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A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion

Year 2012, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 147 - 159, 01.03.2012

Abstract

Combustion of biomass fuels in small scale heating appliances is an important source of particle emissions. Majority of the particles is less than 1 µm (micrometer) and emitted directly to the ambient air from the combustion devices. There is a growing concern worldwide about particle emissions from biomass combustion. This review paper has been conducted based on the research articles published in the journals, conference proceedings, and technical reports from the research institutions between the periods from 2000 to 2010. Types of particles, formation mechanisms, their characteristics and available measurement techniques are discussed at the beginning. Particle emission characteristics on small scale biomass combustion from the literature have been discussed in order to provide in depth knowledge as assistance to readers interested in this research field. Finally, the literature data has been summarized into three categories to show how combustion appliances and fuel affect the mass concentrations, number concentrations, corresponding size distributions and chemical compositions. Mass concentrations of particles in the flue gas from small scale combustion appliances reported in the literature to be in the range of 7-67 mg/Nm3, while particle number concentrations in the range of 0.8 x 107- 5.5 x 109 particles/cm3. The dominating chemical compositions of the particle emissions in the fine mode were potassium fraction followed by sulphur, chlorine and sodium and consequently dominating chemical compounds were K2SO4 and KCl. From the literature it is clear that particle emissions from biomass combustion are closely related not only to the fuel properties but also to the combustion conditions and combustion appliances.

