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THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES AND AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 279 - 305, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1414289

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of agricultural subsidies and agricultural
employment on economic growth in Türkiye by utilizing annual data for the period 2000-2022. Benefiting
from empirical analysis, the variables in the study were primarily tested with the unit root test. The
differences of the variables for which unit roots were determined were purified from unit roots as the
Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test suggests. Appropriate lag test was applied to the series and then
the causality relationship between economic growth, agricultural employment rate and agricultural
support amount was analyzed according to the results of cointegration, error-corrected VAR estimation,
and Granger causality test. Based on the results of the analysis, agricultural subsidies do not have a
significant effect on economic growth or economic growth on agricultural subsidies, whereas agricultural
employment has a bidirectional and positive effect on economic growth. Causality findings indicate no
causality between agricultural subsidies and economic growth. A bidirectional and positive economic
growth as a result of agricultural employment was determined, and the existence of a causality relationship
between the two variables has been demonstrated. In conclusion, it has been found that agricultural
subsidies provided for economic growth in Türkiye have not yielded effective results, whereas agricultural
employment provided positive reflections. Therefore, taking measures for a controlled transition from the
agricultural sector to non-agricultural sectors over time, thus increasing the quality and adaptability of
the workforce in the sector, and recording employment through incentives will make a great contribution
to the solution of the problem.

References

  • Abay, C., Olhan, E., Uysal, Y., Yavuz, F., & Türkekul, B. (2005). Change in agricultural policies in Türkiye. TMMOB Turkish Chamber of Agricultural Engineers, VI. Technical Congress, Dokuz Eylul University, Ankara.
  • Akcan, M. B., & H. Azazi, (2022). Sectoral analysis of non-employment-creating growth: The case of Türkiye. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 20 (1), 227-246.
  • Akça, H., & Altuntaş, H. (2022). The effect of agricultural supports on agricultural output: An empirical analysis for Turkey. Journal of Çukurova University Social Sciences Institute, 31(2), 561-572.
  • Akyıldız, H. (2006). Analytical dynamics of employment in Turkey. Ankara: Asil Publishing Distribution. Anadolu Agency (2022). Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/ureticilere-gelecek-yil-en-cok-alan-bazli-tarimsal-destek-odemesi-yapilacak/2723080. Accessed 10.05. 2023.
  • Arslan, E., & Solak, A. (2019). Agricultural policy and agricultural supports implemented after 2002 in Türkiye. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 5(19), 790- 804.
  • Ataseven, Y. H., Arısoy, B., Gürer, A., Demirdöğen, N., & Olhan, Ö. E. (2020). Global agricultural policies and their reflections on Turkish agriculture. Türkiye Agricultural Engineering 9th Technical Congress (1-11), Ankara.
  • Awokuse, T. O., & Xie, R. (2014). Does agriculture really matter for economic growth in developing countries? Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12038.
  • Babacan, A. (1999). System of direct income payments within the framework of general agricultural policies. Ankara: State Planning Organization.
  • Bahar, O. (2006). The impact of the tourism sector on Türkiye’s economic growth: VAR analysis approach. Management and Economics, 13(2), 137-150.
  • Bayraktar, Y., & Bulut, E. (2016). Changing structure of agricultural supports and reasons of high agricultural supports: a comparative analysis for Türkiye. Journal of the Faculty of Economics, 66, 45-66.
  • Bayraktutan, Y., & Arslan, İ. (2008). The effect of fixed capital investments on economic growth in Türkiye: cointegration analysis (1980-2006). http://iibfdergi.kmu.edu.tr/ userfiles/file/haziran2008/Cilt8/ Say14/1-12.pdf.
  • Beşer, N. Ö., & Kadanalı, E. (2021). The relationship between agricultural fixed capital investments and agricultural growth in Türkiye. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31 (2), 408- 417. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.809862.
  • Bondonio, D., & Greenbaum R. T. (2006). Do business ınvestment ıncentives promole employment in declining areas? Evidence from EU Objective 2 Regions. European Urban and Regional Studies, 3(13), 225-244.
