Sustainable, Alternative Conductive Fillers for Flexible Electronics: Investigation of Filler Size on Morphological and Electrical Properties of Styrene-[Ethylene-(Ethylene-Propylene)]-Styrene Block Copolymer (SEEPS) Composites

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 87 - 94, 25.12.2022

Mukaddes Şevval Çetin , Ozan Toprakçı , Hatice Aylin Karahan Toprakci

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1061935

Abstract

Sustainability is getting popular for many engineering applications from packaging to textiles, energy to electronics. Since renewable, environmental friendly sources lowers the negative impacts of the end product on ecology, sustainability studies generally start with the raw materials. The sustainability of electronic materials has gained importance because of limited amount of resources and increasing costs as well as environmental restrictions. In this study, pistachio shell waste was used to synthesize conductive fillers for the fabrication of sustainable flexible electronics. Pistachio shell waste was carbonized. After carbonization, two different grounding settings were used to obtain different filler sizes. In order to compare the effects of filler size on electrical and morphological properties of the composites, six different samples were prepared based on filler concentration with styrene-[ethylene-(ethylene-propylene)]-styrene block copolymer. Homogeneous filler distribution and good filler-matrix interface were observed for both composite sets. Filler size was found significant in terms of the electrical conductivity of the composites. For larger fillers, the percolation region was found to shift to lower concentration compared to smaller filler size.

Keywords

Carbonized pistachio shell, conductive filler, flexible electronics, styrene-[ethylene-(ethylene-propylene)]-styrene block copolymer (SEEPS)

References

• Al-Saleh, M.H., Sundararaj, U., (2009). A review of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/polymer conductive composites. Carbon, 47(1), 2–22.
• Alsaadi, M., Erkliğ, A., Albu-khaleefah, K., (2018). Effect of Pistachio Shell Particle Content on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composite. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43, 4689–4696.
• Bauhofer, W., Kovacs, J.Z., (2009). A review and analysis of electrical percolation in carbon nanotube polymer composites. Composites Science and Technology, 69(10), 1486–1498.
• Çetin, M.Ş., Demirel, A.S., Toprakçı, O., Toprakçı Karahan, H.A., (2022). Karbonize edilmiş antep fıstığı kabuk atıklarından iletken, esnek polimer kompozit üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi.
• FAO, (2020). Top 10 Country Production of Pistachios. Retrieved 22 January 2022 from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity
• Gairola, S., Gairola, S., Sharma, H., Rakesh, P.K., (2019). Impact behavior of pine needle fiber/pistachio shell filler based epoxy composite. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1240(1), 012096.
• Ghazanfari, A., Panigrahi, S., Tabil Jr, L., (2005). Experiments on Production of Bio-composite Plates from Pistachio Shells, Date Pits and HDPE. CSAE 2005 Meeting.
• Huang, J.C., (2002). Carbon black filled conducting polymers and polymer blends. Advances in Polymer Technology, 21(4), 299–313.
• Kadhim, N.N., Hamad, Q.A., Oleiwi, J.K., (2020). Tensile and morphological properties of PMMA composite reinforced by Pistachio Shell powder used in denture applications. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2213(1), 020078.
• Karaaǧaç, B., (2014). Use of ground pistachio shell as alternative filler in natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber-based rubber compounds. Polymer Composites, 35(2), 245–252.
• Karahan Toprakci, H.A., Turgut, A., Toprakci, O., (2021). Flexible composites used as piezoresistive pressure sensors. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 6904–6907.
• Kato, K., (2018). Recent Advances in Thermoplastic Elastomers in Japan - Application, Market and Materials: International Polymer Science and Technology, 34(12), 1–9.
• Komnitsas, K., Zaharaki, D., Pyliotis, I., Vamvuka, D., Bartzas, G., (2015). Assessment of Pistachio Shell Biochar Quality and Its Potential for Adsorption of Heavy Metals. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 6(5), 805–816.
• Küçük, İ., Önal, Y., Akmil-Başar, C.J., (2019). The Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Using Pistachio Shell through Carbonization and CO2 Activation. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section B Chemical Engineering, 2(1), 35–44.
• Li, Y., Huang, X., Zeng, L., Li, R., Tian, H., Fu, X., Wang, Y., Zhong, W.H., (2019). A review of the electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanofiller-reinforced polymer composites. Journal of Materials Science, 54(2), 1036–1076.
• Lu, Y., Yang, Y., Xiao, P., Feng, Y., Liu, L., Tian, M., Li, X., Zhang, L., (2017). Effect of interfacial enhancing on morphology, mechanical, and rheological properties of polypropylene-ground tire rubber powder blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134(40), 45354.
• Nurazzi, N.M., Asyraf, M.R.M., Khalina, A., Abdullah, N., Sabaruddin, F.A., Kamarudin, S.H., Ahmad, S., Mahat, A.M., Lee, C.L., Aisyah, H.A., Norrrahim, M.N.F., Ilyas, R.A., Harussani, M.M., Ishak, M.R., Sapuan, S.M., (2021). Fabrication, Functionalization, and Application of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite: An Overview. Polymers, 13(7).
• Rapra Technology, (2003). TPE 2003 : The 6th international conference on new opportunities for thermoplastic elastomers. Rapra Technology Ltd.
• Salazar-Cruz, B.A., Chávez-Cinco, M.Y., Morales-Cepeda, A.B., Ramos-Galván, C.E., Rivera-Armenta, J.L., (2022). Evaluation of Thermal Properties of Composites Prepared from Pistachio Shell Particles Treated Chemically and Polypropylene. Molecules 2022, Vol. 27, Page 426, 27(2), 426.
• Sengupta, R., Bhattacharya, M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Bhowmick, A.K., (2011). A review on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer composites. Progress in Polymer Science, 36(5), 638–670.
• Singh, G., Lee, J., Bahadur, R., Karakoti, A., Yi, J., Vinu, A., (2022). Highly graphitized porous biocarbon nanosheets with tunable Micro-Meso interfaces and enhanced layer spacing for CO2 capture and LIBs. Chemical Engineering Journal, 433, 134464.
• Tibbetts, G.G., Lake, M.L., Strong, K.L., Rice, B.P., (2007). A review of the fabrication and properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber/polymer composites. Composites Science and Technology, 67(7–8), 1709–1718.
• Toprakci, H.A.K., Cetin, M.Ş., Toprakci, O., (2021). Fabrication of Conductive Polymer Composites from Turkish Hemp-Derived Carbon Fibers and Thermoplastic Elastomers. Tekstil ve Mühendis, 28(121), 32–38.
• Wang, W., Lu, Z., Cao, Y., Chen, J., Wang, J., Zheng, Q., (2012). Investigation and prediction on the nonlinear viscoelastic behaviors of nylon1212 toughened with elastomer. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 123(3), 1283–1292.
• Xanthos, M., Chandavasu, C., Sirkar, K.K., Gogos, C.G., (2002). Melt processed microporous films from compatibilized immiscible blends with potential as membranes. Polymer Engineering & Science, 42(4), 810–825.
• Xu, J., Gao, Q., Zhang, Y., Tan, Y., Tian, W., Zhu, L., Jiang, L., (2014). Preparing two-dimensional microporous carbon from Pistachio nutshell with high areal capacitance as supercapacitor materials. Scientific Reports 2014 4:1, 4(1), 1–6.
• Yeganeh, M.M., Kaghazchi, T., Soleimani, M., (2006). Effect of Raw Materials on Properties of Activated Carbons. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 29(10), 1247–1251.