References

  • C N Hamelinck, R A A Suurs, A P C Faaij. International bioenergy transport costs and energy balance. Biomass and Bioenergy 2005;29:114-34.
  • A A Khan, W D Jong, P J Jansens, H Spliethoff. Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: Potentials, problems and remedies. Fuel Processing Technology 2009;90:21-50.
  • M M Hoogwijk, A P C Faaij, R V D Broek, G Berndes, D Gielen, W C Turkenburg. Exploration of the ranges of the global potential of biomass for energy. Biomass and Bioenergy 2003;25(2):119-33.
  • M F Demirbas, M Balat, H Balat. Potential contribution of biomass to the sustainable energy development. Energy Conversion and Management 2009;50:1746-60.
  • R Saidur, E A Abdelaziz, A Demirbas, M S Hossain, S Mekhilef. A review of biomass as fuel for boilers. Renewable Energy and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011;15:2262-89
  • O Sippula. Fine particle formation and emission in biomass combustion. Ph D thesis. Department of Environmental Science. University of Eastern Finland. Finland. 2010. ISBN 978-952-5822-14-4.
  • M Hoogwijk, A Faaij, B Eickhout B, W Turkenburg. Potential of biomass energy out to 2100 for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios. Biomass and Bioenergy 2005;29:225-57.
  • R Guisson, D Marchal. IEA Bioenergy task 40-country report Belgium. September 2009.
  • V K Verma, S Bram, F Delattin, P Laha, I Vandendael, A Hubin, J De Ruyck. Agro-pellets for domestic heating boilers: Standard laboratory and real life performance. Applied Energy 2011:1-8.
  • J Tissari, O Sippula, J Kouki, K Vuorio, J Jokiniemi. Fine particle and gas emissions from the combustion of agricultural fuels fired in a 20 kW burner. Energy & Fuels 2008;22:2033-42.
  • K Kubica, B Paradiz, P Dilara. Small Combustion installation: Techniques, emissions and measure for emissions reduction. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. 2007. ISBN 978-92-79-08203-0.
  • S. V Loo, J Koppejan. The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing. London. Earthscan. 2010.
  • James & James. Planning and installation bioenergy system-a guide for installers, architects and engineers. Earthscan. 2007.
  • F Fiedler. The state of the art of small-scale pellet- based heating systems and relevant regulations in Sweden, Austria and Germany. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2004;8:201-21.
  • V K Verma, S Bram, G Gauthier, J De Ruyck. Evaluation of the performance of a multi-fuel domestic boiler with respect to the existing European standard and quality label: Part-1. Biomass and Bioenergy 2010:1-10.
  • V K Verma, S Bram, G Gauthier, J De Ruyck. Performance of a domestic pellet boiler as a function of operational loads: Part-2. Biomass and Bioenergy 2010:1-8.
  • C J J M D Best, H P V Kemenade, T. Brunner, I. Obernberger. Particulate emission reduction in small- scale biomass combustion plants by a condensing heat exchanger. Energy & Fuels 2007;22:587-97.
  • L S Johansson, C Tullin, B Leckner, P Sjovall. Particle emission combustors. Biomass and Bioenergy 2003;25:435-46. combustion in small
  • J D Mcdonald, B Zielinska, E M Fujita, J C Sagebiel, J C Chow J G Watson. Fine particle and gaseous emission rates from residential wood combustion. Environmental science Technology 2000;34:2080-91.
  • T. Nussbaumer, N Klippel, L S Johansson. Survey on measurements and emission factors on particulate from biomass combustion in IEA countries. In Proc. 16th European biomass conference and exhibition.2-6 June 2008, Spain.
  • L S Johansson, B Leckner, L Gustavsson, D Cooper, C Tullin, A Potter. Emission characteristics of modern and old type residential wood logs and wood pellets. Atmospheric Environment 2004;38:4183-95.
  • I Obernberger, T Brunner, G Barnthaler. Fine particle emissions from Modern Austrian small scale biomass combustion plants. 15th European biomass conference and exhibition. 7-11 May 2007, Germany:1546-57.
  • J S Lighty, J M Veranth, A F Sarifim. Combustion Aerosols: Factors governing their size and composition and implication of human health. Air and Waste Manage Association. 2000;50:1565-618.
  • T Nussbaumer, C Czasch, N Klippel, L Johansson, C. Tullin. Particle emissions from biomass combustion in IEA countries. IEA Bioenergy Task 32. 2008. ISBN 3- 908705-18-5.
  • L Johansson, H Person, L Gustavsson. Measurement of particles from residential combustion of solid fuels- Nordic basis for a new coming CEN standard. Norden, 2006.
  • I. Obernberger. The present state and future development of industrial biomass combustion for heat and Conference on Thermal and Environmental Issues in Energy System. 16-19 May 2010. Italy. 2010
