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Hisse Senedi Şer‘i İzleme Faaliyetlerinde Kullanılan Eşik Değerlere Dair Eleştirel Bir İnceleme

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 123 - 151, 29.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.54427/ijisef.1129328

Abstract

Sermaye piyasaları, bankacılık sektöründen sonra İslami finans alanının ikinci sacayağını temsil etmektedir. Bu piyasalarda işlem gören en önemli araç ise hisse senetleridir. Ortaklık ilişkisi doğuran bir kıymetli evrak niteliğindeki hisse senetlerine yatırım yapılmasının meşruiyeti üzerinde şirketlerin niteliği önem arz etmektedir. Tamamen meşru yapıdaki şirketlerin sayıca az olması ana faaliyeti meşru olduğu halde gayrimeşru faaliyetler de yürüten karma şirketlere yatırım yapılmasını gündeme getirmektedir. Söz konusunu zaruret haline bağlı olarak şirketlerin gayrimeşru faaliyet yürütmesine belirli oranda izin verilmektedir. Bu hususta şirketlerin gayrimeşru unsurlarla olan ilişkisinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla şer‘i izleme faaliyetleri yürütülmekte ve bu kapsamda eşik değerler belirlenmektedir. Eşik değer belirleme hususunda söz konusu değerlere yüklenen misyona göre iki farklı yaklaşım ortaya çıkmaktadır; az-çok merkezli yaklaşım, zaruret merkezli yaklaşım. Eşik değerlerin az-çok arası sınırı gösteren değerler olduğunu kabul eden birinci yaklaşım, şer‘i izleme kapsamındaki tüm analiz kalemleri için eşik değer belirlerken bu amaca hizmet edecek delilleri kullanmaktadır. Zaruret merkezli yaklaşım ise piyasa verilerinden hareketle şirketlerin karşılaştığı zaruret miktarını tespit etmeye odaklanmaktadır. Her iki yöntem de takip ettikleri eşik değer belirleme süreçlerinde metodolojik hatalar barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, her iki yöntemin de problem teşkil eden yönlerini ortaya koymayı ve alternatif olarak sektörel zaruret merkezli yöntemi teklif etmeyi hedeflemektedir.