  • Bondonio, D., & Greenbaum, R. T. (2007). Do local tax ıncentives affect economic growth? What mean ımpacts miss in the analysis of enterprise zone policies. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 37, 121-136.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 37(2), 149-192.
  • Çelik, N. (2009). In the industrialization processes of developing countries technological learning experiences: the case of South Korea and China efforts to “catch up”. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences. 8(28), 91-109.
  • Çevik, S. (1995). Introduction to microeconomics. Izmir: University Books. Çınar, M., & Sevüktekin, M. (2017). Econometric time series analysis (eviews applied). Bursa: Dora Publications.
  • Dinler, Z. (2014). Farming economy. Bursa: Ekin Publishing.
  • Doğan, H., & Gürler, A. (2015). Supply Sensitivity of agricultural products grown in Yeşilırmak agricultural basin within the scope of Türkiye agricultural basin production and support model. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25 (3), 231-243.
  • Erdoğan, M. Ö. (2020). Agricultural policies and searches in Türkiye, İNSAMER. Retrieved from, https:// insamer.com/tr/turkiyede-tarimpolitikalari-ve-arayislar_2626.html. Accessed 15.04.2023.
  • Granger, C. (1980). Testing for causality: A personal viewpoint. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2(1), 329-352.
  • Guo, X., Lung, P., Sui, J., Zhang, R., & Wang, C. (2021). Agricultural support policies and china’s cyclical evolutionary path of agricultural economic growth. Sustainability, 13(11), 6134.
  • Guth, M., Smedzik-Ambrozy, K., Czyzewski, B., & Stepien, S. (2020). The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture 10(34), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020034.
  • Gülçubuk, B. (2005). Rural development. Inside F. Yavuz (Ed.) Agriculture in Turkey (p. 69-94). Ankara: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Publications.
  • Gürbüz, M. (2005). Agriculture for Türkiye. Istanbul: TEMA Foundation Publications.
  • Gürler, A. Z. (2016). Agricultural economics and policy. Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing.
  • Hatunoğlu, E. E., & Eldeniz, F. (2012). Structural transformation policies in the Turkish agricultural sector after 2000. TCA Journal, (86), 27-56.
  • Kanca, O. C. (2012). An Empirical analysis of the causality between unemployment and economic growth in Türkiye. Çukurova University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 21(2), 1-18.
  • Kaynak, M. (2005). Development Economics. Ankara: Gazi Publishing House.
  • Kılıçkap, E. İnan, A., & Subaşı, H. (2001). The Effects of GAP on the Development Process of the Agricultural Manufacturing Industry in Diyarbakır Province. II. GAP and Industry Congress Proceedings Handbook, Diyarbakır: TMMOB Chamber of Mechanical Engineers.
  • Kopuk, E., & O. Meçik, (2021). The Effect of Manufacturing Industry and Agriculture Sectors on Economic Growth in Türkiye: Analysis of 1998-2020 Period. Socioeconomics, 27(2), 263-274.
  • Köse, Z., & Meral, T. (2021). An investigation on the relationship between agricultural supports, food security and economic growth in Türkiye. Studies on Social Science Insights, 1(2), 51-73.
  • Khan, D., Ahmed, S. S., & Ahmed, E. (2012). Agriculture and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. 2. International Multidisciplinary Conference towards Better Pakistan, (pp. 1-6). Pakistan.
  • Merdan, K. (2023). Factors Affecting Agricultural Growth in Turkey (A Regression Analysis). KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 25(45), 1125-1142.
  • Ok, S. (2008). Reasons for the weakening of the relationship between economic growth and employment and the role of İŞKUR in strengthening this relationship (Specialization Thesis). T.C. Ministry of Labor and Social Security General Directorate of Turkish Employment Agency, Ankara
  • Olhan, E. (2012). Agricultural sector impoverished within the scope of reforms in Türkiye. 10. National Agricultural Economics Congress, 5-7 September 2012, Konya.
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], (2022). OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), Retrieved from https://www.Oecd.Org/Turkey/. Accessed 05.05.2023.
  • Philips, P. & Vogelsang, T. J. (1993). The great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis: Erratum. Econometrica, 61, 248-249.