  • C Yin, L A Rosendahl, S K Kaer. Grate-firing of biomass for heat and power production. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2008;34:725-54.
  • S C V Lith. Release of inorganic elements during wood firing on a grate. Ph. D. Thesis. Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark. 2008.
  • C Boman. Particulate and gaseous emissions from residential biomass combustion. Ph. D. Thesis. Department of Energy Technology and Thermal Process Technology, Umea University. Sweden. 2005.
  • H Wiinikka. High temperature aerosol formation and emission minimization during combustion of wood pellets. Ph. D. Thesis. Division of Energy Engineering. Lulea University of Technology. Sweden. 2005. ISSN 1402-1544.
  • J Tissari. Fine particle emissions from residential wood combustion. Environmental Science. University of Kuopio. Finland. 2008. ISBN 978-951-27-1090-4. Department of
  • L S Johansson. Characterization of particle emissions from small-scale biomass combustion. Licentiate thesis. Department University of Technology. Sweden. 2002. Technology. Chalmers
  • C Boman, A Nordin, D Bostrom, M Ohman. Charaterization of inorganic particulate matter from residential combustion of pelletized biomass fuel. Energy and Fuels 2004;18:838-48.
  • O Sippula, J Hokkinen, H Puustinen, P Y Pirila, J Jokiniemi. Comparison of particle emissions from small heavy fuel oil and wood-fired boilers. Atmospheric Environment 2009;43:4855-64.
  • I Obernberger, T Brunner, G Barnthaler. Chemical properties of solid biofuels-significance and impact. Biomass and Bioenergy 2006;30:973-82.
  • J N Knudsen, P A Jensen, K D Johansen. Transformation and release to the gas phase of Cl, K, and S during combustion of annual biomass. Energy and Fuel 2004;18:1835-99.
  • H Wiinikka, R Gebart. Critical parameters for particle emissions in small scale fixed bed combustion of wood pellets. Energy and Fuels 2004;18(4):897-07.
  • http://www.dekati.com/, accessed on 28 Feb 2011.
  • http://www.tsi.com/, accessed on 28 Feb 2011.
  • http://www.thermoscientific.com/, accessed on 18 May 2011.
  • Q Chen, X Zhang, D Bradford, V Sharifi, J Swithenbank. Comparison of emission characteristics of small-scale heating systems using biomass instead of coal. Energy and fuels 2010;24:4255-65.
  • J Tissari, J Lyyranen, K Hytonen, O Sippula, U Tapper, A Freyc, K Saarnio, A S Pennanen, R Hillamo, R O Salonen, M R Hirvonen, J Jokiniemi. Fine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater. Atmospheric Environment 2008;42:7862-73.
  • C Gaegauf, U Wieser, Y Macquat. Field investigation of nanoparticle emissions from various biomass combustion systems. In proc. International Seminar on Aerosol from Biomass Combustion. Switzerland 27 June 2001. 81-85.
  • M A Bari, G Baumbach, J Brodbeck, M Struschka, B Kuch, W Dreher, G Scheffknecht. Characterization of particulates and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wintertime wood-fired heating in residential areas. Atmospheric Environment 2010:1-8.
  • O Sippula, T Lind, J Jokiniemi. Effects of chlorine and sulphur on particle formation inwood combustion performed in a laboratory scale reactor. Fuel 2008;87:2425-36.
  • A Wierzbicka, L Lillieblad, J Pagels, M Strand, A Gudmundsson, A Gharibi, E Swietlicki, M. Sanati, M. Bohgard. Particle emissions from district heating units operating Atmospheric Environment 2005;39: 139-50. commonly used biofuels.
  • L Lillieblad, A Szpila, M Strand, J Pagels, K R Gadd, A Gudmundsson, E Swietlicki, M Bohgard, M Sanati. Boiler operation influence on the emission of submicron particles and PAHs from biomass fired grate boilers. Energy and Fuels 2004;18:410-17.
  • J Tissari, K Hytonen, O Sippula, J Jokiniemi. The effects of operating conditions on emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33:513-20.
  • J Tissaria, K Hytonena, J Lyyranen, J Jokiniemia. A novel field measurement method for determining fine particle and gas emissions from residential wood combustion. Atmospheric Environment 2007;41:8830- 44.
  • H Wiinikka, R Gebart. The influence of fuel type on particle emissions in combustion of biomass pellets. Combustion Science and Technology 2005;177:741-63.
  • I Obernberger, T Brunner, M Joller. Characterization and formation of aerosols and fly ashes from fixed bed biomass combustion. In proc. International Seminar on Aerosol from Biomass Combustion. Switzerland 27 June 2001. 69-74
Year 2012, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 147 - 159, 01.03.2012