References

  • AAOIFI. (2018). el-Meâyirü’ş-şer’iyye: En-nassü’l-kamil li’l-meayiri’ş-şer’iyye : (1-58). Riyad: Daru’l-meymân li’n-neşri ve’t-tevzi’.
  • Al Meezan. (t.y.). Shariah Methodology. Geliş tarihi 14 Mayıs 2020, gönderen Al Meezan Investment Management Limited website: https://www.almeezangroup.com/investor-education/shariah-methodology/
  • Amana Mutual Funds. (t.y.). Halal Investing. Geliş tarihi 20 Haziran 2020, gönderen Saturna Capital website: https://www.saturna.com/amana/halal-investing
  • Amanie Shariah Board. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 12 Aralık 2019, gönderen http://www.amaniescreening.com/shariah_board.php
  • Ayedh, A., Shaharuddin, A., & Kamaruddin, M. (2019). Shariah Screening Methodology: Does It “Really” Shariah Compliance? IQTISHADIA, 12, 144-172.
  • Azzad Funds. (t.y.). Screening and Filtering. Geliş tarihi 20 Haziran 2020, gönderen Philosophy and Process website: https://www.azzadfunds.com/philosophy-process/
  • Derigs, U., & Marzban, S. (2008). Review And Analysis Of Current Shariah-Compliant Equity Screening Practices. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 1(4), 285-303.
  • el-Buhârî, E. A. b. İ. (1422). El-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (1. Baskı). Dâru Tavki’n-Necât.
  • Elgari, M. A. (2017). Shari’ah Foundations of Islamic Equity Investment Criteria and Purification of Investments. İçinde Islamic Capital Markets and Products: Managing Capital and Liquidity Requirements Under Basel III. Wiley.
  • el-Mecmû’atü’ş-şer’iyye bi-Masrifi’r-Râcihî. (2010). Karârâtü’l-Hey’eti’ş-Şer’iyye bi-Masrifi’r-Râcihî. Riyad: Dâru Künûzi İşbiliyâ.
  • FTSE. (t.y.). FTSE Shariah Research-Targeting Lower Volatility Through Ethical and Quantitative Screening Minimum Volatility Shariah Index. FTSE. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://research.ftserussell.com/products/downloads/ftse_shariah_whitepaper.pdf
  • Guardian Investment House. (2011). Islamic Securities Account (ISA) Guidebook. Guardian Investment House.
  • Habib, F., & Ahmad, A. U. F. (2017). Revisiting the AAOIFI Shariah standards’ stock screening criteria. International Journal of Business and Society, 18, 151-166. Scopus. Geliş tarihi gönderen Scopus.
  • Ho, C. S. F. (2015). International Comparison of Shari’ah Compliance Screening Standards. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 8(2), 222-245.
  • Kâsâni. (2003). Bedâi‘u’s-sanâi‘ (2. Baskı). Beyrut: Daru’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye.
  • Lahsasna, A., & Hassan, M. K. (2011). The Shariah Process in Product Development and Approval in ICM. Içinde Islamic Capital Markets: Products and Strategies (1. Baskı, ss. 23-68). Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley.
  • Mahfooz, S. B., & Ahmed, H. (2014). Shariah investment screening criteria: A critical review. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics, 27(1), 3-38.
  • Md. Hashim, A., Habib, F., Isaacs, Z., & Gadhoum, M. A. (2017). ISRA-Bloomberg Sharīʿah stock screening and income cleansing methodologies: A conceptual paper. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 9(1), 27-42.
  • MSCI. (2019). MSCI Islamic Index Series Methodology. MSCI. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.msci.com/eqb/methodology/meth_docs/MSCI_Islamic_Indexes_Methodology_May2019.pdf
  • Müslim. (1956). El-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ. Beyrut: Dâru İhyai’t-Türasi’l-Arabi.
  • National Stock Exchange of India. (2020). Methodology Document. National Stock Exchange of India. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www1.nseindia.com/content/indices/Method_Nifty_Shariah_Indices.pdf
  • Parsoli Islamic Equity (PIE) Index. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 23 Mayıs 2022, gönderen Parsoli Corporation Limited website: https://www.parsoli.com/pie-index.html
  • Ratings Intelligence. (t.y.). Shariah compliant stocks screening | Islamic stocks screening. Geliş tarihi 14 Mayıs 2020, gönderen https://www.ratingsintelligence.com/shariah-screening.html
  • SECP. Shariah Governance Regulations. , (2018).
  • Securities Commission. (2006). Resolution of the Securitis Commission Shariah Advisory Council. Kuala Lumpur: Suruhanjaya Sekuriti.
  • Securities Commission. (2019). Resolutions of the Shariah Advisory Council of the Securities Commission Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Suruhanjaya Sekuriti.
  • TASIS. (t.y.). Handbook on Investments in Shariah Tolerant Stocks. TASIS. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.tasis.in/userfiles/files/Handbook%20on%20Investments%20in%20Shariah%20Tolerant%20Stocks.pdf
  • Tirmizi. (1998). Sünenü’t-Tirmizi. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Garbi’l-İslâmî.
  • TKBB. (2020). Katılım Finansı Standartları No:1 Pay Senedi İhracı ve Alım-Satımı. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://tkbbdanismakurulu.org.tr/uploads/kararlar/198fbbd4c038e1e6aa2f2cca01e54ca7.pdf
  • Usmani, M. I. A. (2002). Meezan Bank’s Guide to Islamic Banking. Darul Ishaat.
  • Usmani, M. I. A. (2015). Islamic Finance: Revised & Updated Edition of Meezan Bank’s Guide to Islamic Banking. Karachi-Pakistan: Maktaba Ma’ariful Quran.
  • Usmani, M. T. (2002). An Introduction to Islamic Finance. BRILL.
  • YASAAR. (2019). The FTSE Shariah Global Equity Index Series Fatva. FTSE. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://research.ftserussell.com/products/downloads/ftse_shariah_global_equity_index_series_fatwa.pdf
  • Zuhayli, M. M. (2006). El-Kavaidü’l-fıkhiyye ve tatbikatuha fi’l-mezahibi’l-erbaa. Dımaşk : Darü’l-Fikr.

