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Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Calcium Oxalate Anti-crystallization Activities of Equisetum telmateia Ehrn.

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 181 - 191, 15.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.706514

Abstract

Equisetum L. is the only genus of the Equisetaceae family, which commonly known as horsetails, in English and atkuyruğu or kırkkilit in Turkish. In traditional medicine, Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. is used in diseases of the urinary system, such as pyelonephritis, prostatic hypertrophy, and cystitis. Besides, this species is known to be used by humans to treat kidney stones or kidney sand. The extracts were obtained from the aerial parts of the E. telmateia using three different extraction methods (maceration, Soxhlet, ultrasonic bath) and their antioxidant (ABTS, CUPRAC), anti-urease and anticholinesterase activities were examined. Also, calcium oxalate anti-crystallization activity of Soxhlet methanol extract showing strong antioxidant activity was determined. Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited stronger ABTS radical scavenging (0.0676 mM Trolox/mg extract) and cupric ion reducing/antioxidant (4.351 mM Trolox/mg extract) activity than other extracts. Soxhlet methanol (65.528%) and maceration methanol (61.965%) extracts showed the strongest anticholinesterase activity. In the anti-urease assay, it was found that Soxhlet petroleum ether extract (15.302%) had the highest anti-urease activity. Furthermore, the data obtained showed that the Soxhlet methanol extract had high efficacy in the nucleation and aggregation phase of calcium oxalate crystals. These results prove that Soxhlet methanol extract has antioxidant, anticholinesterase and anti-crystallization capabilities. Therefore, this extract can be used in the future as an antioxidant and anticholinesterase agent as well as the treatment and / or prevention of stone formation.

