Research Article
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Price Discrimination by Gender in Consumer Products: Pink Tax Tendency in Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 161 - 180, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1035119

Abstract

The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, we aim to examine the conceptual and theoretical framework of the pink tax. In this context, trends have been observed in the literature regarding the pink tax. Secondly, we compared the prices of men's and women's products that we collected from various shopping sites in order to analyze the aforementioned trend in Turkey. Data obtained from various shopping sites, including 300 products, comprising 150 female products and 150 male products, which are priced differently for male and female consumers in Turkey, have been categorized and a price comparison has been made among genders. In 17 of the 21 categories reserved, while the prices of products for women's consumption are higher than men's, adult trousers, adult t-shirts, and adult and children's socks have higher prices for men's products. According to the results obtained within the scope of the research, it is found that women's products are put on the market at prices 7.4% higher than men's, on average. Therefore, we have observed pricing that may be to the disadvantage of women in Turkey as well as in the literature.

References

  • Akdoğan, A. (2016). Kamu Maliyesi, 17. Baskı, Gazi kitapevi, Ankara.
  • Becker, M. (1999). "Patriarchy and Inequality: Towards a Substantive Feminism", University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1(3), 21-86.
  • Blasio, B. & Menin, J. (2015). From Cradle to Cane: The Cost of Being a Female Consumer A Study of Gender Pricing in New York City, New York City Department of Consumer Affairs, New York, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dca/downloads/pdf/partners/Study-of-Gender-Pricing-in-NYC.pdf, (01.10.2021).
  • Blau, F. & Lawrence M. (2017). "The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations", Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789-865.
  • Çağan, N. (1982). Vergilendirme Yetkisi, Kazancı Hukuk Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Deléchat, C., Newiak, R., Xu, F. Yang & Aslan, G. (2018). What Is Driving Women’s Financial Inclusion Across Countries?, IMF Working Paper, 18(38), 1-30.
  • Habbal, H. (2020). "An Economic Analysis of The Pink Tax", Senior Theses, Lake Forest College Publications, Chicago.
  • Hurlbert A.C. & Ling, Y. (2007). "Biological Components of Sex Differences in Color Preference", Current Biology, 17(16), 623-625.
  • Jacobsen, K. A. (2018) "Rolling Back the Pink Tax: Dim Prospects for Eliminating Gender-Based Price Discrimination in the Sale of Consumer Goods and Services", California Western Law Review, 54(2), 241-266.
  • Lorber, J. (2010). Gender inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics, Second Edition, Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, California.
  • Massachusetts (1997). Shear Discrimination: Bureau Survey Finds Wide Price Bias Against Women at Massachusetts Hair Salons Despite Anti-Discrimination Laws, Boston,https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/845415/ocm37357144.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, (15.11.2021).
  • Newton, D. (2019). Gender Inequality: A Reference Handbook, http://publisher.abc-clio.com/9781440872877, (31.10.2021).
  • Oxfam (2020). Time to Care: Unpaid and Underpaid Care Work and the Global Inequality Crisis, Oxford, UK, https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/time-care, (15.11.2021).
  • Paoletti, J. B. (2012). Pink and Blue: Telling The Boys from the Girls in America, Indiana University Press, Indiana.
  • Samson W.D. (2002). "History of Taxation", The International Taxation System (ed.) Lymer A., Springer, Boston, 21-41.
  • Stevens J.L., Shanahan K.J. (2017). "Structured Abstract: Anger, Willingness, or Clueless? Understanding Why Women Pay a Pink Tax on the Products They Consume", Creating Marketing Magic and Innovative Future Marketing Trends (ed.) Stieler M., Springer, New York City, 571-575.
  • Turhan, S. (1982). Vergi Teorisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Rahmani, V., Kordrostami, E. & Ford, J. (2019). "Pink Tax Versus Blue Tax: Insights Generated By the Direct Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand", Advances in Consumer Research, (ed.) Bagchi, R., Lauren, B. & Lee, L. Duluth, Minnesota, 819-820.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, A. E. (2018). Pink Tax and the Law Discriminating Against Women Consumers, Abingdon and Routledge, London and New York.
  • Wood, J. T. (1994). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture, 8th Edition, Lyn Uhl, Wadsworth, Boston.
  • World Economic Forum (2021). Global Gender Gap Report, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf, (31.10.2021).

