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“GREEN” CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 125 - 142, 01.06.2011

Abstract

Environmental evolutions such as climate change have triggered firms’ cultural behaviour in conducting businesses. With this new awakening consciousness, more attentions are demanded so that firms put its priority of generating profits hand in hand with sustaining the environment. While the environmental benefits are more evident to society, the economic benefits are still vague. Nonetheless, deciding investments on green technology are getting harder with the development of environmental regulations and policies. Limited investment valuation methods add to the complexity. Firms are facing crossroads between profits and social responsibility. This paper suggests real option valuation (ROV) as a solution that improve firms decision making process in choosing investments that deal with both issues: profitability and corporate social responsibility (CSR), focusing on climate change. ROV incorporates uncertainties and provides flexibility thus firms are able to balance up profitability and CSR. Based on a case study, it is hope that findings of this paper lighten the dilemma and none of firms’ objectives is sacrificed

References

  • Austin, D & Repetto, R (2000), Pure Profit: The Financial Implications of Environmental Performance, World Resources Institute: Washington, DC.
  • Austin, D & Sauer, A (2003), Changing Oil: Emerging Environmental Risks and Shareholders Value in the Oil and Gas Industry, World Resources Institute: Washington, DC.
  • Black, F & Scholes M (1973), “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.3, pp. 637-659.
  • Brennan M & Schwartz E (1985), “Evaluating Natural Resource Investments”, Journal of Business, Vol. 58, Issue 2, pp. 135-157.
  • Cogan, D (2004), Investor Guide to Climate Risk: Action Plan and Resource Plans for Sponsors, Fund Managers and Corporations, Investors Network on Climate Risk, commissioned by CERES: Boston, MA.
  • Cooper R & Slagmulder R (2004), “Inter - orgasational Cost Management and Relating Context”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1- 26.
  • Cortazar G, Schwartz, E & Salinas M (1998), “Evaluating Environmental Investments: A Real Options Approach”, Management Science, Vol.44, Issue 8, pp. 1059-1070.
  • Cox, J & Ross S (1976), “The Valuation of Options for Alternative Stochastic Processes”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, pp. 145-166.
  • Dixit A & Pindyck R (1994), Investment under Uncertainty, Princeton University Press
  • Gars, H & Volk, C (2003), Carbonomics – Value at Risk through Climate Change, WestLB Pan European Equity, Strategy, SRI: London.
  • Gielen D & Moriguchi Y (2001), Environmental Strategy Design for the Japanese Iron and Steel Industry: A Global Perspective, Tsukuba National Institute for Environmental
  • https:www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/461.pdf, [18.7.2011].
  • Studies, Grenadier S & Weiss A (1997), “Investment in Technological Innovations: An Option Pricing Approach”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol.44, Issue 3, pp. 397-416. Heal G & Kristom B (2002), “Uncertainty and Climate Change”, Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 22, pp. 3-39.
  • IEA (2006), Impact of climate Change Policy under Uncertainty in Power Investment, IEA SLT 2006, II, Paris.
  • IPPC (2007), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4).
  • Innovest Strategic Value Advisors (2005), Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) 2005.
  • Kawasaki Steel 21st Century Foundation (1997), An Introduction to Iron and Steel Processing. Reproduced 2003 by JFE 32st Century Foundation.
  • Kemna A & Vorst A (1990), “A Pricing Method for Options Based on Average Asset Values”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol.14, pp. 113-129.
  • Kulatilaka N & Trigeorgis L (1994), “The General Flexibility to Switch: Real Options Revisited”, The International Journal of Finance, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 778-798. McDonald R & Siegel D (1985), “Investment of the Firms When There is an Option to Shut Down”, International Economic Review, Vol. 26, Issue 2, pp. 331- 349.
  • Merton R (1973), “The Theory of Rational Option Pricing”, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 141-183.
  • Mun, J (2002), Real option Analysis: Tools and Techniques for Valuing Strategic Investments and Decisions, Wiley: Hoboken, NJ.
  • Myer S & Majd S (1990), “Abandonment and Project Life”, Advances in Futures and Options Research. Vol. 4, pp. 1-21.
  • Perry C (1998), “Processes of Case Study Methodology for Postgraduate Research in Marketing”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 32, No. 9/10, pp. 785-802. Reed, D (2001), Stalking the Elusive Business Case for Corporate Sustainability: Sustainable Enterprise Perspectives, World Resource Institute: Washington, DC.
  • Ross, S (1995), “Uses, Abuses, and Alternatives to the Net-Present-Value Rule”, Financial Management, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 96-102.
  • Schwartz, E & Trigeorgis, L (2004) “Real Option and Investment under Uncertainty: An Overview”, (in: Schwartz & Trigeorgis – Ed., Real Options and Investments under Uncertainty, Classical readings and Recent Contributions,), MIT: Cambridge, MA, pp. 1-17.
  • Stern, N (2006), The Economics of Climate Change, HM Treasury: London.
  • Toman M (1998), “Research Frontiers in the Economics of Climate Change”, Discussion Paper 98-32, Resource for the Future: Washington, DC.
  • Trigeorgis L (1993), “The Nature of Option Interactions and the Valuation of Investment with Multiple Real Option”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 28, pp. 1-20.
  • Trigeorgis L (1996), Real Options, Managerial Flexibility and Strategy in Resource Allocation, MIT Press.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997, The Kyoto Protocol,http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/background/items
  • /1351.php [Acessed 10.7.2011].
Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 125 - 142, 01.06.2011