References

  • Husby, Ch. E., Walkowiak, R.J. (2012). An Introduction to the Genus Equisetum (Horsetail) and the Class Equisetopsida (Sphenopsida) as a whole. Plant Science Bulletin, 1, 2-10.
  • Radojevic, I. D., Stankovic, M. S., Stefanovic, O. D., Topuzovic, M. D., Comic, L. R., Ostojic, A. M. (2012). Great Horsetail (Equisetum Telmateia Ehrh.): Active Substances Content and Biological Effects. EXCLI journal, 11, 59.
  • Gürbüz, İ., Yeşilada, E. (2008). In Vivo Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity of Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Extracts Used in Turkish Folk Medicine. Turk J Biol, 32, 259-263.
  • Gholizadeh Nasari, F., Rassouli, M. B., Nikravesh, M. R., Moghimi, A. (2009). Neuroprotective Effects of Equisetum Telmateia in Rat. Journal of Cell and Molecular Research, 1(1), 29-34.
  • Yeganegi, M., Yazdi, F. T., Mortazavi, S. A., Asili, J., Behbahani, B. A., Beigbabaei, A. (2018). Equisetum telmateia Extracts: Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Effect on the Growth of Some Pathogenic Strain Causing Poisoning and Infection. Microbial pathogenesis, 116, 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12559
  • Ramos‐Tovar, E., Muriel, P. (2020). Free Radicals, Antioxidants, Nuclear Factor‐E2‐Related Factor‐2 and Liver Damage. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(1), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3880
  • Ayoub, Z., Mehta, A., Mishra, S. K., Ahirwal, L. (2017). Medicinal plants as natural antioxidants: A review. Journal of botanical society, 48.
  • Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S., Wu, G. (2002). Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Nutrition. Nutrition, 18(10), 872-879.
  • Sezer, K., Keskin, M. (2014). Serbest Oksijen Radikallerinin Hastalıkların Patogenezisindeki Rolü. FÜ Sağ. Bil. Vet. Dergisi, 28(1), 49-56.
  • Peng, C., Wang, X., Chen, J., Jiao, R., Wang, L., Li, Y.M., Zuo, Y., Liu, Y., Lei, L., Ma, K.Y., Huang, Y., Chen, Z.Y. (2014). Biology of Ageing and Role of Dietary Antioxidants. BioMed Res Int, Biology of Ageing and Role of Dietary Antioxidants. Article ID 831841, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/831841
  • Li, S., Tan, H.Y., Wang, N., Zhang, Z.J., Lao, L., Wong, C.W., Feng, Y. (2015). The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci, 16(11), 26087-26124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161125942
  • Wang, F., Li, Y., Zhang, Y.J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Li, H.B. (2016). Natural Products for the Prevention and Treatment of Hangover and Alcohol use Disorder. Molecules, 21(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21010064
  • Butterfield, D. A., Halliwell, B. (2019). Oxidative Stress, Dysfunctional Glucose Metabolism and Alzheimer Disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20(3), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-019-0132-6
  • Henstridge, C. M., Hyman, B. T., Spires-Jones, T. L. (2019). Beyond the Neuron–Cellular Interactions Early in Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20(2), 94-108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0113-1
  • Long, J.M., Holtzman, D.M. (2019). Alzheimer Disease: an Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies. Cell, 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.001
  • Chey, W. D., Leontiadis, G. I., Howden, C. W., Moss, S. F. (2017). ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 112(2), 212-239. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.563
  • Holleczek, B., Schöttker, B., Brenner, H. (2019). Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Chronic Atrophic Gastritis and Risk Of Stomach and Esophagus Cancer: Results from the Prospective Population‐Based ESTHER Cohort Study. International journal of cancer. 146(10), 2773-2783 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32610
  • Mimica-Dukić, N., Simin, N., Orčić, D., Lesjak, M., Knežević, P., Aleksić, V., Buzas, K. (2018). Therapeutic Efficiency of Essential Oils Against Helicobacter pylori Infections. Facta Universitatis, Series Physics, Chemistry and Technology, 16(1), 29.
  • Chow, K., Dixon, J., Gilpin, S., Kavanagh, J. P., Rao, P. N. (2004). Citrate Inhibits Growth of Residual Fragments in an In Vitro Model of Calcium Oxalate Renal Stones. Kidney international, 65(5), 1724-1730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00566.x
  • Wesson, J. A., Johnson, R. J., Mazzali, M., Beshensky, A. M., Stietz, S., Giachelli, C., Hughes, J. (2003). Osteopontin is a Critical Inhibitor of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation and Retention in Renal Tubules. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14(1), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000040593.93815.9D
  • Chien, Y. C., Mansouri, A., Jiang, W., Khan, S. R., Gray, J. J., McKee, M. D. (2018). Modulation of Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Growth by Phosphorylated Osteopontin Peptides. Journal of structural biology, 204(2), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2018.07.010
  • Hoyer, J. R., Asplin, J. R., Otvos Jr, L. (2001). Phosphorylated Osteopontin Peptides Suppress Crystallization by Inhibiting the Growth of Calcium Oxalate Crystals. Kidney international, 60(1), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00772.x
  • Akyol, E. (2016). Kalsiyum Oksalat Monohidrat Kristal Büyümesine Karahindiba ( Taraxacum officinale) Bitkisinin Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(3), 97-105.
  • Barros, M. E., Schor, N., Boim, M. A. (2003). Effects of an Aqueous Extract from Phyllantus niruri on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization In Vitro. Urological research, 30(6), 374-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-002-0285-y
  • Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant Activity Applying an İmproved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay. Free radical biology and medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237.
  • Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel Total Antioxidant Capacity İndex for Dietary Polyphenols and Vitamins C and E, Using Their Cupric İon Reducing Capability in the Presence of Neocuproine: CUPRAC Method. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x
  • Taşkın, D., Taşkın, T., Rayaman, E. (2018). Phenolic Composition and Biological Properties of Achillea nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (Kerner) Formanek. Industrial crops and products, 111, 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.11.022
  • Ellman, G. L., Courtney, K. D., Andres Jr, V., Featherstone, R. M. (1961). A New and Rapid Colorimetric Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Activity. Biochemical pharmacology, 7(2), 88-95.
  • Bawari, S., Sah, A. N., Tewari, D. (2018). Antiurolithiatic Activity of Daucus carota: an In Vitro Study. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(5), 880-884. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.5.148
  • Lopez, V., Akerreta, S., Casanova, E., García-Mina, J., Cavero, R., Calvo, M. (2008). Screening of Spanish Medicinal Plants for Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(9), 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802179634
  • Correia, H., González‐Paramás, A., Amaral, M. T., Santos‐Buelga, C., Batista, M. T. (2005). Characterisation of Polyphenols by HPLC‐PAD‐ESI/MS And Antioxidant Activity in Equisetum telmateia. Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques, 16(5), 380-387. https://doi.org/10.1002.pca.864
  • Salihoglu, E.M., Akaydın, G., Can, E.C., Akaydın, S.Y. (2012). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Various Herbal Folk Evaluation Medicine. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35, 59-67.
  • Nabati, F., Mojab, F., Rezaei, MH., Bagherzadeh, K., Amanlou, M., Yousefi, B. (2012). Large scale screening of commonly used Iranian traditional medicinal plants against urease activity. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 20, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-20-72
  • Miguel, M., Bouchmaaa, N., Aazza, S., Gaamoussi, F., Lyoussi, B. (2014). Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Eleven Extracts of Moroccan Plants. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(6), 1-14.
  • Ahmed, S., Hasan, M. M., Khan, H., Mahmood, Z. A., Patel, S. (2018). The Mechanistic Insight of Polyphenols in Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Mitigation. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 106, 1292-1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.080

Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Calcium Oxalate Anti-crystallization Activities of Equisetum telmateia Ehrn.

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 181 - 191, 15.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.706514

Abstract

Equisetum L. is the only genus of the Equisetaceae family, which commonly known as horsetails, in English and atkuyruğu or kırkkilit in Turkish. In traditional medicine, Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. is used in diseases of the urinary system, such as pyelonephritis, prostatic hypertrophy, and cystitis. Besides, this species is known to be used by humans to treat kidney stones or kidney sand. The extracts were obtained from the aerial parts of the E. telmateia using three different extraction methods (maceration, Soxhlet, ultrasonic bath) and their antioxidant (ABTS, CUPRAC), anti-urease and anticholinesterase activities were examined. Also, calcium oxalate anti-crystallization activity of Soxhlet methanol extract showing strong antioxidant activity was determined. Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited stronger ABTS radical scavenging (0.0676 mM Trolox/mg extract) and cupric ion reducing/antioxidant (4.351 mM Trolox/mg extract) activity than other extracts. Soxhlet methanol (65.528%) and maceration methanol (61.965%) extracts showed the strongest anticholinesterase activity. In the anti-urease assay, it was found that Soxhlet petroleum ether extract (15.302%) had the highest anti-urease activity. Furthermore, the data obtained showed that the Soxhlet methanol extract had high efficacy in the nucleation and aggregation phase of calcium oxalate crystals. These results prove that Soxhlet methanol extract has antioxidant, anticholinesterase and anti-crystallization capabilities. Therefore, this extract can be used in the future as an antioxidant and anticholinesterase agent as well as the treatment and / or prevention of stone formation.

