata). The Soxhlet extraction method was used and constituents were identified and quantified using Gas chromatography. Isolation and identification of fungi complexes associated with dry rot disease of yam were made using Potato dextrose agar (PDA) as a medium. The antifungal activity of CNSL was evaluated using the food poisoning technique on PDA at 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentrations of CNSL dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide. Azulene (57.65%) was the major chemical component of CNSL with phenolic compounds; anacardol, cresols and anacardic acid, among other compounds. CNSL phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, volatile oil and steroids. Infected yam tubers were isolated, four fungal strains (Fusarium solani, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. niger) were identified, and pathogenicity test confirmed the association of the fungi species with the dry rot disease of white yam. CNSL was active against the identified fungi and could potentially compete with conventional standard as a suitable fungicide against dry rot disease of white yam.

Keywords

Cashew nutshell liquid, Phytochemical compositions, Antifungal activities, Dioscorea rotundata

Supporting Institution

None

Project Number

None

Thanks

Department of Chemical Sciences

References

1. Da Silveira, N.F.; Gomes-Rochette, M.L.M.; de Oliveira, D.C.S.; Nunes-Pinheiro, A.R.; Tomé, F.Y.; Maia de Sousa, D.F.; de Melo, N.O. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2015, 240, 12, 1648-1655.
2. Sahin, C.; Magomedova, L.; Ferreira, T.A.; Liu, J.; Tiefenbach, J.; Alves, P.S.; Queiroz, F.G.; de Oliveira, A.S.; Bhattacharyya, M.; Grouleff, J.; Nogueira, P.C.; Silveira, E. R.; Moreira, D.C.; de Almeida Leite, J. S.; Brand, G. D.; Uehling, D.; Poda, G.; Krause, H.; Cummins, C.L.; Luiz A. S. J. Med. Chem. 2022, 65, 1961–1978.
3. Rwahwire, S.; Tomkova, B.; Periyasamy, A.P.; Kale, B.M. Elsevier 2019, 7, 61-80.
4. Lomonaco, G.; Mele, S.E.; Mazzetto, M.T. Springer, Cham. 2017, 11, 19-38.
5. Leite, Ad.S.; Dantas, A.F.; Oliveira, G.S.; Gomes, Junior A.L.; de Lima, S.G.; Citó, G.L.; Freitas, R. M.; Amélia, de C.A.; Melo-Cavalcante, A.M.; José Arimateia, J.A.; Lopes, J.A.; BioMed Research International, 2015, 10, 20-39.
6. Ike, D.C.; Ibezim-Ezeani, M.U. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021, 14, 620-633.
7. Hamad, F.B.; Mubofu, E.B. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2015, 16, 8569-8590.
8. Kumar, S.; Rosen, M.A. Energy & Fuels 2018, 32,7237-7244.
9. Morais, S.M.; Silva, K.A.; Araujo, H.; Vieira, I.G.; Alves, D.R.; Fontenelle, R.O.; Silva, A.M. Pharmaceuticals 2017, 10, 31-39.
10. Taiwo, E.A. Advances in Petrochemicals 2015, 10,1-13.
11. Parasa, L.S.; Tumati, S.; Kumar, C.A. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 3, 436-40.
12. Kannan, V.R.; Sumathi, C.; Balasubramanian, V.; Ramesh, N. Botany Research International, 2009, 2, 253-257.
13. Verter, N.; Bečvářová, V.; Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2015, 63, 659-665.
14. Raphael, O.N.; Ebere, E.C.; Kingsley, A.C.; Chidiebere, I.R.; Chidi, O.B.; Nsikak, A.S.; Anaukwu, C. G.; Okafor, I. O.; Ezenwa, C. U.; Iloanusi, A. C. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2015, 6, 7-13.
15. Buxton, T.; Takahashi, S.; Niwata, I.; Owusu, E.O.; Kim, C.S. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2017, 5, 1241-1246.
16. Sanyaolu, N.; Agboyinu, E.; Yussuf, S.; Sonde, O.; Avoseh, O.; Ibikunle, A., Ife Journal of Science, 2010, 21, 129-37.
17. Dos Santos, T.A.; Araújo, B.Q.; Citó, G.L.; da Silva, J.; Saffi, J.; Richter, M.F.; Ferarz, B. F. Food Chemistry, 2011, 126, 1044-1048.
18. Raja, K. Journal of Biopesticides, 2015, 8, 147-152.
19. Mahapatro, G. Indian Journal of Entomology, 2011, 73, 121-124.
20. Mazzetto, S.E.; Lomonaco, D.; Mele, G. Quimica Nova, 2009, 32, 732-741.
21. Ileke, K.; Olotuah, O., International Journal of Biology, 2012, 4, 96-105.