Tüketim Ürünlerinde Cinsiyete Göre Fiyat Farklılaştırması: Türkiye’de Pembe Vergi Eğilimi

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 161 - 180, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1035119

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı iki yönlüdür. İlk olarak pembe verginin kavramsal ve teorik çerçevesi incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda pembe vergi ile ilgili literatürdeki eğilimler de gözlemlenmiştir. İkinci olarak, Türkiye'deki söz konusu pembe vergi trendini analiz edebilmek için çeşitli alışveriş sitelerinden toplanılan kadın ve erkek ürünlerinin fiyatları karşılaştırılmıştır. Türkiye'de erkek ve kadın tüketiciler için farklı fiyatlandırılmış 150'si kadın, 150'si erkek ürününden oluşan 300 ürün, çeşitli alışveriş sitelerinden elde edilen veriler kategorilere ayrılmış ve cinsiyetler arasında fiyat karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Belirlenen 21 kategorinin 17'sinde kadın tüketimine yönelik ürünlerin fiyatları erkeklere göre daha yüksek iken, yetişkin pantolonları, yetişkin tişörtleri, yetişkin ve çocuk çoraplarında erkek ürünleri kadın ürünlerine göre daha yüksek fiyatlara sahiptir. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kadın ürünlerinin erkeklere göre ortalama %7,4 daha yüksek fiyatlarla piyasaya sürüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle Türkiye'de literatürde olduğu gibi kadınların aleyhine olabilecek fiyatlandırmalar, incelenen ürünlere göre gözlemlenmiştir.

References

  • Akdoğan, A. (2016). Kamu Maliyesi, 17. Baskı, Gazi kitapevi, Ankara.
  • Becker, M. (1999). "Patriarchy and Inequality: Towards a Substantive Feminism", University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1(3), 21-86.
  • Blasio, B. & Menin, J. (2015). From Cradle to Cane: The Cost of Being a Female Consumer A Study of Gender Pricing in New York City, New York City Department of Consumer Affairs, New York, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dca/downloads/pdf/partners/Study-of-Gender-Pricing-in-NYC.pdf, (01.10.2021).
  • Blau, F. & Lawrence M. (2017). "The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations", Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789-865.
  • Çağan, N. (1982). Vergilendirme Yetkisi, Kazancı Hukuk Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Deléchat, C., Newiak, R., Xu, F. Yang & Aslan, G. (2018). What Is Driving Women’s Financial Inclusion Across Countries?, IMF Working Paper, 18(38), 1-30.
  • Habbal, H. (2020). "An Economic Analysis of The Pink Tax", Senior Theses, Lake Forest College Publications, Chicago.
  • Hurlbert A.C. & Ling, Y. (2007). "Biological Components of Sex Differences in Color Preference", Current Biology, 17(16), 623-625.
  • Jacobsen, K. A. (2018) "Rolling Back the Pink Tax: Dim Prospects for Eliminating Gender-Based Price Discrimination in the Sale of Consumer Goods and Services", California Western Law Review, 54(2), 241-266.
  • Lorber, J. (2010). Gender inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics, Second Edition, Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, California.
  • Massachusetts (1997). Shear Discrimination: Bureau Survey Finds Wide Price Bias Against Women at Massachusetts Hair Salons Despite Anti-Discrimination Laws, Boston,https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/845415/ocm37357144.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, (15.11.2021).
  • Newton, D. (2019). Gender Inequality: A Reference Handbook, http://publisher.abc-clio.com/9781440872877, (31.10.2021).
  • Oxfam (2020). Time to Care: Unpaid and Underpaid Care Work and the Global Inequality Crisis, Oxford, UK, https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/time-care, (15.11.2021).
  • Paoletti, J. B. (2012). Pink and Blue: Telling The Boys from the Girls in America, Indiana University Press, Indiana.
  • Samson W.D. (2002). "History of Taxation", The International Taxation System (ed.) Lymer A., Springer, Boston, 21-41.
  • Stevens J.L., Shanahan K.J. (2017). "Structured Abstract: Anger, Willingness, or Clueless? Understanding Why Women Pay a Pink Tax on the Products They Consume", Creating Marketing Magic and Innovative Future Marketing Trends (ed.) Stieler M., Springer, New York City, 571-575.
  • Turhan, S. (1982). Vergi Teorisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Rahmani, V., Kordrostami, E. & Ford, J. (2019). "Pink Tax Versus Blue Tax: Insights Generated By the Direct Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand", Advances in Consumer Research, (ed.) Bagchi, R., Lauren, B. & Lee, L. Duluth, Minnesota, 819-820.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, A. E. (2018). Pink Tax and the Law Discriminating Against Women Consumers, Abingdon and Routledge, London and New York.
  • Wood, J. T. (1994). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture, 8th Edition, Lyn Uhl, Wadsworth, Boston.
  • World Economic Forum (2021). Global Gender Gap Report, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf, (31.10.2021).
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ömer Batuhan Beşirli 0000-0002-5699-3158

Arınç Boz 0000-0002-4936-1339

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date December 10, 2021
Acceptance Date April 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Beşirli, Ö. B., & Boz, A. (2022). Tüketim Ürünlerinde Cinsiyete Göre Fiyat Farklılaştırması: Türkiye’de Pembe Vergi Eğilimi. International Journal of Public Finance, 7(1), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1035119

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