Abstract

References

  • Austin, D & Repetto, R (2000), Pure Profit: The Financial Implications of Environmental Performance, World Resources Institute: Washington, DC.
  • Austin, D & Sauer, A (2003), Changing Oil: Emerging Environmental Risks and Shareholders Value in the Oil and Gas Industry, World Resources Institute: Washington, DC.
  • Black, F & Scholes M (1973), “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.3, pp. 637-659.
  • Brennan M & Schwartz E (1985), “Evaluating Natural Resource Investments”, Journal of Business, Vol. 58, Issue 2, pp. 135-157.
  • Cogan, D (2004), Investor Guide to Climate Risk: Action Plan and Resource Plans for Sponsors, Fund Managers and Corporations, Investors Network on Climate Risk, commissioned by CERES: Boston, MA.
  • Cooper R & Slagmulder R (2004), “Inter - orgasational Cost Management and Relating Context”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1- 26.
  • Cortazar G, Schwartz, E & Salinas M (1998), “Evaluating Environmental Investments: A Real Options Approach”, Management Science, Vol.44, Issue 8, pp. 1059-1070.
  • Cox, J & Ross S (1976), “The Valuation of Options for Alternative Stochastic Processes”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, pp. 145-166.
  • Dixit A & Pindyck R (1994), Investment under Uncertainty, Princeton University Press
  • Gars, H & Volk, C (2003), Carbonomics – Value at Risk through Climate Change, WestLB Pan European Equity, Strategy, SRI: London.
  • Gielen D & Moriguchi Y (2001), Environmental Strategy Design for the Japanese Iron and Steel Industry: A Global Perspective, Tsukuba National Institute for Environmental
  • https:www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/461.pdf, [18.7.2011].
  • Studies, Grenadier S & Weiss A (1997), “Investment in Technological Innovations: An Option Pricing Approach”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol.44, Issue 3, pp. 397-416. Heal G & Kristom B (2002), “Uncertainty and Climate Change”, Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 22, pp. 3-39.
  • IEA (2006), Impact of climate Change Policy under Uncertainty in Power Investment, IEA SLT 2006, II, Paris.
  • IPPC (2007), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4).
  • Innovest Strategic Value Advisors (2005), Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) 2005.
  • Kawasaki Steel 21st Century Foundation (1997), An Introduction to Iron and Steel Processing. Reproduced 2003 by JFE 32st Century Foundation.
  • Kemna A & Vorst A (1990), “A Pricing Method for Options Based on Average Asset Values”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol.14, pp. 113-129.
  • Kulatilaka N & Trigeorgis L (1994), “The General Flexibility to Switch: Real Options Revisited”, The International Journal of Finance, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 778-798. McDonald R & Siegel D (1985), “Investment of the Firms When There is an Option to Shut Down”, International Economic Review, Vol. 26, Issue 2, pp. 331- 349.
  • Merton R (1973), “The Theory of Rational Option Pricing”, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 141-183.
  • Mun, J (2002), Real option Analysis: Tools and Techniques for Valuing Strategic Investments and Decisions, Wiley: Hoboken, NJ.
  • Myer S & Majd S (1990), “Abandonment and Project Life”, Advances in Futures and Options Research. Vol. 4, pp. 1-21.
  • Perry C (1998), “Processes of Case Study Methodology for Postgraduate Research in Marketing”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 32, No. 9/10, pp. 785-802. Reed, D (2001), Stalking the Elusive Business Case for Corporate Sustainability: Sustainable Enterprise Perspectives, World Resource Institute: Washington, DC.
  • Ross, S (1995), “Uses, Abuses, and Alternatives to the Net-Present-Value Rule”, Financial Management, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 96-102.
  • Schwartz, E & Trigeorgis, L (2004) “Real Option and Investment under Uncertainty: An Overview”, (in: Schwartz & Trigeorgis – Ed., Real Options and Investments under Uncertainty, Classical readings and Recent Contributions,), MIT: Cambridge, MA, pp. 1-17.
  • Stern, N (2006), The Economics of Climate Change, HM Treasury: London.
  • Toman M (1998), “Research Frontiers in the Economics of Climate Change”, Discussion Paper 98-32, Resource for the Future: Washington, DC.
  • Trigeorgis L (1993), “The Nature of Option Interactions and the Valuation of Investment with Multiple Real Option”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 28, pp. 1-20.
  • Trigeorgis L (1996), Real Options, Managerial Flexibility and Strategy in Resource Allocation, MIT Press.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997, The Kyoto Protocol,http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/background/items
  • /1351.php [Acessed 10.7.2011].
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA39HP33MM
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Farrah Merlinda Muharam This is me

Maria-Antonia Tarrazon This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Muharam, F. M., & Tarrazon, M.-A. (2011). “GREEN” CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 3(1), 125-142.
AMA Muharam FM, Tarrazon MA. “GREEN” CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?. IJ-SSHS. June 2011;3(1):125-142.
Chicago Muharam, Farrah Merlinda, and Maria-Antonia Tarrazon. “‘GREEN’ CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 3, no. 1 (June 2011): 125-42.
EndNote Muharam FM, Tarrazon M-A (June 1, 2011) “GREEN” CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 3 1 125–142.
IEEE F. M. Muharam and M.-A. Tarrazon, “‘GREEN’ CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?”, IJ-SSHS, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 125–142, 2011.
ISNAD Muharam, Farrah Merlinda - Tarrazon, Maria-Antonia. “‘GREEN’ CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 3/1 (June 2011), 125-142.
JAMA Muharam FM, Tarrazon M-A. “GREEN” CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?. IJ-SSHS. 2011;3:125–142.
MLA Muharam, Farrah Merlinda and Maria-Antonia Tarrazon. “‘GREEN’ CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, 2011, pp. 125-42.
Vancouver Muharam FM, Tarrazon M-A. “GREEN” CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO BE OR NOT TO BE?. IJ-SSHS. 2011;3(1):125-42.