22. Patela, R.; Bandyopadhyayb, S.; Ganesh, A. Selective extraction of cardanol and phenols from cashew nut shell liquid obtained through pyrolysis of cashew nut shells, editors, Proceedings of the Indian Chemical Engineering Congress, Novel Separation Processes Session (CHEMCON-2005), 20-35, 2005.
23. Bakun, P.; Czarczynska-Goslinska, B.; Goslinski, T.; Lijewski, S. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2021, 30, 834 46.
24. Okigbo, R.; Ogbonnaya, U. African Journal of biotechnology, 2006, 5, 14-28.
25. Agu, K.; Awah, N.; Nnadozie, A.; Okeke, B.; Orji, M.; Iloanusi, C.; Anaukwu, C.; Eneite, H.; Ifediegwu, M.; Umeoduagu, N; Udoh, E. Food Science and Technology, 2016, 4, 103-106.
26. DN, A.; Umeh, O.; Onyenobi, F. Food Chemistry, 2016, 15-36.
27. Frank, C.O.; Kingsley, C.A. British Microbiology Research Journal, 4, 343-350.
28. Bassey, E.E. Eur. J. Phy. Agric. Sci. 2017, 5, 14-25.
29. Pretty, J.; Bharucha, Z.P. Insects 2015, 6, 152-182.
30. Deepanraj, B.; Senthilkumar, N.; Mala, D.; Sathiamourthy, A. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2021, 5, 23-47.
31. Ikya, J.K.; Umenger, L.N.; Iorbee, A. Journal of Food Resource Science, 2013, 2, 1-12.
32. Evans, W. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 15th edition, Edinburgh, Saunders, 249-275, 2002.
33. Talukdar, A.D.; Choudhury, M.D.; Chakraborty, M.; Dutta, B. Assam University Journal of Science and Technology, 2010, 5, 70-74.
34. Pitt, J.; Hocking, A. Recommended methods for mycological examination of foods: Modem methods in food mycology, In: Samson, R.A. et al., Eds.; Elsevier Amsterdam, London-New, York-Tokyo, 1992; pp 112-134.
35. Pritha, D.S.; Karpagam, J.F. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2017, 12, 61-64.
36. Rajani, P.; Rajasekaran, C.; Vasanthakumari, M.M.; Shannon B. O.; Ravikanth, G.; Uma Shaanker, R. Microbiological Research, 2021, 242, 126-195.
37. Idah, P.; Simeon, M.I.; Mohammed, M. Food Chemistry, 2014, 5, 20-44.
38. Kyei, S.K. Extraction, characterization, and application of cashew nut shell liquid from cashew nut shells, The China Africa Urban Development Forum; Onyewuchi, G.D. Editors, (Caudf) University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, 2019; pp13-23.
39. Zombe, K.; Nyirenda, J.; Lumai, A.; Phiri, H. Sustain. Chem. 2022, 3, 334-344.
40. Souza, N. O.; Cunha, D. A.; Rodrigues, N. S.; Pereira, A. L.; Medeiros, E. J.; Pinheiro, A. A.; de Vasconcelos, M.A.; Neto, L. G.; Bezerra, T. T.;Mazzetto, S.E.; Lomonaco, D.; Teixeira, E. H.; de Paulo A. S. Archives of Oral Biology, 2022, 133, 105299.
41. Makwana, K.; Ichake, A.B.; Valodkar, V.; Padmanaban, G.; Badiger, M. V.; Wadganaonkar, P. P. European Polymer Journal, 2022, 166, 111029.
42. Liu, Z.; Liu, H.; Wang, Y.; Yu, H.; Wang, J. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2022, 6,18-32.
43. Santos, F.O.; Angélico, E.C.; da Costa, J.G.M.; Rodrigues, F.F.; Rodrigues, O.G.; de Medeiros, R.S. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2013, 12, 112-124.
44. Dorathy, S.; Jebapritha, S.; Karpagam, I. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2017, 12, 61-64.
45. Okigbo, R.; Emeka, A. Journal of Stored Products and Post-Harvest Research, 2010, 1, 18-23.
46. Ajayi, A.O.; Olorundare, S.D. Applied Science Research Journal, 2014, 2, 12-28.
47. Ray, R.; Nedunzhiyan, M.; Balagopalan, C. Annals of Tropical Research, 2000, 22, 31-40.
48. Salgueiro, L.; Pinto, E.; Goncalves, M.; Pina-Vaz, C.; Cavaleiro, C.; Rodrigues A.; Palmeira, A.; Tavares, C.; Costa-de-Oliveira, S.; Martinez-de-Oliveira, M. J. Planta medica, 2004, 70, 572-575.
49. Pinto, E.; Pina-Vaz, C.; Salgueiro, L.; Gonçalves, M.J.; Costa-de-Oliveira, S.; Cavaleiro, C.; Palmeira, A.; Rodrigues, A.; Oliveira, J.M. Journal of medical microbiology, 2006, 55, 1367-1373.
50. Raja, K.; Sivasubramaniam, K.; Geetha, R. Entomologia generalis, 2015, 34, 197-206.
51. Khadijat, A. Fungi associated with the spoilage of yam (Dioscorea sp.) Irish potato (Solanum sp) and sweet potato (Ipomea sp.) tubers during storage, Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFST), held in Kano 13th; 20-33, 2003