  • Pierre, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57, 1361-1401.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye (2022). Strategy and Budget Directorate. Retrieved from https:// www.sbb.gov.tr/istihdam/. Accessed 19.05.2023.
  • Presidency Of the Republic of Türkiye Strategy and Budget Directorate [SBB), (2022). Strategy and Budget Department, Retrieved from http://www.sbb.gov.tr/tarim/. Accessed 12.05.2023.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2022). Activity report. Retrieved from https:// www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/Belgeler/Bakanl%C4%B1k_Faaliyet_Raporlar%C4%B1/TOB%20 2022%20YILI%20I%CC%87DARE%20FAALI%CC%87YET%20RAPORU.pdf. Accessed 12.05.2023.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock [GTHB], (2022). Ministry of agriculture and forestry 2018-2022 strategic plan. Retrieved from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/ Belgeler/2013-2017/GTHB%202018-2022%20STRATEJI%CC%87K%20PLAN.PDF. Accessed 21.03.2023
  • Safdar, İ, Maqsood, S., & Ullah, S. (2012). Impact of Agriculture Volatility on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan. Journel Asian Development Study, 1(2), 24-34.
  • Sağdıç, E. N., & Çakmak, E. (2021) Causal relationship between agricultural support payments and agricultural production level: Türkiye example. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 10 (2), 1858-1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.851919.
  • Şaşmaz, M. Ü., & Yayla, Y. E. (2018). Evaluation of determinants of economic development: economic factors. International Journal of Public Finance, 3(2), 249-268.
  • Şaşmaz, M. Ü., & Özel, Ö. (2019). The Effect of Financial Incentives Provided to the Agricultural Sector on the Development of the Agricultural Sector: The Case of Türkiye. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, 61: 50-65.
  • Sertkaya D. Ö., & Şahin, G. (2020). Women’s presence in Türkiye’s rural population. Woman, 21(1), 41-66.
  • Spittler, J., Ross, R., & Block, W. (2011). The economic impact of agricultural subsidies in the United States. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 36(3), 301.
  • Tan, S., Hasdemir, M., & Everest, B. (2015). Agricultural support policies in Türkiye. Internatıonal Conference on Eurasıan Economıes, 266-270.
  • Terı̇n, M., Aksoy, A., & Güler, I. O. (2013). A study on determination of economic factors affecting agricultural growth. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 3 (3), 41-50.
  • Turhan, Ş., & Erdal, B. (2022). Economic Growth and agricultural employment. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Institute of Science and Technology Journal, 5 (1), 66-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47495/ okufbed.972239.
  • Türkiye Statistical Institute [TÜİK] (2022a). Labor Statistics/Key Labor Force Indicators, Newsletter, Number: 45645. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=%C4%B0%C5%9Fg%C3%BCc%C3%BC-%C4%B0statistikleri-2021-45645&dil=1. Accessed 14.03.2023.
  • Türkiye Statistical Institute [TÜİK] (2022b). Labor Statistics/Key Labor Force Indicators, Newsletter, Number: 49390. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2022-49390. Accessed 23.03.2023.
  • Uslu, H. ve Apaydın, F. (2021). An empirical application on agricultural productivity and area-based supports in Turkey. Hittite Journal of Social Sciences, 14(2), 477-499. doi: 10.17218/hititsbd.1002014.
  • Üçler, Y. T. (2022). Employment growth relationship by sectors in Turkey. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences & Humanıties, 7(21), 148-160.
  • Yavuz, F. (2005). Agriculture in Türkiye. T.R. ministry of agriculture and rural affairs, Date accessed: March, 2023. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/Belgeler/ya yinlar/turkiyede_tarim.pdf.

