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OBEZİTE VE İSTİHDAM: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2021, , 643 - 659, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.804066

Abstract

Obezite, istihdama zarar verebilecek yıkıcı bir sağlık durumudur. Türkiye Sağlık Araştırmaları anketlerinden yararlanarak ve doğrusal bir olasılık modeli ve öne çıkan bir eşleştirme yöntemi olan entropi dengeleme dahil olmak üzere iki farklı yöntemi uygulayarak obezitenin istihdam üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktayız. Türkiye Sağlık Araştırmaları Türkiye’deki yetişkin bireyleri temsil etmekte ve 2008 yılından bu yana her iki yılda bir yapılmaktadır. Anketler yüzyüze görüşme şeklinde veriler toplanarak uygulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, obezite ve istihdam arasındaki ilişkinin cinsiyete göre farklılıklarını incelemekteyiz. Ayrıca, obezite ve istihdam arasındaki korelasyonun 2008 ve 2016 yılları arasında kuvvetlenip kuvvetlenmediğine ışık tutulmaktadır. Betimsel analizler obez kadınların sadece yüzde 16’sının; obez erkeklerin ise yüzde 70’inin istihdam edildiğini göstermektedir. İki metod da obezitenin kadın istihdamını azalttığını göstermektedir. Ancak erkek istihdamı için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki söz konusu değildir. Obezite, genç nüfus dışında tüm yaş grupları için kadın istihdamını önemli ölçüde azaltırken, erkek istihdamı için sonuçlar anlamlı bir ilişki sağlamamaktadır. Yıllara göre obezite etkileşim terimleri, obezitenin istihdam üzerindeki olumsuz etkisinin zayıfladığını göstermektedir.

References

  • Abbott, R. D., Behrens, G. R., Sharp, D. S., Rodriguez, B. L., Burchfiel, C. M., Ross, G. W., ... & Curb, J. D. (1994). Body mass index and thromboembolic stroke in nonsmoking men in older middle age. The Honolulu Heart Program. Stroke, 25(12), 2370-2376.
  • Atella, V., Pace, N., & Vuri, D. (2008). Are employers discriminating with respect to weight?: European Evidence using Quantile Regression. Economics & Human Biology, 6(3), 305-329.
  • Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2008). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion. Princeton university press.
  • Balsa, A. I., & McGuire, T. G. (2003). Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping as sources of health disparities. Journal of health economics, 22(1), 89-116.
  • Bhurosy, T., & Jeewon, R. (2014). Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status?. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
  • Blackwell, M., Iacus, S., King, G., & Porro, G. (2009). cem: Coarsened exact matching in Stata. The Stata Journal, 9(4), 524-546.
  • Caliendo, M., & Gehrsitz, M. (2016). Obesity and the labor market: A fresh look at the weight penalty. Economics & Human Biology, 23, 209-225.
  • Caliendo, M., & Kopeinig, S. (2008). Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. Journal of economic surveys, 22(1), 31-72.
  • Caliendo, M., & Lee, W. S. (2013). Fat chance! Obesity and the transition from unemployment to employment. Economics & Human Biology, 11(2), 121-133.
  • Cawley, J. (2004). The impact of obesity on wages. Journal of Human resources, 39(2), 451-474.
  • Devaux, M., & Sassi, F. (2015). The labour market impacts of obesity, smoking, alcohol use and related chronic diseases.
  • Erem, C., Arslan, C., Hacihasanoglu, A., Deger, O., Topbaş, M., Ukinc, K., ... & Telatar, M. (2004). Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors in a Turkish population (Trabzon city, Turkey). Obesity research, 12(7), 1117-1127.
  • Greve, J. (2008). Obesity and labor market outcomes in Denmark. Economics & Human Biology, 6(3), 350-362.
