Narcotic Analgesics: OPIOIDS

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 8 - 15, 17.07.2019

Hülya Erbaba

Abstract

Opioids are morphine-like analgesics used for the management of severe pain, such as acute pain and cancer pain. They are mostly preferred in cases of acute and chronic severe pain. IASP considers the relief of pain in acute or terminal illnesses as a human right, supporting opioid use in patients of all ages. IASP signed the Declaration of Montreal with other parties in 2010, reflecting its point of view.  The aim of this study was to describe opioid analgesics and their adverse effects. Outcomes of a current review of the literature were used in this study. Like all analgesics, opioids should be used at the right time, for the right patient, for the right indication, at the right dose, and with the appropriate mode of administration. The acknowledgment of every healthcare worker seeing patients in all branches in medicine will allow for patient access to analgesics via the appropriate approaches. 

Keywords

Narcotic analgesic, Opioid, Adverse Effects

References

• Altinok, Arzu Denizbasi, Cigdem Ozpolat, and Ozge Onur. [Clinical Significance of Opioid Antagonists and Their Routes of Administration]. [Article in Turkish] Anatolian Journal of Emergency Medicine 2.1: 34-38. American Society Of Addiction Medicine. Definitions Related To The Use Of Opioids For The Treatment Of Pain. Consensus Document From The American Academy Of Pain Medicine, The American Pain Society, And The American Society Of Addiction Medicine. February 2001. Andre, J. And Karen, O. "Ethics, Politics And Pain." Medical Humanities Report 20, 1999. P. 1-11. Aydinli I. [Principles of Analgesic Use]. [Article in Turkish] In: Erdine S. Editor, Ağrı [Pain] [Book In Turkish] - İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri [Nobel Tip Publishing]. 2002. P.479-484. Berry, P.H., Pain: Current Understanding Of Assessment, Management, And Treatments. National Pharmaceutical Council And The Joint Commission For The Accreditation Of Healthcare Organizations, Va, Usa: 2001. Dambisya, Ym. and Lee, Tl. Effects L-Ng-Nitro Arginine Methyl Ester (L-Name), L-Ngmonomethyl Arginine (L-Nmma) And L-Arginine On The Antinociceptive Effects Of Morphine In Mice. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 1995. 17: P.577-82. Foley, Km. Appraising The Who Analgesic Ladder On Its 20th Anniversary (Www. Whocancerpain) 2006. 19:1. Herr, Ka. and Mobily Pr, Evaluation Of The Faces Pain Scale For Use With The Elderly. Clin J Pain, 1998. 14:P.29-38. http://akademikpersonel.kocaeli.edu.tr/berden/ders/berden08.08.2018_09.30.04ders.pdf Kabalak, A. ve Ayla, O., [End-of-Life Care; Palliative Care]. [Article in Turkish]. Yoğun Bakım Dergisi [Journal of Intensive Care], 2013, 11(2): P. 56-70. Katzung, Bertram G., Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 2004. Mccaffery, M., Nursing Practice Theories Related To Cognition, Bodily Pain and Man-Environmental Interactions. Los Angeles: Ca: Ucla Students Store; 1968. Pivec, R., Opioid Use Prior To Total Hip Arthroplasty Leads To Worse Clinical Outcomes. International Orthopaedics, 2014. 38(6): P.1159-1165. Reddy, R. G., Lesson Of The Week: Opioid İnduced Hypogonadism. The Bmj, 2010. P. 341. Robertson, J. A. and Purple, R. J., Sleep Disturbance In Patients Taking Opioid Medication For Chronic Back Pain. Anaesthesia, 2016. 71(11): P. 1296–1307 Royal Collage Of Anaesthetists: Guidelines For The Use Of Non-Steroidal Anti-İnflamatory Drugs İn The Perioperative Period. London: Royal College Of Anaesthetists 1998. Schıltenwolf, M., Evidence Of Specific Cognitive Deficits İn Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain Under Long-Term Substitution Treatment Of Opioids. Pain Physician, 2014. 17(1): P.9-20. Swegle, J.M. and Logemann, C. Management Of Common Opioid-İnduced Adverse Effects. American Family Physician, 2006. 74(8): P.1347-1354. Varadhan, K.K. And Lobo, D.N., Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: The Future Of Improving Surgical Care. Critical Care Clinics, 2010. 26(3): P.527-547. World Health Organization. Cancer Pain Relief. 2nd Ed. Geneva: WHO, 1996 Yildirim D. Gulbeyaz C. [The Management of Secondary Constipation In Patients Using Opioid Medications]. [Article in Turkish]. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Balikesir Health Sciences Journal]. 2019, 8.1: 27-32.