The Effect of Ramadan Fasting and Sport Detraining on Complete Blood Count, Testosterone Hormone and Biochemistry Variables Among Soccer Players

Year 2024, , 373 - 380, 25.03.2024

Loai Hanon Hamed Salameh Ali Qadoume , Moatasem Abualia Ghaith Nasief Mahmoud Azab Riadh Khalıfa

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1397139

Abstract

Aim: The study aimed to identify if Ramadan fasting and sport detraining affect complete blood count (C.B.C), testosterone and biochemistry variables among soccer players. Method: The researchers used a quasi-experimental method in the pre- and post-measurements of the study's variables, and 15 male athletes from the Faraon football club in the Tulkarm region of the State of Palestine conducted the study. Athletes (age, 19.86±1.64 years, Height (cm) 172.06±5.71, Weight (kg) 66.93±6.86, index: 24.62 ±1.4 kg/m2) was determined as. The measurements were applied on the first day of Ramadan and on the last day of it. Paired sample t-test was used to assess the differences. Results: There are statistically significant differences between pre and post-tests means of Blood (CBC) parameters (WBC: t=2.553, p=0.023* ; HGB: t=2.265, p=0.040*; RDW: t=-3.606, p=0.003*; MPV: t=-3.445, p=0.004*) but there are no statistically significant differences between pre and post-test for the rest of Blood (CBC) parameters. There are statistically significant differences between pre and post-tests means of Testosterone Hormone (TH: t=3.024, p=0.009*). There are statistically significantdifferences between pre and post-tests means for biochemistry parameters (CPK: t=4.169, p=0.001*; HDL: t=4.017, p=0.001*; LDL: t=-4.805, p=0.000*; cholesterol: t=-3.891, p=0.002* and triglyceride: t=-2.362, p=0.033*) in favor to post-test mean. But there are no statistically significant differences between for the rest of the biochemistry parameters. Conclusion: This indicates that Ramadan fasting and sport detraining completely has a negative impact on the study variables among soccer players.