  • Hainmueller, J. (2012). Entropy balancing for causal effects: A multivariate reweighting method to produce balanced samples in observational studies. Political analysis, 25-46. Hatemi, H., Yumuk, V. D., Turan, N., & Arik, N. (2003). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkey. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 1(4), 285-290.
  • Huffman, S. K., & Rizov, M. (2007). Determinants of obesity in transition economies: the case of Russia. Economics & Human Biology, 5(3), 379-391.
  • Hughes, A., & Kumari, M. (2017). Unemployment, underweight, and obesity: Findings from Understanding Society (UKHLS). Preventive medicine, 97, 19-25.
  • İşeri, A., & Arslan, N. (2009). Obesity in adults in Turkey: age and regional effects. The European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 91-94.
  • Jia, W. P., Xiang, K. S., Chen, L., Lu, J. X., & Wu, Y. M. (2002). Epidemiological study on obesity and its comorbidities in urban Chinese older than 20 years of age in Shanghai, China. Obesity Reviews, 3(3), 157-165.
  • Johansson, E., Böckerman, P., Kiiskinen, U., & Heliövaara, M. (2009). Obesity and labour market success in Finland: The difference between having a high BMI and being fat. Economics & Human Biology, 7(1), 36-45.
  • Karaoğlan, D., & Tansel, A. (2018). Determinants of Body Mass Index in Turkey: A Quantile Regression Analysis from a Middle Income Country. Bogazici Journal: Review of Social, Economic & Administrative Studies, 32(2).
  • Kinge, J. M. (2016). Body mass index and employment status: a new look. Economics & Human Biology, 22, 117-125.
  • Larose, S. L., Kpelitse, K. A., Campbell, M. K., Zaric, G. S., & Sarma, S. (2016). Does obesity influence labour market outcomes among working-age adults? Evidence from Canadian longitudinal data. Economics & Human Biology, 20, 26-41.
  • Mokdad, A. H., Serdula, M. K., Dietz, W. H., Bowman, B. A., Marks, J. S., & Koplan, J. P. (1999). The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. Jama, 282(16), 1519-1522.
  • Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Dietz, W. H., Vinicor, F., Bales, V. S., & Marks, J. S. (2003). Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. Jama, 289(1), 76-79.
  • Morris, S. (2007). The impact of obesity on employment. Labour Economics, 14(3), 413-433. Mosca, I. (2013). Body mass index, waist circumference and employment: Evidence from older Irish adults. Economics & Human Biology, 11(4), 522-533.
  • Norton, E. C., & Han, E. (2008). Genetic information, obesity, and labor market outcomes. Health economics, 17(9), 1089-1104.
  • Pagan, J. A., & Davila, A. (1997). Obesity, occupational attainment, and earnings. Social Science Quarterly, 756-770.
  • Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012). Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition reviews, 70(1), 3-21.
  • Prentice, A. M. (2006). The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. International journal of epidemiology, 35(1), 93-99.
  • Renna, F., & Thakur, N. (2010). Direct and indirect effects of obesity on US labor market outcomes of older working age adults. Social science & medicine, 71(2), 405-413.
  • Trogdon, J. G., Finkelstein, E. A., Hylands, T., Dellea, P. S., & Kamal‐Bahl, S. J. (2008). Indirect costs of obesity: a review of the current literature. Obesity Reviews, 9(5), 489-500.
  • Tunceli, K., Li, K., & Williams, L. K. (2006). Long‐term effects of obesity on employment and work limitations among US adults, 1986 to 1999. Obesity, 14(9), 1637-1646.
  • World Health Organization, (2008). Obesity and Overweight. Last accessed: 2 October 2020, https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  • World Health Organization, (2013). Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, Turkey. Last accessed: 2 October 2020, http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/country-work/turkey2
  • Yumuk, V. D. (2005). Prevalence of obesity in Turkey. Obesity reviews, 6(1), 9-10.

