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Duyuru Tahtası Sistemleri Neydi? Türkiye'de İnternet Öncesi Çevrimiçi İletişime Yeniden Bakmak

Year 2024, Issue: 66, 140 - 159, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1343142

Abstract

İnternetten önce gelen bir çevrimiçi iletişim teknolojisi olan Duyuru Panosu Sistemleri (DPS'ler), günümüz sosyal medyasının öncüleri olarak kabul edilmektedir. DPS teknolojileri, hem Türkiye'de hem de yurtdışında döneminin popüler iletişim teknolojilerinden biri olmasına rağmen, çevrimiçi iletişimin tarihsel anlatılarında tamamen göz ardı edilmektedir.
Bu makale, BBS teknolojilerinin hem Türkiye'deki hem de yurtdışındaki tarihine genel bir bakışla başlamaktadır. Ardından, şu anda dünyada kamuya açık tek Türkçe DPS arşivi olan HitNet arşivi tanıtmaktadır. Makale daha sonra uygulamalı içerik analizi kullanarak HitNet arşivinin içeriğinin küresel DPS kullanımına ilişkin uluslararası akademik literatürün bulgularıyla uyumlu olup olmadığını araştırmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, HiTNet arşivinin belirli yönlerinin akademik literatürü hem doğrulayan hem de çelişen karışık bir tablo ortaya koyduğunu göstermektedir. Bir yandan DPS ağlarının hiper-yerel doğasını doğrulayan unsurlar (mesaj içerikleri, her sunucuya özel konu kategorileri) vardır. Öte yandan, Türk DPS'lerinin hiper-yerel varlıklar olarak çerçevelenmesini zorlaştıran unsurlar da (mizah) bulunmaktadır. Buna göre, HiTNet kullanıcılarının, yerel coğrafi bağlamlarına bağlı olmakla birlikte, nispeten homojen bir demografiye (erkek üniversite öğrencileri ve bilgisayar meraklıları) ait oldukları iddia edilebilir.
Ne yazık ki, bu makalenin bulguları, incelenen örneklemin sınırlı doğası nedeniyle tüm HiTNet kullanıcıları için genellenebilir değildir. Ayrıca, erişilebilir arşivlerin eksikliği, 1990-1997 yılları arasındaki döneme ait BBS içeriğine erişimin giderek zorlaştığı anlamına gelmektedir. Makale, DPS döneminden geriye kalanları kataloglamak için Türkiye'de acilen arşiv araştırması yapılması gerektiğini vurgulayarak sona ermektedir. Önlem alınmadığı takdirde, 1990-1997 yılları arasındaki tüm çevrimiçi iletişime erişimi kaybetme riski bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Abbate, J. (2000). Inventing the Internet (3rd printing). MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-51115-5.
  • Albert, G. J. (2020). New scenes, new markets: the global expansion of the cracking scene, late 1980s to early 1990s. WiderScreen, 2/3. http://widerscreen.fi/numerot/2020-2-3/new-scenes-new-markets-the-global-expansion-of-the-cracking-scene-late-1980s-to-early-1990s/
  • Alberts, G., & Oldenziel, R. (Eds.). (2014). Hacking Europe: from computer cultures to demoscenes. Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4471-5492-1
  • Akgül, M., & Kırlıdoğ, M. (2015). Internet censorship in Türkiye. Internet Policy Review, 4(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14763/2015.2.366
  • Delwiche, A. (2018). Early social computing: the rise and fall of the BBS scene (1977–1995). In J. Burgess, A. Marwick, & T. Poell (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Media (pp. 35–52). SAGE. ISBN: 9781526486875
  • Driscoll, K. (2014). Hobbyist inter-networking and the popular Internet imaginary: forgotten histories of networked personal computing, 1978-1998 [PhD diss.]. University of Southern California.
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  • Furman, I. (2017). Hi! Turkiye and Turkish BBS and digital culture. In G. Goggin & M. J. McLelland (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories (pp. 209–224). Routledge. ISBN: 9780367870751
  • Hafner, K., & Lyon, M. (2006). Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet (1. Simon & Schuster paperback ed). Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. ISBN: 9780684832678
  • Holsti, Ole R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 14–93. ISBN: 9780201029406
  • Nisanyan, S. (2009). Eski hayatlar. Agos Yazıları. http://nisanyan.blogspot.com/2009/01/eski-hayatlar.html
  • Neuendorf, Kimberly A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 978-1412979474.
  • Saka, E. (Ed.). (2019). Türkiye internet tarihi. Alternatif Bilisim. ISBN: 978-605-62169-8-5
  • Sener, G., & Erdikmen, A. (2019). Türkiye’de erken dönem internet aktivizmi. In E. Saka (Ed.), Türkiye İnternet Tarihi. Alternatif Bilisim. ISBN: 978-605-62169-8-5
  • Sumner, James. 2012. “Today, Computers Should Interest Everybody” - the meanings of microcomputers. Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History 9 (2): 307–15. https://doi.org/10.14765/zzf.dok-1589
  • Ünaldı, Atıf. (2015). İnternetin Türkiye'de 22 yıllık serüveni. http://www.beyaztarih.com/makale/internetin-turkiyede-22-yillikseruveni.
  • Wade, A. (2016). Playback: a genealogy of 1980s British videogames. Bloomsbury. ISBN: 1628924896
  • Wasiak, P. (2014). “Amis and Euros.” Software import and contacts between European and American cracking scenes. WiderScreen, 1–2/2014. http://widerscreen.fi/numerot/2014-1-2/amis-euros-software-import-contacts-european-american-cracking-scenes/
  • Wasiak, P. (2019). Telephone networks, BBSs, and the emergence of the transnational ‘warez scene.’ History and Technology, 35(2), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2019.1652432
  • Yurderi, T. (1997). Internet development in Türkiye: a case study [NGO]. Internet Society. https://www.isoc.org/inet97/proceedings/E3/E3_3.HTM