Keywords

Ramadan, Sport, Biochemistry

References

• Al Hourani, H., Atoum, M., Akel, S., Hijjawi, N., & Awawdeh, S. (2009). Effects of ramadan fasting on some hematological and biochemical parameters. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences; 2 (3), 103-108.
• Anindita, SR., & Amit, B. (2017). effect of ramadan intermittent fasting on haematological parameters, lipid profile and renal markers in young Muslim males of Kolkata, India. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol; 61(4): 361–367. Azizi, F. (2002). Research in Islamic fasting and health. Ann Saudi Med; 22:186-91. [PubMed]
• Aziz, A.R., Che Muhamed, A.M., Ooi, C.H., Singh, R., Chia, M.Y.H. (2018). Effects of Ramadan fasting on the physical activity profile of trained Muslim soccer players during a 90-minute match. Sci. Med. Footb, 2, 29–38. [PubMed]
• Aziz, A.R., Chia, M.Y.H., Low, C.Y., Slater, G.J., Png,W., Teh, K.C. (2012). Conducting an acute intense interval exercise session during the Ramadan fasting month: What is the optimal time of the day? Chronobiol. Int, 29, 1139–1150. [PubMed]
• Banfi, G. (2010). Serum creatinine concentrations in athletes: are they normal? Brazilian J Biomot; 4: 157-64. Bigard, AX., Boussif, M., Chalabi, H., & Guezennec, C.Y. (1998). Alterations in muscular performance and orthostatic tolerance during Ramadan. Aviat Space Environ Med; 69(4):341-6. [PubMed]
• Bompa, TO., & Buzzichelli, C. (2018). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training. (6thed);Human Kinetics.
• E Bouhlel, E., Salhi, Z., Bouhlel, H., Mdella, S., Amamou, A., Zaouali, M., Mercier, J., Bigard, X., Tabka, Z., Zbidi, A. & Shephard,R.J. (2006). Effect of Ramadan fasting on fuel oxidation during exercise in trained male rugby players. Diabetes Metab; 32 (6):617-24. [PubMed]
• Brancaccio, P., Maffulli, N., & Limongelli, F. (2007). Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. British Medical Bulletin; 81-82:209-230. [PubMed]
• Chtourou, H., Hammouda, O., Souissi, H., Chamari, K., Chaouachi, A., Souissi, N. (2011). The effect of Ramadan fasting on physical performances, mood state and perceived exertion in young footballers. Asian J. Sports Med, 2, 177. [PubMed]
• Chtourou, H., Chtourou, L., Trabelsi, K., Tahri, N., Souissi, N. (2018). Possible gastrointestinal disorders for athletes during Ramadan: An overview. Biol. Rhythm Res 49, 51–60. [CrossRef]
• Chaouachi, A., Chamari, K., Roky, R., Wong, P., Mbazaa, A., Bartagi, Z., Amri, M. (2008). Lipid profiles of judo athletes during Ramadan. Int. J. Sports Med, 29, 282–288. [PubMed]
• Clarkson, PM, & Hubal, M. (2002). Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Humans. American Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation; 81(11Suppl):52-69. [PubMed]
• D'Elia, F., D'Isanto, T., & Altavilla, G. (2019). Training and performance in the transition period. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(2proc), S258-S262. [CrossRef]
• Dewanti, L., Watanabe, C., Sulistiawati, E. & Ohtsuka R. (2006). Unexpected changes in blood pressure and hematological parameters among fasting and nonfasting workers during Ramadan in Indonesia. Eur J Clin;60 (7): 877-81. [PubMed]
• Farshidfar, G., Yousfi, H., Vakili, M. & Asadi N. (2006). The effect of ramadan fasting on hemoglobin, hematocrit and blood biochemical parameters. J Res Health Sci; 6 (2):21-27. [PubMed]
• Fashi, M., Ahmadizad, S., Nobari, H., Pérez-Gómez, J., Oliveira, R., Carlos-Vivas, J., Ardigò, L.P. (20219. Effect of Acute Ramadan Fasting on Muscle Function and Buffering System of Male Athletes. Healthcare, 9, 397. [PubMed]
• Foran, B. (2001). High-performance sport conditioning. Human kinetics, Pub., Inc USA; 268.Guyton, AC., & Hall, ED. Medicinska fi ziologija. Desetoizdanje. [Medical Physiology, 10th edition. In Serbian].2003; Beograd: Savremenaadministracija.
• Graja, A., Ghattassi, K., Boudhina, N., Bouzid, M.A., Chahed, H., Ferchichi, S., Driss, T., Souissi, N., Hammouda, O. (2020). Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive, physical and biochemical responses to strenuous short-term exercises in elite young female handball players. Physiol. Behav, 229, 113241. [PubMed]
• Haq, A., Al Tufail, M., Al Sudairy, S. (1997). Ramadan fasting: Effect on biochemical and hematological parameters and changes in the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets. Abstract Book of the Second International Congress on Ramadan and Health, Istanbul; 22. [PubMed]
• Harre, D. (2001). Principles of Sports Training. (3ed), Sportverlag (Berlin);83.
• Joo, C. (2016). The effects of short-term detraining on exercise performance in soccer players. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation;12(1):54-59. [PubMed]
• Karakoc, Y., Duzova, H., Polat, A., Emre, MH., Arabacı, I. (2005). Effects of training period on haemorheological variables in regularly trained footballers. British Journal of Sports Medicine; 39(2): 1-3. [PubMed]
• Kenney, W., Wilmore, J. & Costill, D. (2011). Physiology of sport and exercise. (5th Ed). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, Washington, United States of America.
• Kim, .J, Han, M., & Chang, J. (2006). The Analysis of the Movement of Hormone and Creatine Kinase in Blood during the Recovery Period after an Intense Running. Journal of Korea Sport Research; 17(5):41-46.