OBESITY AND EMPLOYMENT: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY

Year 2021, , 643 - 659, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.804066

Abstract

Obesity is a devastating health condition that may harm employment. We investigate the impact of obesity on employment by utilizing five waves of Turkey Health Surveys and executing two different methods, including a linear probability model and a prominent matching method, entropy balancing. Turkey Health Surveys are representative of Turkey’s adult population and have been conducted biennially since 2008. The surveys involve data collection using face to face interviews. In this study, we examine the differences in the relationship between obesity and employment by gender. We also shed light on whether the correlation between obesity and employability strengthened or weakened between 2008 and 2016. Descriptive analyses show that only 16% of obese females are employed while 70% of obese males are employed. Both methods suggest that obesity reduces employment for females. However, for males, there is no statistically significant relationship. Obesity significantly reduces female employment for all age groups except for younger cohorts, while for male employment, the results do not appear to provide a meaningful relationship. The significant interaction terms for obesity by year suggest that the negative effect of obesity on employment weakened overtime in Turkey.

References

  • Abbott, R. D., Behrens, G. R., Sharp, D. S., Rodriguez, B. L., Burchfiel, C. M., Ross, G. W., ... & Curb, J. D. (1994). Body mass index and thromboembolic stroke in nonsmoking men in older middle age. The Honolulu Heart Program. Stroke, 25(12), 2370-2376.
  • Atella, V., Pace, N., & Vuri, D. (2008). Are employers discriminating with respect to weight?: European Evidence using Quantile Regression. Economics & Human Biology, 6(3), 305-329.
  • Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2008). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion. Princeton university press.
  • Balsa, A. I., & McGuire, T. G. (2003). Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping as sources of health disparities. Journal of health economics, 22(1), 89-116.
  • Bhurosy, T., & Jeewon, R. (2014). Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status?. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
  • Blackwell, M., Iacus, S., King, G., & Porro, G. (2009). cem: Coarsened exact matching in Stata. The Stata Journal, 9(4), 524-546.
  • Caliendo, M., & Gehrsitz, M. (2016). Obesity and the labor market: A fresh look at the weight penalty. Economics & Human Biology, 23, 209-225.
  • Caliendo, M., & Kopeinig, S. (2008). Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. Journal of economic surveys, 22(1), 31-72.
  • Caliendo, M., & Lee, W. S. (2013). Fat chance! Obesity and the transition from unemployment to employment. Economics & Human Biology, 11(2), 121-133.
  • Cawley, J. (2004). The impact of obesity on wages. Journal of Human resources, 39(2), 451-474.
  • Devaux, M., & Sassi, F. (2015). The labour market impacts of obesity, smoking, alcohol use and related chronic diseases.
  • Erem, C., Arslan, C., Hacihasanoglu, A., Deger, O., Topbaş, M., Ukinc, K., ... & Telatar, M. (2004). Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors in a Turkish population (Trabzon city, Turkey). Obesity research, 12(7), 1117-1127.
  • Greve, J. (2008). Obesity and labor market outcomes in Denmark. Economics & Human Biology, 6(3), 350-362.
  • Hainmueller, J. (2012). Entropy balancing for causal effects: A multivariate reweighting method to produce balanced samples in observational studies. Political analysis, 25-46. Hatemi, H., Yumuk, V. D., Turan, N., & Arik, N. (2003). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkey. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 1(4), 285-290.
  • Huffman, S. K., & Rizov, M. (2007). Determinants of obesity in transition economies: the case of Russia. Economics & Human Biology, 5(3), 379-391.
  • Hughes, A., & Kumari, M. (2017). Unemployment, underweight, and obesity: Findings from Understanding Society (UKHLS). Preventive medicine, 97, 19-25.
  • İşeri, A., & Arslan, N. (2009). Obesity in adults in Turkey: age and regional effects. The European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 91-94.
  • Jia, W. P., Xiang, K. S., Chen, L., Lu, J. X., & Wu, Y. M. (2002). Epidemiological study on obesity and its comorbidities in urban Chinese older than 20 years of age in Shanghai, China. Obesity Reviews, 3(3), 157-165.
  • Johansson, E., Böckerman, P., Kiiskinen, U., & Heliövaara, M. (2009). Obesity and labour market success in Finland: The difference between having a high BMI and being fat. Economics & Human Biology, 7(1), 36-45.
  • Karaoğlan, D., & Tansel, A. (2018). Determinants of Body Mass Index in Turkey: A Quantile Regression Analysis from a Middle Income Country. Bogazici Journal: Review of Social, Economic & Administrative Studies, 32(2).
  • Kinge, J. M. (2016). Body mass index and employment status: a new look. Economics & Human Biology, 22, 117-125.
  • Larose, S. L., Kpelitse, K. A., Campbell, M. K., Zaric, G. S., & Sarma, S. (2016). Does obesity influence labour market outcomes among working-age adults? Evidence from Canadian longitudinal data. Economics & Human Biology, 20, 26-41.
  • Mokdad, A. H., Serdula, M. K., Dietz, W. H., Bowman, B. A., Marks, J. S., & Koplan, J. P. (1999). The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. Jama, 282(16), 1519-1522.
  • Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Dietz, W. H., Vinicor, F., Bales, V. S., & Marks, J. S. (2003). Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. Jama, 289(1), 76-79.
  • Morris, S. (2007). The impact of obesity on employment. Labour Economics, 14(3), 413-433. Mosca, I. (2013). Body mass index, waist circumference and employment: Evidence from older Irish adults. Economics & Human Biology, 11(4), 522-533.
  • Norton, E. C., & Han, E. (2008). Genetic information, obesity, and labor market outcomes. Health economics, 17(9), 1089-1104.
  • Pagan, J. A., & Davila, A. (1997). Obesity, occupational attainment, and earnings. Social Science Quarterly, 756-770.
  • Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012). Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition reviews, 70(1), 3-21.
  • Prentice, A. M. (2006). The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. International journal of epidemiology, 35(1), 93-99.
  • Renna, F., & Thakur, N. (2010). Direct and indirect effects of obesity on US labor market outcomes of older working age adults. Social science & medicine, 71(2), 405-413.
  • Trogdon, J. G., Finkelstein, E. A., Hylands, T., Dellea, P. S., & Kamal‐Bahl, S. J. (2008). Indirect costs of obesity: a review of the current literature. Obesity Reviews, 9(5), 489-500.
  • Tunceli, K., Li, K., & Williams, L. K. (2006). Long‐term effects of obesity on employment and work limitations among US adults, 1986 to 1999. Obesity, 14(9), 1637-1646.
  • World Health Organization, (2008). Obesity and Overweight. Last accessed: 2 October 2020, https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  • World Health Organization, (2013). Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, Turkey. Last accessed: 2 October 2020, http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/country-work/turkey2
  • Yumuk, V. D. (2005). Prevalence of obesity in Turkey. Obesity reviews, 6(1), 9-10.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdullah Tirgil 0000-0002-4491-4459

Publication Date September 30, 2021
Submission Date October 2, 2020
Acceptance Date February 9, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Tirgil, A. (2021). OBESITY AND EMPLOYMENT: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 17(3), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.804066