TARIMSAL DESTEKLEMELERİN VE TARIMSAL İSTİHDAMIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR ZAMAN SERİSİ ANALİZİ

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 279 - 305, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1414289

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de 2000-2022 dönemine ait yıllık verilerle tarımsal desteklemelerin ve
tarımsal istihdamın ekonomik büyüme üzerine olan etkilerini incelemektir. Ampirik analizin kullanıldığı bu
çalışmada öncelikle değişkenler birim kök testiyle sınanmıştır. Birim kök tespit edilen değişkenlerin farkları
Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) testine göre birim kökten arındırılmıştır. Serilere uygun gecikme testi
uygulanmış ve ardından ekonomik büyüme, tarımsal istihdam oranı ve tarımsal destek miktarı arasındaki
nedensellik ilişkisi eş bütünleşme, hata düzeltmeli VAR tahmini ve Granger nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre, tarımsal desteklemelerin ekonomik büyüme
üzerinde ya da ekonomik büyümenin tarımsal desteklemeler üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığı
tespit edilmiştir. Nedensellik bulguları ise tarımsal destekler ve ekonomik büyüme arasında nedenselliğin
olmadığına işaret etmektedir. Tarımsal istihdamın ise ekonomik büyümeyi çift yönlü ve pozitif bir şekilde
etkilediği tespit edilmiş, iki değişken arasında bir nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığı ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç
olarak; Türkiye’de ekonomik büyümeye yönelik verilen tarımsal desteklerin etkili olmadığı buna karşılık
tarımsal istihdamın olumlu yansımalarının olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Dolayısıyla tarım sektöründen
tarım dışı sektörlere zamana yayılan kontrollü bir geçiş için önlemler alınması ve bu şekilde sektördeki
işgücünün niteliği ve uyum yeteneğinin artırılması, teşvikler yoluyla istihdamın kayıt altına alınması gibi
tedbirler sorunun çözümünde büyük katkı sunacaktır.

References

  • Abay, C., Olhan, E., Uysal, Y., Yavuz, F., & Türkekul, B. (2005). Change in agricultural policies in Türkiye. TMMOB Turkish Chamber of Agricultural Engineers, VI. Technical Congress, Dokuz Eylul University, Ankara.
  • Akcan, M. B., & H. Azazi, (2022). Sectoral analysis of non-employment-creating growth: The case of Türkiye. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 20 (1), 227-246.
  • Akça, H., & Altuntaş, H. (2022). The effect of agricultural supports on agricultural output: An empirical analysis for Turkey. Journal of Çukurova University Social Sciences Institute, 31(2), 561-572.
  • Akyıldız, H. (2006). Analytical dynamics of employment in Turkey. Ankara: Asil Publishing Distribution. Anadolu Agency (2022). Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/ureticilere-gelecek-yil-en-cok-alan-bazli-tarimsal-destek-odemesi-yapilacak/2723080. Accessed 10.05. 2023.
  • Arslan, E., & Solak, A. (2019). Agricultural policy and agricultural supports implemented after 2002 in Türkiye. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 5(19), 790- 804.
  • Ataseven, Y. H., Arısoy, B., Gürer, A., Demirdöğen, N., & Olhan, Ö. E. (2020). Global agricultural policies and their reflections on Turkish agriculture. Türkiye Agricultural Engineering 9th Technical Congress (1-11), Ankara.
  • Awokuse, T. O., & Xie, R. (2014). Does agriculture really matter for economic growth in developing countries? Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12038.
  • Babacan, A. (1999). System of direct income payments within the framework of general agricultural policies. Ankara: State Planning Organization.
  • Bahar, O. (2006). The impact of the tourism sector on Türkiye’s economic growth: VAR analysis approach. Management and Economics, 13(2), 137-150.
  • Bayraktar, Y., & Bulut, E. (2016). Changing structure of agricultural supports and reasons of high agricultural supports: a comparative analysis for Türkiye. Journal of the Faculty of Economics, 66, 45-66.
  • Bayraktutan, Y., & Arslan, İ. (2008). The effect of fixed capital investments on economic growth in Türkiye: cointegration analysis (1980-2006). http://iibfdergi.kmu.edu.tr/ userfiles/file/haziran2008/Cilt8/ Say14/1-12.pdf.
  • Beşer, N. Ö., & Kadanalı, E. (2021). The relationship between agricultural fixed capital investments and agricultural growth in Türkiye. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31 (2), 408- 417. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.809862.
  • Bondonio, D., & Greenbaum R. T. (2006). Do business ınvestment ıncentives promole employment in declining areas? Evidence from EU Objective 2 Regions. European Urban and Regional Studies, 3(13), 225-244.