A Critical Review of the Thresholds of Sharia Screening for Stocks

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 123 - 151, 29.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.54427/ijisef.1129328

Abstract

Capital markets represent the second main application area of Islamic finance after the banking sector. The most important instrument traded in these markets is stocks. The character of companies is important on the legitimacy (shariah compliance) of investing in stocks. The fact that the companies with a completely Shariah compliant structure are few in number brings about investing in mixed companies that carry out Shariah non-compliant activities even though their main activity is legitimate. Depending on this necessity, companies are allowed to carry out financial activities that do not comply with Shariah principles to a certain extent. In this context, thresholds are used within the scope of Shariah screening to determine the level of non-compliant elements to Shariah in the company. There are two different approaches to determining thresholds; the minority-majority-centered approach and the necessity-centered approach. The first approach uses Shar'i evidence showing the less or more borderline when setting thresholds for all analysis of Shariah screening. The necessity-centered approach, on the other hand, focuses on determining the amount of necessity based on market data. Both methods contain methodological problems in the threshold determination processes. This study aims to reveal the problems of both methods and to propose the sectoral necessity-centered method as an alternative.

References

  • AAOIFI. (2018). el-Meâyirü’ş-şer’iyye: En-nassü’l-kamil li’l-meayiri’ş-şer’iyye : (1-58). Riyad: Daru’l-meymân li’n-neşri ve’t-tevzi’.
  • Al Meezan. (t.y.). Shariah Methodology. Geliş tarihi 14 Mayıs 2020, gönderen Al Meezan Investment Management Limited website: https://www.almeezangroup.com/investor-education/shariah-methodology/
  • Amana Mutual Funds. (t.y.). Halal Investing. Geliş tarihi 20 Haziran 2020, gönderen Saturna Capital website: https://www.saturna.com/amana/halal-investing
  • Amanie Shariah Board. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 12 Aralık 2019, gönderen http://www.amaniescreening.com/shariah_board.php
  • Ayedh, A., Shaharuddin, A., & Kamaruddin, M. (2019). Shariah Screening Methodology: Does It “Really” Shariah Compliance? IQTISHADIA, 12, 144-172.
  • Azzad Funds. (t.y.). Screening and Filtering. Geliş tarihi 20 Haziran 2020, gönderen Philosophy and Process website: https://www.azzadfunds.com/philosophy-process/
  • Derigs, U., & Marzban, S. (2008). Review And Analysis Of Current Shariah-Compliant Equity Screening Practices. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 1(4), 285-303.
  • el-Buhârî, E. A. b. İ. (1422). El-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (1. Baskı). Dâru Tavki’n-Necât.
  • Elgari, M. A. (2017). Shari’ah Foundations of Islamic Equity Investment Criteria and Purification of Investments. İçinde Islamic Capital Markets and Products: Managing Capital and Liquidity Requirements Under Basel III. Wiley.
  • el-Mecmû’atü’ş-şer’iyye bi-Masrifi’r-Râcihî. (2010). Karârâtü’l-Hey’eti’ş-Şer’iyye bi-Masrifi’r-Râcihî. Riyad: Dâru Künûzi İşbiliyâ.
  • FTSE. (t.y.). FTSE Shariah Research-Targeting Lower Volatility Through Ethical and Quantitative Screening Minimum Volatility Shariah Index. FTSE. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://research.ftserussell.com/products/downloads/ftse_shariah_whitepaper.pdf
  • Guardian Investment House. (2011). Islamic Securities Account (ISA) Guidebook. Guardian Investment House.
  • Habib, F., & Ahmad, A. U. F. (2017). Revisiting the AAOIFI Shariah standards’ stock screening criteria. International Journal of Business and Society, 18, 151-166. Scopus. Geliş tarihi gönderen Scopus.