References

  • Husby, Ch. E., Walkowiak, R.J. (2012). An Introduction to the Genus Equisetum (Horsetail) and the Class Equisetopsida (Sphenopsida) as a whole. Plant Science Bulletin, 1, 2-10.
  • Radojevic, I. D., Stankovic, M. S., Stefanovic, O. D., Topuzovic, M. D., Comic, L. R., Ostojic, A. M. (2012). Great Horsetail (Equisetum Telmateia Ehrh.): Active Substances Content and Biological Effects. EXCLI journal, 11, 59.
  • Gürbüz, İ., Yeşilada, E. (2008). In Vivo Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity of Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Extracts Used in Turkish Folk Medicine. Turk J Biol, 32, 259-263.
  • Gholizadeh Nasari, F., Rassouli, M. B., Nikravesh, M. R., Moghimi, A. (2009). Neuroprotective Effects of Equisetum Telmateia in Rat. Journal of Cell and Molecular Research, 1(1), 29-34.
  • Yeganegi, M., Yazdi, F. T., Mortazavi, S. A., Asili, J., Behbahani, B. A., Beigbabaei, A. (2018). Equisetum telmateia Extracts: Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Effect on the Growth of Some Pathogenic Strain Causing Poisoning and Infection. Microbial pathogenesis, 116, 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12559
  • Ramos‐Tovar, E., Muriel, P. (2020). Free Radicals, Antioxidants, Nuclear Factor‐E2‐Related Factor‐2 and Liver Damage. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(1), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3880
  • Ayoub, Z., Mehta, A., Mishra, S. K., Ahirwal, L. (2017). Medicinal plants as natural antioxidants: A review. Journal of botanical society, 48.
  • Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S., Wu, G. (2002). Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Nutrition. Nutrition, 18(10), 872-879.
  • Sezer, K., Keskin, M. (2014). Serbest Oksijen Radikallerinin Hastalıkların Patogenezisindeki Rolü. FÜ Sağ. Bil. Vet. Dergisi, 28(1), 49-56.
  • Peng, C., Wang, X., Chen, J., Jiao, R., Wang, L., Li, Y.M., Zuo, Y., Liu, Y., Lei, L., Ma, K.Y., Huang, Y., Chen, Z.Y. (2014). Biology of Ageing and Role of Dietary Antioxidants. BioMed Res Int, Biology of Ageing and Role of Dietary Antioxidants. Article ID 831841, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/831841
  • Li, S., Tan, H.Y., Wang, N., Zhang, Z.J., Lao, L., Wong, C.W., Feng, Y. (2015). The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci, 16(11), 26087-26124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161125942
  • Wang, F., Li, Y., Zhang, Y.J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Li, H.B. (2016). Natural Products for the Prevention and Treatment of Hangover and Alcohol use Disorder. Molecules, 21(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21010064
  • Butterfield, D. A., Halliwell, B. (2019). Oxidative Stress, Dysfunctional Glucose Metabolism and Alzheimer Disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20(3), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-019-0132-6
  • Henstridge, C. M., Hyman, B. T., Spires-Jones, T. L. (2019). Beyond the Neuron–Cellular Interactions Early in Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20(2), 94-108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0113-1
  • Long, J.M., Holtzman, D.M. (2019). Alzheimer Disease: an Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies. Cell, 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.001
  • Chey, W. D., Leontiadis, G. I., Howden, C. W., Moss, S. F. (2017). ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 112(2), 212-239. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.563
  • Holleczek, B., Schöttker, B., Brenner, H. (2019). Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Chronic Atrophic Gastritis and Risk Of Stomach and Esophagus Cancer: Results from the Prospective Population‐Based ESTHER Cohort Study. International journal of cancer. 146(10), 2773-2783 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32610
  • Mimica-Dukić, N., Simin, N., Orčić, D., Lesjak, M., Knežević, P., Aleksić, V., Buzas, K. (2018). Therapeutic Efficiency of Essential Oils Against Helicobacter pylori Infections. Facta Universitatis, Series Physics, Chemistry and Technology, 16(1), 29.
  • Chow, K., Dixon, J., Gilpin, S., Kavanagh, J. P., Rao, P. N. (2004). Citrate Inhibits Growth of Residual Fragments in an In Vitro Model of Calcium Oxalate Renal Stones. Kidney international, 65(5), 1724-1730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00566.x
  • Wesson, J. A., Johnson, R. J., Mazzali, M., Beshensky, A. M., Stietz, S., Giachelli, C., Hughes, J. (2003). Osteopontin is a Critical Inhibitor of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation and Retention in Renal Tubules. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14(1), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000040593.93815.9D