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 10 - 18, 05.06.2024

Nurudeen Sanyaolu Agbola Olufemi Adeola Ibikunle Segun Ogundare Adejare Oloyede

https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1278596

Abstract

Project Number

None

References

1. Da Silveira, N.F.; Gomes-Rochette, M.L.M.; de Oliveira, D.C.S.; Nunes-Pinheiro, A.R.; Tomé, F.Y.; Maia de Sousa, D.F.; de Melo, N.O. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2015, 240, 12, 1648-1655.
2. Sahin, C.; Magomedova, L.; Ferreira, T.A.; Liu, J.; Tiefenbach, J.; Alves, P.S.; Queiroz, F.G.; de Oliveira, A.S.; Bhattacharyya, M.; Grouleff, J.; Nogueira, P.C.; Silveira, E. R.; Moreira, D.C.; de Almeida Leite, J. S.; Brand, G. D.; Uehling, D.; Poda, G.; Krause, H.; Cummins, C.L.; Luiz A. S. J. Med. Chem. 2022, 65, 1961–1978.
3. Rwahwire, S.; Tomkova, B.; Periyasamy, A.P.; Kale, B.M. Elsevier 2019, 7, 61-80.
4. Lomonaco, G.; Mele, S.E.; Mazzetto, M.T. Springer, Cham. 2017, 11, 19-38.
5. Leite, Ad.S.; Dantas, A.F.; Oliveira, G.S.; Gomes, Junior A.L.; de Lima, S.G.; Citó, G.L.; Freitas, R. M.; Amélia, de C.A.; Melo-Cavalcante, A.M.; José Arimateia, J.A.; Lopes, J.A.; BioMed Research International, 2015, 10, 20-39.
6. Ike, D.C.; Ibezim-Ezeani, M.U. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021, 14, 620-633.
7. Hamad, F.B.; Mubofu, E.B. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2015, 16, 8569-8590.
8. Kumar, S.; Rosen, M.A. Energy & Fuels 2018, 32,7237-7244.
9. Morais, S.M.; Silva, K.A.; Araujo, H.; Vieira, I.G.; Alves, D.R.; Fontenelle, R.O.; Silva, A.M. Pharmaceuticals 2017, 10, 31-39.
10. Taiwo, E.A. Advances in Petrochemicals 2015, 10,1-13.
11. Parasa, L.S.; Tumati, S.; Kumar, C.A. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 3, 436-40.
12. Kannan, V.R.; Sumathi, C.; Balasubramanian, V.; Ramesh, N. Botany Research International, 2009, 2, 253-257.
13. Verter, N.; Bečvářová, V.; Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2015, 63, 659-665.
14. Raphael, O.N.; Ebere, E.C.; Kingsley, A.C.; Chidiebere, I.R.; Chidi, O.B.; Nsikak, A.S.; Anaukwu, C. G.; Okafor, I. O.; Ezenwa, C. U.; Iloanusi, A. C. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2015, 6, 7-13.
15. Buxton, T.; Takahashi, S.; Niwata, I.; Owusu, E.O.; Kim, C.S. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2017, 5, 1241-1246.
16. Sanyaolu, N.; Agboyinu, E.; Yussuf, S.; Sonde, O.; Avoseh, O.; Ibikunle, A., Ife Journal of Science, 2010, 21, 129-37.
17. Dos Santos, T.A.; Araújo, B.Q.; Citó, G.L.; da Silva, J.; Saffi, J.; Richter, M.F.; Ferarz, B. F. Food Chemistry, 2011, 126, 1044-1048.
18. Raja, K. Journal of Biopesticides, 2015, 8, 147-152.
19. Mahapatro, G. Indian Journal of Entomology, 2011, 73, 121-124.
20. Mazzetto, S.E.; Lomonaco, D.; Mele, G. Quimica Nova, 2009, 32, 732-741.
21. Ileke, K.; Olotuah, O., International Journal of Biology, 2012, 4, 96-105.
22. Patela, R.; Bandyopadhyayb, S.; Ganesh, A. Selective extraction of cardanol and phenols from cashew nut shell liquid obtained through pyrolysis of cashew nut shells, editors, Proceedings of the Indian Chemical Engineering Congress, Novel Separation Processes Session (CHEMCON-2005), 20-35, 2005.
23. Bakun, P.; Czarczynska-Goslinska, B.; Goslinski, T.; Lijewski, S. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2021, 30, 834 46.
24. Okigbo, R.; Ogbonnaya, U. African Journal of biotechnology, 2006, 5, 14-28.
25. Agu, K.; Awah, N.; Nnadozie, A.; Okeke, B.; Orji, M.; Iloanusi, C.; Anaukwu, C.; Eneite, H.; Ifediegwu, M.; Umeoduagu, N; Udoh, E. Food Science and Technology, 2016, 4, 103-106.