  • Bondonio, D., & Greenbaum, R. T. (2007). Do local tax ıncentives affect economic growth? What mean ımpacts miss in the analysis of enterprise zone policies. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 37, 121-136.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 37(2), 149-192.
  • Çelik, N. (2009). In the industrialization processes of developing countries technological learning experiences: the case of South Korea and China efforts to “catch up”. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences. 8(28), 91-109.
  • Çevik, S. (1995). Introduction to microeconomics. Izmir: University Books. Çınar, M., & Sevüktekin, M. (2017). Econometric time series analysis (eviews applied). Bursa: Dora Publications.
  • Dinler, Z. (2014). Farming economy. Bursa: Ekin Publishing.
  • Doğan, H., & Gürler, A. (2015). Supply Sensitivity of agricultural products grown in Yeşilırmak agricultural basin within the scope of Türkiye agricultural basin production and support model. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25 (3), 231-243.
  • Erdoğan, M. Ö. (2020). Agricultural policies and searches in Türkiye, İNSAMER. Retrieved from, https:// insamer.com/tr/turkiyede-tarimpolitikalari-ve-arayislar_2626.html. Accessed 15.04.2023.
  • Granger, C. (1980). Testing for causality: A personal viewpoint. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2(1), 329-352.
  • Guo, X., Lung, P., Sui, J., Zhang, R., & Wang, C. (2021). Agricultural support policies and china’s cyclical evolutionary path of agricultural economic growth. Sustainability, 13(11), 6134.
  • Guth, M., Smedzik-Ambrozy, K., Czyzewski, B., & Stepien, S. (2020). The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture 10(34), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020034.
  • Gülçubuk, B. (2005). Rural development. Inside F. Yavuz (Ed.) Agriculture in Turkey (p. 69-94). Ankara: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Publications.
  • Gürbüz, M. (2005). Agriculture for Türkiye. Istanbul: TEMA Foundation Publications.
  • Gürler, A. Z. (2016). Agricultural economics and policy. Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing.
  • Hatunoğlu, E. E., & Eldeniz, F. (2012). Structural transformation policies in the Turkish agricultural sector after 2000. TCA Journal, (86), 27-56.
  • Kanca, O. C. (2012). An Empirical analysis of the causality between unemployment and economic growth in Türkiye. Çukurova University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 21(2), 1-18.
  • Kaynak, M. (2005). Development Economics. Ankara: Gazi Publishing House.
  • Kılıçkap, E. İnan, A., & Subaşı, H. (2001). The Effects of GAP on the Development Process of the Agricultural Manufacturing Industry in Diyarbakır Province. II. GAP and Industry Congress Proceedings Handbook, Diyarbakır: TMMOB Chamber of Mechanical Engineers.
  • Kopuk, E., & O. Meçik, (2021). The Effect of Manufacturing Industry and Agriculture Sectors on Economic Growth in Türkiye: Analysis of 1998-2020 Period. Socioeconomics, 27(2), 263-274.
  • Köse, Z., & Meral, T. (2021). An investigation on the relationship between agricultural supports, food security and economic growth in Türkiye. Studies on Social Science Insights, 1(2), 51-73.
  • Khan, D., Ahmed, S. S., & Ahmed, E. (2012). Agriculture and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. 2. International Multidisciplinary Conference towards Better Pakistan, (pp. 1-6). Pakistan.
  • Merdan, K. (2023). Factors Affecting Agricultural Growth in Turkey (A Regression Analysis). KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 25(45), 1125-1142.
  • Ok, S. (2008). Reasons for the weakening of the relationship between economic growth and employment and the role of İŞKUR in strengthening this relationship (Specialization Thesis). T.C. Ministry of Labor and Social Security General Directorate of Turkish Employment Agency, Ankara
  • Olhan, E. (2012). Agricultural sector impoverished within the scope of reforms in Türkiye. 10. National Agricultural Economics Congress, 5-7 September 2012, Konya.
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], (2022). OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), Retrieved from https://www.Oecd.Org/Turkey/. Accessed 05.05.2023.