What Were Bulletin Board Systems? Looking Back At Pre-Internet Online Communication in Turkey

Year 2024, Issue: 66, 140 - 159, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1343142

Abstract

As an online communication technology predating the Internet, Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) are considered to be precursors of modern-day social media. Despite being a popular technology of its era both in Türkiye and abroad, BBS technologies tend to be entirely overlooked in historical accounts of online communication.

This article begins with an overview on the history of BBS technologies both in Türkiye and abroad. It then introduces the HitNet archive, currently the only publicly accessible Turkish language BBS archive in the world. Using applied content analysis, the article then explores whether contents of the HitNet archive align with the findings of international academic literature on global BBS usage. The findings of paint a mixed picture wherein certain aspects of the HiTNet archive present a mixed picture that both affirms as well as contradicts academic literature. On one hand there are elements affirming the hyperlocal nature of BBS networks (message contents, unique topics for each server). On the other, there are mutual elements (humour) that complicate the framing of Turkish BBSs as hyperlocal entities. Accordingly one can tentatively argue that HiTNet users, while bound to their local geographical context, belonged to a relatively homogenous demographic (male university students and computing enthusiasts).

Unfortunately, the findings of this article are not generalizable for all HiTNet users due to very limited nature of the sample studied. Furthermore, the lack of accessible archives means that it is increasingly difficult to access BBS content from the period dating from 1990-1997. The article concludes by stressing that archival research needs to be urgently undertaken in Türkiye to catalog what remains from the BBS era. If no action is taken, there is a risk of losing access to all online communication between 1990 and 1997.