26. DN, A.; Umeh, O.; Onyenobi, F. Food Chemistry, 2016, 15-36.
27. Frank, C.O.; Kingsley, C.A. British Microbiology Research Journal, 4, 343-350.
28. Bassey, E.E. Eur. J. Phy. Agric. Sci. 2017, 5, 14-25.
29. Pretty, J.; Bharucha, Z.P. Insects 2015, 6, 152-182.
30. Deepanraj, B.; Senthilkumar, N.; Mala, D.; Sathiamourthy, A. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2021, 5, 23-47.
31. Ikya, J.K.; Umenger, L.N.; Iorbee, A. Journal of Food Resource Science, 2013, 2, 1-12.
32. Evans, W. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 15th edition, Edinburgh, Saunders, 249-275, 2002.
33. Talukdar, A.D.; Choudhury, M.D.; Chakraborty, M.; Dutta, B. Assam University Journal of Science and Technology, 2010, 5, 70-74.
34. Pitt, J.; Hocking, A. Recommended methods for mycological examination of foods: Modem methods in food mycology, In: Samson, R.A. et al., Eds.; Elsevier Amsterdam, London-New, York-Tokyo, 1992; pp 112-134.
35. Pritha, D.S.; Karpagam, J.F. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2017, 12, 61-64.
36. Rajani, P.; Rajasekaran, C.; Vasanthakumari, M.M.; Shannon B. O.; Ravikanth, G.; Uma Shaanker, R. Microbiological Research, 2021, 242, 126-195.
37. Idah, P.; Simeon, M.I.; Mohammed, M. Food Chemistry, 2014, 5, 20-44.
38. Kyei, S.K. Extraction, characterization, and application of cashew nut shell liquid from cashew nut shells, The China Africa Urban Development Forum; Onyewuchi, G.D. Editors, (Caudf) University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, 2019; pp13-23.
39. Zombe, K.; Nyirenda, J.; Lumai, A.; Phiri, H. Sustain. Chem. 2022, 3, 334-344.
40. Souza, N. O.; Cunha, D. A.; Rodrigues, N. S.; Pereira, A. L.; Medeiros, E. J.; Pinheiro, A. A.; de Vasconcelos, M.A.; Neto, L. G.; Bezerra, T. T.;Mazzetto, S.E.; Lomonaco, D.; Teixeira, E. H.; de Paulo A. S. Archives of Oral Biology, 2022, 133, 105299.
41. Makwana, K.; Ichake, A.B.; Valodkar, V.; Padmanaban, G.; Badiger, M. V.; Wadganaonkar, P. P. European Polymer Journal, 2022, 166, 111029.
42. Liu, Z.; Liu, H.; Wang, Y.; Yu, H.; Wang, J. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2022, 6,18-32.
43. Santos, F.O.; Angélico, E.C.; da Costa, J.G.M.; Rodrigues, F.F.; Rodrigues, O.G.; de Medeiros, R.S. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2013, 12, 112-124.
44. Dorathy, S.; Jebapritha, S.; Karpagam, I. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2017, 12, 61-64.
45. Okigbo, R.; Emeka, A. Journal of Stored Products and Post-Harvest Research, 2010, 1, 18-23.
46. Ajayi, A.O.; Olorundare, S.D. Applied Science Research Journal, 2014, 2, 12-28.
47. Ray, R.; Nedunzhiyan, M.; Balagopalan, C. Annals of Tropical Research, 2000, 22, 31-40.
48. Salgueiro, L.; Pinto, E.; Goncalves, M.; Pina-Vaz, C.; Cavaleiro, C.; Rodrigues A.; Palmeira, A.; Tavares, C.; Costa-de-Oliveira, S.; Martinez-de-Oliveira, M. J. Planta medica, 2004, 70, 572-575.
49. Pinto, E.; Pina-Vaz, C.; Salgueiro, L.; Gonçalves, M.J.; Costa-de-Oliveira, S.; Cavaleiro, C.; Palmeira, A.; Rodrigues, A.; Oliveira, J.M. Journal of medical microbiology, 2006, 55, 1367-1373.
50. Raja, K.; Sivasubramaniam, K.; Geetha, R. Entomologia generalis, 2015, 34, 197-206.
51. Khadijat, A. Fungi associated with the spoilage of yam (Dioscorea sp.) Irish potato (Solanum sp) and sweet potato (Ipomea sp.) tubers during storage, Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFST), held in Kano 13th; 20-33, 2003