  • Ho, C. S. F. (2015). International Comparison of Shari’ah Compliance Screening Standards. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 8(2), 222-245.
  • Kâsâni. (2003). Bedâi‘u’s-sanâi‘ (2. Baskı). Beyrut: Daru’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye.
  • Lahsasna, A., & Hassan, M. K. (2011). The Shariah Process in Product Development and Approval in ICM. Içinde Islamic Capital Markets: Products and Strategies (1. Baskı, ss. 23-68). Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley.
  • Mahfooz, S. B., & Ahmed, H. (2014). Shariah investment screening criteria: A critical review. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics, 27(1), 3-38.
  • Md. Hashim, A., Habib, F., Isaacs, Z., & Gadhoum, M. A. (2017). ISRA-Bloomberg Sharīʿah stock screening and income cleansing methodologies: A conceptual paper. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 9(1), 27-42.
  • MSCI. (2019). MSCI Islamic Index Series Methodology. MSCI. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.msci.com/eqb/methodology/meth_docs/MSCI_Islamic_Indexes_Methodology_May2019.pdf
  • Müslim. (1956). El-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ. Beyrut: Dâru İhyai’t-Türasi’l-Arabi.
  • National Stock Exchange of India. (2020). Methodology Document. National Stock Exchange of India. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www1.nseindia.com/content/indices/Method_Nifty_Shariah_Indices.pdf
  • Parsoli Islamic Equity (PIE) Index. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 23 Mayıs 2022, gönderen Parsoli Corporation Limited website: https://www.parsoli.com/pie-index.html
  • Ratings Intelligence. (t.y.). Shariah compliant stocks screening | Islamic stocks screening. Geliş tarihi 14 Mayıs 2020, gönderen https://www.ratingsintelligence.com/shariah-screening.html
  • SECP. Shariah Governance Regulations. , (2018).
  • Securities Commission. (2006). Resolution of the Securitis Commission Shariah Advisory Council. Kuala Lumpur: Suruhanjaya Sekuriti.
  • Securities Commission. (2019). Resolutions of the Shariah Advisory Council of the Securities Commission Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Suruhanjaya Sekuriti.
  • TASIS. (t.y.). Handbook on Investments in Shariah Tolerant Stocks. TASIS. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://www.tasis.in/userfiles/files/Handbook%20on%20Investments%20in%20Shariah%20Tolerant%20Stocks.pdf
  • Tirmizi. (1998). Sünenü’t-Tirmizi. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Garbi’l-İslâmî.
  • TKBB. (2020). Katılım Finansı Standartları No:1 Pay Senedi İhracı ve Alım-Satımı. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://tkbbdanismakurulu.org.tr/uploads/kararlar/198fbbd4c038e1e6aa2f2cca01e54ca7.pdf
  • Usmani, M. I. A. (2002). Meezan Bank’s Guide to Islamic Banking. Darul Ishaat.
  • Usmani, M. I. A. (2015). Islamic Finance: Revised & Updated Edition of Meezan Bank’s Guide to Islamic Banking. Karachi-Pakistan: Maktaba Ma’ariful Quran.
  • Usmani, M. T. (2002). An Introduction to Islamic Finance. BRILL.
  • YASAAR. (2019). The FTSE Shariah Global Equity Index Series Fatva. FTSE. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://research.ftserussell.com/products/downloads/ftse_shariah_global_equity_index_series_fatwa.pdf
  • Zuhayli, M. M. (2006). El-Kavaidü’l-fıkhiyye ve tatbikatuha fi’l-mezahibi’l-erbaa. Dımaşk : Darü’l-Fikr.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Batuhan Buğra Akartepe 0000-0002-5634-6663

Publication Date July 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akartepe, B. B. (2022). Hisse Senedi Şer‘i İzleme Faaliyetlerinde Kullanılan Eşik Değerlere Dair Eleştirel Bir İnceleme. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 8(2), 123-151. https://doi.org/10.54427/ijisef.1129328

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