Abstract

References

  • C N Hamelinck, R A A Suurs, A P C Faaij. International bioenergy transport costs and energy balance. Biomass and Bioenergy 2005;29:114-34.
  • A A Khan, W D Jong, P J Jansens, H Spliethoff. Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: Potentials, problems and remedies. Fuel Processing Technology 2009;90:21-50.
  • M M Hoogwijk, A P C Faaij, R V D Broek, G Berndes, D Gielen, W C Turkenburg. Exploration of the ranges of the global potential of biomass for energy. Biomass and Bioenergy 2003;25(2):119-33.
  • M F Demirbas, M Balat, H Balat. Potential contribution of biomass to the sustainable energy development. Energy Conversion and Management 2009;50:1746-60.
  • R Saidur, E A Abdelaziz, A Demirbas, M S Hossain, S Mekhilef. A review of biomass as fuel for boilers. Renewable Energy and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011;15:2262-89
  • O Sippula. Fine particle formation and emission in biomass combustion. Ph D thesis. Department of Environmental Science. University of Eastern Finland. Finland. 2010. ISBN 978-952-5822-14-4.
  • M Hoogwijk, A Faaij, B Eickhout B, W Turkenburg. Potential of biomass energy out to 2100 for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios. Biomass and Bioenergy 2005;29:225-57.
  • R Guisson, D Marchal. IEA Bioenergy task 40-country report Belgium. September 2009.
  • V K Verma, S Bram, F Delattin, P Laha, I Vandendael, A Hubin, J De Ruyck. Agro-pellets for domestic heating boilers: Standard laboratory and real life performance. Applied Energy 2011:1-8.
  • J Tissari, O Sippula, J Kouki, K Vuorio, J Jokiniemi. Fine particle and gas emissions from the combustion of agricultural fuels fired in a 20 kW burner. Energy & Fuels 2008;22:2033-42.
  • K Kubica, B Paradiz, P Dilara. Small Combustion installation: Techniques, emissions and measure for emissions reduction. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. 2007. ISBN 978-92-79-08203-0.
  • S. V Loo, J Koppejan. The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing. London. Earthscan. 2010.
  • James & James. Planning and installation bioenergy system-a guide for installers, architects and engineers. Earthscan. 2007.
  • F Fiedler. The state of the art of small-scale pellet- based heating systems and relevant regulations in Sweden, Austria and Germany. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2004;8:201-21.
  • V K Verma, S Bram, G Gauthier, J De Ruyck. Evaluation of the performance of a multi-fuel domestic boiler with respect to the existing European standard and quality label: Part-1. Biomass and Bioenergy 2010:1-10.
  • V K Verma, S Bram, G Gauthier, J De Ruyck. Performance of a domestic pellet boiler as a function of operational loads: Part-2. Biomass and Bioenergy 2010:1-8.
  • C J J M D Best, H P V Kemenade, T. Brunner, I. Obernberger. Particulate emission reduction in small- scale biomass combustion plants by a condensing heat exchanger. Energy & Fuels 2007;22:587-97.
  • L S Johansson, C Tullin, B Leckner, P Sjovall. Particle emission combustors. Biomass and Bioenergy 2003;25:435-46. combustion in small
  • J D Mcdonald, B Zielinska, E M Fujita, J C Sagebiel, J C Chow J G Watson. Fine particle and gaseous emission rates from residential wood combustion. Environmental science Technology 2000;34:2080-91.
  • T. Nussbaumer, N Klippel, L S Johansson. Survey on measurements and emission factors on particulate from biomass combustion in IEA countries. In Proc. 16th European biomass conference and exhibition.2-6 June 2008, Spain.
  • L S Johansson, B Leckner, L Gustavsson, D Cooper, C Tullin, A Potter. Emission characteristics of modern and old type residential wood logs and wood pellets. Atmospheric Environment 2004;38:4183-95.
  • I Obernberger, T Brunner, G Barnthaler. Fine particle emissions from Modern Austrian small scale biomass combustion plants. 15th European biomass conference and exhibition. 7-11 May 2007, Germany:1546-57.
  • J S Lighty, J M Veranth, A F Sarifim. Combustion Aerosols: Factors governing their size and composition and implication of human health. Air and Waste Manage Association. 2000;50:1565-618.
  • T Nussbaumer, C Czasch, N Klippel, L Johansson, C. Tullin. Particle emissions from biomass combustion in IEA countries. IEA Bioenergy Task 32. 2008. ISBN 3- 908705-18-5.
  • L Johansson, H Person, L Gustavsson. Measurement of particles from residential combustion of solid fuels- Nordic basis for a new coming CEN standard. Norden, 2006.
  • I. Obernberger. The present state and future development of industrial biomass combustion for heat and Conference on Thermal and Environmental Issues in Energy System. 16-19 May 2010. Italy. 2010
  • C Yin, L A Rosendahl, S K Kaer. Grate-firing of biomass for heat and power production. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2008;34:725-54.
  • S C V Lith. Release of inorganic elements during wood firing on a grate. Ph. D. Thesis. Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark. 2008.
  • C Boman. Particulate and gaseous emissions from residential biomass combustion. Ph. D. Thesis. Department of Energy Technology and Thermal Process Technology, Umea University. Sweden. 2005.