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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Chemical Engineering
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Nurudeen Sanyaolu 0000-0002-1382-7010 Agbola Olufemi 0009-0002-3654-3472 Adeola Ibikunle 0000-0001-5131-7057 Segun Ogundare 0000-0002-1195-5326 Adejare Oloyede 0000-0002-1873-6628
Project Number	None
Early Pub Date	March 27, 2024
Publication Date	June 5, 2024
Published in Issue	Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Sanyaolu, N., Olufemi, A., Ibikunle, A., Ogundare, S., et al. (2024). Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata). International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, 8(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1278596
AMA	Sanyaolu N, Olufemi A, Ibikunle A, Ogundare S, Oloyede A. Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata). Int. J. Chem. Technol. June 2024;8(1):10-18. doi:10.32571/ijct.1278596
Chicago	Sanyaolu, Nurudeen, Agbola Olufemi, Adeola Ibikunle, Segun Ogundare, and Adejare Oloyede. “Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea Rotundata)”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology 8, no. 1 (June 2024): 10-18. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1278596.
EndNote	Sanyaolu N, Olufemi A, Ibikunle A, Ogundare S, Oloyede A (June 1, 2024) Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata). International Journal of Chemistry and Technology 8 1 10–18.
IEEE	N. Sanyaolu, A. Olufemi, A. Ibikunle, S. Ogundare, and A. Oloyede, “Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata)”, Int. J. Chem. Technol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 10–18, 2024, doi: 10.32571/ijct.1278596.
ISNAD	Sanyaolu, Nurudeen et al. “Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea Rotundata)”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology 8/1 (June 2024), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1278596.
JAMA	Sanyaolu N, Olufemi A, Ibikunle A, Ogundare S, Oloyede A. Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata). Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2024;8:10–18.
MLA	Sanyaolu, Nurudeen et al. “Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea Rotundata)”. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2024, pp. 10-18, doi:10.32571/ijct.1278596.
Vancouver	Sanyaolu N, Olufemi A, Ibikunle A, Ogundare S, Oloyede A. Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata). Int. J. Chem. Technol. 2024;8(1):10-8.

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