  • Chien, Y. C., Mansouri, A., Jiang, W., Khan, S. R., Gray, J. J., McKee, M. D. (2018). Modulation of Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Growth by Phosphorylated Osteopontin Peptides. Journal of structural biology, 204(2), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2018.07.010
  • Hoyer, J. R., Asplin, J. R., Otvos Jr, L. (2001). Phosphorylated Osteopontin Peptides Suppress Crystallization by Inhibiting the Growth of Calcium Oxalate Crystals. Kidney international, 60(1), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00772.x
  • Akyol, E. (2016). Kalsiyum Oksalat Monohidrat Kristal Büyümesine Karahindiba ( Taraxacum officinale) Bitkisinin Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(3), 97-105.
  • Barros, M. E., Schor, N., Boim, M. A. (2003). Effects of an Aqueous Extract from Phyllantus niruri on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization In Vitro. Urological research, 30(6), 374-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-002-0285-y
  • Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant Activity Applying an İmproved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay. Free radical biology and medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237.
  • Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel Total Antioxidant Capacity İndex for Dietary Polyphenols and Vitamins C and E, Using Their Cupric İon Reducing Capability in the Presence of Neocuproine: CUPRAC Method. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x
  • Taşkın, D., Taşkın, T., Rayaman, E. (2018). Phenolic Composition and Biological Properties of Achillea nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (Kerner) Formanek. Industrial crops and products, 111, 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.11.022
  • Ellman, G. L., Courtney, K. D., Andres Jr, V., Featherstone, R. M. (1961). A New and Rapid Colorimetric Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Activity. Biochemical pharmacology, 7(2), 88-95.
  • Bawari, S., Sah, A. N., Tewari, D. (2018). Antiurolithiatic Activity of Daucus carota: an In Vitro Study. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(5), 880-884. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.5.148
  • Lopez, V., Akerreta, S., Casanova, E., García-Mina, J., Cavero, R., Calvo, M. (2008). Screening of Spanish Medicinal Plants for Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(9), 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802179634
  • Correia, H., González‐Paramás, A., Amaral, M. T., Santos‐Buelga, C., Batista, M. T. (2005). Characterisation of Polyphenols by HPLC‐PAD‐ESI/MS And Antioxidant Activity in Equisetum telmateia. Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques, 16(5), 380-387. https://doi.org/10.1002.pca.864
  • Salihoglu, E.M., Akaydın, G., Can, E.C., Akaydın, S.Y. (2012). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Various Herbal Folk Evaluation Medicine. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35, 59-67.
  • Nabati, F., Mojab, F., Rezaei, MH., Bagherzadeh, K., Amanlou, M., Yousefi, B. (2012). Large scale screening of commonly used Iranian traditional medicinal plants against urease activity. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 20, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-20-72
  • Miguel, M., Bouchmaaa, N., Aazza, S., Gaamoussi, F., Lyoussi, B. (2014). Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Eleven Extracts of Moroccan Plants. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(6), 1-14.
  • Ahmed, S., Hasan, M. M., Khan, H., Mahmood, Z. A., Patel, S. (2018). The Mechanistic Insight of Polyphenols in Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Mitigation. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 106, 1292-1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.080
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Turgut Taşkın 0000-0001-8475-6478

Beyza Yılmaz 0000-0002-4418-3182

Ahmet Doğan This is me 0000-0003-0603-5100

Publication Date September 15, 2020
Submission Date March 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Taşkın, T., Yılmaz, B., & Doğan, A. (2020). Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Calcium Oxalate Anti-crystallization Activities of Equisetum telmateia Ehrn. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 7(3), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.706514
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite

e-ISSN: 2148-6905