ijonmes International Journal of Modern Education Studies 2618-6209 Mevlüt AYDOĞMUŞ Studies on Education Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar Addictive behaviors: An analysis of support type and relapse rates among college students https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5556-0895 Borchardt Jamie Tarleton State University 06 30 2021 5 1 168 181 03 19 2020 01 04 2021 Copyright © 2017, International Journal of Modern Education Studies 2017 International Journal of Modern Education Studies

Addictions can be classified as any substance, habit or behavior that one has come to heavily depend upon. This can include a variety of habits or behaviors outside of the traditional illicit drug realm. We identified compulsions related to non-illicit or habitual addictions to determine if relapse rates are negatively correlated with positive or negative support. We used a mixed-methods design that examined 24 undergraduate psychology students who attended a rural state university. Participants were asked to give up an addictive substance or habit of their choice for 30 days, and keep a journal during this time. In addition to investigating data using qualitative measures, two independent samples t-tests found that there were significant differences between relapse rates and support levels, p= 0.002, and relapse rates and gender p=.011

 Addictions substances behaviors undergraduate students Addictions substances behaviors undergraduate students American Addiction Centers (2020). A resource for Alcohol and Alcoholism Treatment. Retrieved from: https://www.alcohol.org/ Avena, N.M. & Gold, M.S. (2011). Food and Addiction-Sugars, fats and hedonic overeating. Addiction, 106(7), 1214-1215. https:doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03373.x Broughton, K. A., Payne, L., & Liechty, T. (2017). An exploration of older men's social lives and well-being in the context of a coffee group. Leisure Sciences, 39(3), 261-276. doi:10.1080/01490400.2016.1178200 Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E., Daniels, S. & Hall, A. (2017) Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(10,1-38. Fortuna, J. L. (2010). Sweet preference, sugar addiction and the familial history of alcohol dependence: Shared neural pathways and genes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 147-151. doi:10.1080/02791072.2010.1040068 Julien, R., Advokat, C. & Comaty, J. (2011). A primer of drug action: A comprehensive guide to the actions, uses and side effects of psychoactive drugs. (12th ed.). Worth Publishers. Kruglanski, A. W., & Szumowska, E. (2020). Habitual behavior is goal-driven. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(5), 1256–1271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620917676 Kuss, D. J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, 1-17. doi:10.3390/ijerph14030311 Li, W., O'Brien, J.E., Snyder, S. M. & Howard, M.O. (2015). Characteristics of internet addiction/pathological internet use in U.S. university students: A qualitative-method investigation. PLoS ONE 10(2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117372 Lincoln, K. (2000). Social support, negative social interactions and psychological well-being. The Social Service Review 74(2), 231-252. doi: 10.1086/514478 Mahamid, F. A., & Berte, D. Z. (2018). Social media addiction in geopolitically at-risk youth. International Journal Of Mental Health And Addiction, doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9870-8 Maisto, S., Galizio, M. & Connors, G. (2015). Drug Use and Abuse (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. Ozsungur, S., Brenner, D. & El-Sohemy, A. (2009). Fourteen well-described caffeine withdrawal symptoms factor into three clusters. Psychopharmacology, 201, 541-548. doi: 10.1007/s00213- 008-1329-y Pedram, P., Wadden, D., Amini, P., Gulliver, W., Randell, E., et al. (2013). Food addiction: Its prevalence and significant association with obesity in the general population. PLoS ONE 8(9): doi:1O. l 371/joumal.pone.0074832 Rehab Center (2019). “The relationship between substance abuse and social media addiction”. Retrieved from: https://www.rehabcenter.net/the-relationship-between-substance-abuse-and-social-media-addiction/ Ridder, D., Manning, P., Leong, S. L., Ross, S., Sutherland, W., Horwath, C. & Vanneste, S. (2016). The brain, obesity and addiction: An EEG neuroimaging study. Scientific Reports, 6, 1-13. doi: 10.1038/srep34122 Satel, S. (2006). Is Caffeine Addictive?--A Review of the Literature. The American Journal of Drug And Alcohol Abuse, 32(4), 493-502. doi:10.1080/00952990600918965 Schnepfleitner, F. and Ferreira, M. (2021). Transformative learning theory-is it time to add a fourth core element. Journal of Educational Studies and Multidisciplinary Appraches, 1(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.51383/jesma.2021.9 Snow, D. & Anderson, C. (2000). Exploring the factors influencing relapse and recovery among drug & alcohol addicted women. Journal of Psychological Nursing & Mental Health Services, 38(7), 8-19. PMID: 10911586. Sriwilai, K., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Face it, don't Facebook it: Impacts of social media addiction on mindfulness, coping strategies and the consequence on emotional exhaustion. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 32(4), 427-434. doi:10.1002/smi.2637 Stapleton, J.A. (2009). [Commentary] Trial comes too late as psychiatric side effects end hope for Rimonabant. Addiction. 10(2), 277-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02487.x Turel, O., & R. Cavagnaro, D. (2019). Effect of Abstinence from Social Media on Time Perception: Differences between Low- and At-Risk for Social Media “Addiction” Groups. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(1), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-018-9614-3 Walter, M., Gerhard, U., Duersteler-Macfarland, K. M., Weijers, H. G., Boening, J. & Wiesbeck, G. A. (2006). Social factors but not stress-coping styles predict relapse in detoxified alcoholics. Neuropsychobiology, 54, 100-106. doi: 10.1159/000096991 Walton, M. A., Blow, F. C., & Booth, B. M. (2001). Diversity in relapse prevention needs: Gender and race comparisons among substance abuse. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 27(2), 225. doi: 10.1081/ada-100103707.