  • Philips, P. & Vogelsang, T. J. (1993). The great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis: Erratum. Econometrica, 61, 248-249.
  • Pierre, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57, 1361-1401.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye (2022). Strategy and Budget Directorate. Retrieved from https:// www.sbb.gov.tr/istihdam/. Accessed 19.05.2023.
  • Presidency Of the Republic of Türkiye Strategy and Budget Directorate [SBB), (2022). Strategy and Budget Department, Retrieved from http://www.sbb.gov.tr/tarim/. Accessed 12.05.2023.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2022). Activity report. Retrieved from https:// www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/Belgeler/Bakanl%C4%B1k_Faaliyet_Raporlar%C4%B1/TOB%20 2022%20YILI%20I%CC%87DARE%20FAALI%CC%87YET%20RAPORU.pdf. Accessed 12.05.2023.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock [GTHB], (2022). Ministry of agriculture and forestry 2018-2022 strategic plan. Retrieved from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/ Belgeler/2013-2017/GTHB%202018-2022%20STRATEJI%CC%87K%20PLAN.PDF. Accessed 21.03.2023
  • Safdar, İ, Maqsood, S., & Ullah, S. (2012). Impact of Agriculture Volatility on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan. Journel Asian Development Study, 1(2), 24-34.
  • Sağdıç, E. N., & Çakmak, E. (2021) Causal relationship between agricultural support payments and agricultural production level: Türkiye example. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 10 (2), 1858-1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.851919.
  • Şaşmaz, M. Ü., & Yayla, Y. E. (2018). Evaluation of determinants of economic development: economic factors. International Journal of Public Finance, 3(2), 249-268.
  • Şaşmaz, M. Ü., & Özel, Ö. (2019). The Effect of Financial Incentives Provided to the Agricultural Sector on the Development of the Agricultural Sector: The Case of Türkiye. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, 61: 50-65.
  • Sertkaya D. Ö., & Şahin, G. (2020). Women’s presence in Türkiye’s rural population. Woman, 21(1), 41-66.
  • Spittler, J., Ross, R., & Block, W. (2011). The economic impact of agricultural subsidies in the United States. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 36(3), 301.
  • Tan, S., Hasdemir, M., & Everest, B. (2015). Agricultural support policies in Türkiye. Internatıonal Conference on Eurasıan Economıes, 266-270.
  • Terı̇n, M., Aksoy, A., & Güler, I. O. (2013). A study on determination of economic factors affecting agricultural growth. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 3 (3), 41-50.
  • Turhan, Ş., & Erdal, B. (2022). Economic Growth and agricultural employment. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Institute of Science and Technology Journal, 5 (1), 66-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47495/ okufbed.972239.
  • Türkiye Statistical Institute [TÜİK] (2022a). Labor Statistics/Key Labor Force Indicators, Newsletter, Number: 45645. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=%C4%B0%C5%9Fg%C3%BCc%C3%BC-%C4%B0statistikleri-2021-45645&dil=1. Accessed 14.03.2023.
  • Türkiye Statistical Institute [TÜİK] (2022b). Labor Statistics/Key Labor Force Indicators, Newsletter, Number: 49390. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2022-49390. Accessed 23.03.2023.
  • Uslu, H. ve Apaydın, F. (2021). An empirical application on agricultural productivity and area-based supports in Turkey. Hittite Journal of Social Sciences, 14(2), 477-499. doi: 10.17218/hititsbd.1002014.
  • Üçler, Y. T. (2022). Employment growth relationship by sectors in Turkey. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences & Humanıties, 7(21), 148-160.
  • Yavuz, F. (2005). Agriculture in Türkiye. T.R. ministry of agriculture and rural affairs, Date accessed: March, 2023. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/Belgeler/ya yinlar/turkiyede_tarim.pdf.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Econometrics Theory, Agricultural Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kurtuluş Merdan 0000-0002-4513-0920

Early Pub Date June 26, 2024
Publication Date June 28, 2024
Submission Date January 3, 2024
Acceptance Date May 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Merdan, K. (2024). THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES AND AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 20(2), 279-305. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1414289