  • H Wiinikka. High temperature aerosol formation and emission minimization during combustion of wood pellets. Ph. D. Thesis. Division of Energy Engineering. Lulea University of Technology. Sweden. 2005. ISSN 1402-1544.
  • J Tissari. Fine particle emissions from residential wood combustion. Environmental Science. University of Kuopio. Finland. 2008. ISBN 978-951-27-1090-4. Department of
  • L S Johansson. Characterization of particle emissions from small-scale biomass combustion. Licentiate thesis. Department University of Technology. Sweden. 2002. Technology. Chalmers
  • C Boman, A Nordin, D Bostrom, M Ohman. Charaterization of inorganic particulate matter from residential combustion of pelletized biomass fuel. Energy and Fuels 2004;18:838-48.
  • O Sippula, J Hokkinen, H Puustinen, P Y Pirila, J Jokiniemi. Comparison of particle emissions from small heavy fuel oil and wood-fired boilers. Atmospheric Environment 2009;43:4855-64.
  • I Obernberger, T Brunner, G Barnthaler. Chemical properties of solid biofuels-significance and impact. Biomass and Bioenergy 2006;30:973-82.
  • J N Knudsen, P A Jensen, K D Johansen. Transformation and release to the gas phase of Cl, K, and S during combustion of annual biomass. Energy and Fuel 2004;18:1835-99.
  • H Wiinikka, R Gebart. Critical parameters for particle emissions in small scale fixed bed combustion of wood pellets. Energy and Fuels 2004;18(4):897-07.
  • http://www.dekati.com/, accessed on 28 Feb 2011.
  • http://www.tsi.com/, accessed on 28 Feb 2011.
  • http://www.thermoscientific.com/, accessed on 18 May 2011.
  • Q Chen, X Zhang, D Bradford, V Sharifi, J Swithenbank. Comparison of emission characteristics of small-scale heating systems using biomass instead of coal. Energy and fuels 2010;24:4255-65.
  • J Tissari, J Lyyranen, K Hytonen, O Sippula, U Tapper, A Freyc, K Saarnio, A S Pennanen, R Hillamo, R O Salonen, M R Hirvonen, J Jokiniemi. Fine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater. Atmospheric Environment 2008;42:7862-73.
  • C Gaegauf, U Wieser, Y Macquat. Field investigation of nanoparticle emissions from various biomass combustion systems. In proc. International Seminar on Aerosol from Biomass Combustion. Switzerland 27 June 2001. 81-85.
  • M A Bari, G Baumbach, J Brodbeck, M Struschka, B Kuch, W Dreher, G Scheffknecht. Characterization of particulates and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wintertime wood-fired heating in residential areas. Atmospheric Environment 2010:1-8.
  • O Sippula, T Lind, J Jokiniemi. Effects of chlorine and sulphur on particle formation inwood combustion performed in a laboratory scale reactor. Fuel 2008;87:2425-36.
  • A Wierzbicka, L Lillieblad, J Pagels, M Strand, A Gudmundsson, A Gharibi, E Swietlicki, M. Sanati, M. Bohgard. Particle emissions from district heating units operating Atmospheric Environment 2005;39: 139-50. commonly used biofuels.
  • L Lillieblad, A Szpila, M Strand, J Pagels, K R Gadd, A Gudmundsson, E Swietlicki, M Bohgard, M Sanati. Boiler operation influence on the emission of submicron particles and PAHs from biomass fired grate boilers. Energy and Fuels 2004;18:410-17.
  • J Tissari, K Hytonen, O Sippula, J Jokiniemi. The effects of operating conditions on emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33:513-20.
  • J Tissaria, K Hytonena, J Lyyranen, J Jokiniemia. A novel field measurement method for determining fine particle and gas emissions from residential wood combustion. Atmospheric Environment 2007;41:8830- 44.
  • H Wiinikka, R Gebart. The influence of fuel type on particle emissions in combustion of biomass pellets. Combustion Science and Technology 2005;177:741-63.
  • I Obernberger, T Brunner, M Joller. Characterization and formation of aerosols and fly ashes from fixed bed biomass combustion. In proc. International Seminar on Aerosol from Biomass Combustion. Switzerland 27 June 2001. 69-74
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

M. Obaidullah This is me

S. Bram This is me

V. K. Verma This is me

J. De Ruyck This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Obaidullah, M., Bram, S., Verma, V. K., Ruyck, J. D. (2012). A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, 2(1), 147-159.
AMA Obaidullah M, Bram S, Verma VK, Ruyck JD. A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. March 2012;2(1):147-159.
Chicago Obaidullah, M., S. Bram, V. K. Verma, and J. De Ruyck. “A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 2, no. 1 (March 2012): 147-59.
EndNote Obaidullah M, Bram S, Verma VK, Ruyck JD (March 1, 2012) A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 2 1 147–159.
IEEE M. Obaidullah, S. Bram, V. K. Verma, and J. D. Ruyck, “A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion”, International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 147–159, 2012.
ISNAD Obaidullah, M. et al. “A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 2/1 (March 2012), 147-159.
JAMA Obaidullah M, Bram S, Verma VK, Ruyck JD. A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2012;2:147–159.
MLA Obaidullah, M. et al. “A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 2, no. 1, 2012, pp. 147-59.
Vancouver Obaidullah M, Bram S, Verma VK, Ruyck JD. A Review on Particle Emissions from Small Scale Biomass Combustion. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2012;2(1):147-59.