• Kim, .J, Han, M., & Chang, J. (2006). The effects of a single bout Pilates exercise on mRNA expression of bone metabolic cytokines in osteopenia women. Journal JENB; 18(1): 69-78. [PubMed]
• Koundourakis NE., Androulakis NE., Malliaraki N, Tsatsanis, C., Venihaki, M., & Margioris, A.N. (2014). Dis-crepancy between exercise performance, body composition, andsex steroid response after a six-week detraining period in pro-fessional soccer players. PLoS One; 9(2):e87803. [PubMed]
• Kraemer, WJ., French, DN., Paxton, NJ., Hakkinen, K., Volek S.J., Sebastianelli, W.J. et al. (2004). Changes in exercise performance and hormonal concentrations over a big ten soccer season in starters and nonstarters. J Strength Cond Res; 18(1):121–8. [PubMed]
• Leiper, J.B., Watson, P., Evans, G., Dvorak, J. (2008). Intensity of a training session during Ramadan in fasting and non-fasting Tunisia youth football players. J. Sports Sci, 26, S71–S79. [PubMed]
• Linnamo, V., Pakarinen, A., Komi, P., Kraemer, W., & Hakkinen, K. (2005). Acute hormonal response to submaximal and maximal heavy resistance and explosive exercise in men and women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; 19(3):566–571. [PubMed]
• Madsen, K., Pedersen, PK., Djurhuus, S., & Klitgaard, N.E. (1992). Effects of detraınıng on endurance capacıty and muscle electrolytes durıng prolonged exhaustıve exercıse: 546. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise; 24(5): 91–98. [PubMed]
• Maughan, R., Leiper J., Bartagi Z., Zrifi, R., Zerguini, Y., & Dvorak, J. (2008). Effect of Ramadan fasting on some biochemical and haematological parameters in Tunisian youth soccer players undertaking their usual training and competition schedule. J Sports Sci; 26:39-46. [PubMed]
• McCaulley, G., McBridge, J., Cormie, P., Hudson, M., Nuzzo, J., Quindry, N., & Toiplett, N. (2009). Acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses to hypertrophy, strength and power type resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology; 105(5):695–704. [PubMed]
• Mesbahzadeh, B., Ghiravani, Z., & Mehrjoofard, H. (2005). Effect of Ramadan fasting on secretion of sex hormones in healthy single males. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal;11(5/6):1120-1123. [PubMed]
• Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2000). Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part I: short term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med; 30:79-87. [PubMed]
• Nikolić, Z. (2003). Fiziologija fi zičkeaktivnosti [Physiology of physical activity. In Serbian]. Belgrade: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education.
• Rahimi, R., Qaderi, M., Faraji, H., & Boroujerdi, S. (2010). Effects of very short rest periods on hormonal response to resistance exercise in men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; 24(7):1851–1859. [PubMed] Kakadiya J, & Shah N. (2010). Renal function markers: a short review. JITPS;1m;270-3.
• Ramadan, J., Telahoun, G., Al-Zaid, N., & Barac-Nieto, M. (1999). Responses to exercise, fluid, and energy balances during Ramadan in sedentary and active males. Nutrition; 15 (10): 735–739. [PubMed]
• Reilly, T., & Ekblom, B. (2005). The use of recovery methods post-exercise. J Sports Sci; 23(6):619–27. [PubMed]
• Silva JR, Rebelo A, Marques F, Pereira L., Seabra, A., Ascenseo, A., et al. (2014). Biochemical impact of soccer: an analysis of hormonal, muscle damage, and redox markers during the season. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab; 39(4):432–8. [PubMed]
• Silva, J., Brito, J., Akenhead, R., & Nassis, G. (2016). The transition period in soccer: a window of opportunity. Sports Medicine; 46(3): 305-313. [PubMed]
• Souissi, N., Souissi, H., Sahli, S., Tabka, Z., Dogui, M., Ati, J., Davenne, D. (2007). Effect of Ramadan on the diurnal variation in short-term high power output. Chronobiol. Int, 24, 991–1007. [PubMed]
• Suzuki, M., Mi, Hyun. Suzuki, N., & Mesaki, N. ( 2006). Effect of acute exercise on hemolysis and oxidative stress in female athlete.. Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine; 55(2): 259-267.
• Tayebi, S.M., Hanachi, P., Niaki, A., Ali, P., & Ghaziani, F. (2010). Ramadan fasting and weight-lifting training on vascular volumes and hematological profiles in young male weight-lifters. Global Journal of health Science;2:160-166. [CrossRef]
• Trabelsi, K., El Abed, K., Trepanowski, J., Stannard, S., Ghlissi, Z., Ghozzi, H., & Hakim, A. (2011). Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine; 2 (1):134-144. [PubMed]
• Vagner R, Andrade E, Masudo SM, et al. (1998). Physical Fitness Research Center of Sao Caeta No Do Sul, Celafiscs. Brazil. Supplement; 194, 1101.
• Wallace M., Mills B., & Browning C. (1997). Effects of cross-training on markers of insulin resistance/hyper insulinemia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 29(9):1170-1175. [PubMed]
• Wilmore, J. & Costill, D. (2004). Physiology of sport and exercise. 3rd Ed, Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, USA; 177:376-381.
• Yoon, J. (1998). The Effects of Maximal Exercise on Serum Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase. The Korean Society of Sports Medicine; 16(2): 277-281. [PubMed]
• Zaciorsky, V., & Kreamer, W. (2009). Nauka i praksa u treningusnage, Drugoizdanje. [Science and practice of strength training. (2th edition). In Serbian]. Belgrade: Data Status.