References

  • Abbate, J. (2000). Inventing the Internet (3rd printing). MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-51115-5.
  • Albert, G. J. (2020). New scenes, new markets: the global expansion of the cracking scene, late 1980s to early 1990s. WiderScreen, 2/3. http://widerscreen.fi/numerot/2020-2-3/new-scenes-new-markets-the-global-expansion-of-the-cracking-scene-late-1980s-to-early-1990s/
  • Alberts, G., & Oldenziel, R. (Eds.). (2014). Hacking Europe: from computer cultures to demoscenes. Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4471-5492-1
  • Akgül, M., & Kırlıdoğ, M. (2015). Internet censorship in Türkiye. Internet Policy Review, 4(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14763/2015.2.366
  • Delwiche, A. (2018). Early social computing: the rise and fall of the BBS scene (1977–1995). In J. Burgess, A. Marwick, & T. Poell (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Media (pp. 35–52). SAGE. ISBN: 9781526486875
  • Driscoll, K. (2014). Hobbyist inter-networking and the popular Internet imaginary: forgotten histories of networked personal computing, 1978-1998 [PhD diss.]. University of Southern California.
  • Driscoll, K. (2020). Demography and decentralization: measuring the bulletin board systems of North America. WiderScreen, 2–3. http://widerscreen.fi/numerot/2020-2-3/demography-and-decentralization-measuring-the-bulletin-board-systems-of-north-america/
  • Driscoll, K. (2022). The modem world. A prehistory of social media. Yale University Press. ISBN: 9780300248142
  • Eren, B. (1995, June 4). Istanbul.Zip [HR.TR.BILGISAYAR_OYUNLARI]. ESS 64.
  • Furman, I. (2015). Studying the influence of bulletin board system technologies on the communication culture of pre-Internet Turkish-speaking online communities: a socio-technical approach. New Perspectives on Türkiye, 53, 37–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2015.18
  • Furman, I. (2017). Hi! Turkiye and Turkish BBS and digital culture. In G. Goggin & M. J. McLelland (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories (pp. 209–224). Routledge. ISBN: 9780367870751
  • Hafner, K., & Lyon, M. (2006). Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet (1. Simon & Schuster paperback ed). Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. ISBN: 9780684832678
  • Holsti, Ole R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 14–93. ISBN: 9780201029406
  • Nisanyan, S. (2009). Eski hayatlar. Agos Yazıları. http://nisanyan.blogspot.com/2009/01/eski-hayatlar.html
  • Neuendorf, Kimberly A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 978-1412979474.
  • Saka, E. (Ed.). (2019). Türkiye internet tarihi. Alternatif Bilisim. ISBN: 978-605-62169-8-5
  • Sener, G., & Erdikmen, A. (2019). Türkiye’de erken dönem internet aktivizmi. In E. Saka (Ed.), Türkiye İnternet Tarihi. Alternatif Bilisim. ISBN: 978-605-62169-8-5
  • Sumner, James. 2012. “Today, Computers Should Interest Everybody” - the meanings of microcomputers. Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History 9 (2): 307–15. https://doi.org/10.14765/zzf.dok-1589
  • Ünaldı, Atıf. (2015). İnternetin Türkiye'de 22 yıllık serüveni. http://www.beyaztarih.com/makale/internetin-turkiyede-22-yillikseruveni.
  • Wade, A. (2016). Playback: a genealogy of 1980s British videogames. Bloomsbury. ISBN: 1628924896
  • Wasiak, P. (2014). “Amis and Euros.” Software import and contacts between European and American cracking scenes. WiderScreen, 1–2/2014. http://widerscreen.fi/numerot/2014-1-2/amis-euros-software-import-contacts-european-american-cracking-scenes/
  • Wasiak, P. (2019). Telephone networks, BBSs, and the emergence of the transnational ‘warez scene.’ History and Technology, 35(2), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2019.1652432
  • Yurderi, T. (1997). Internet development in Türkiye: a case study [NGO]. Internet Society. https://www.isoc.org/inet97/proceedings/E3/E3_3.HTM
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Communication Technology and Digital Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ivo Ozan Furman 0000-0002-7538-2694

Publication Date March 26, 2024
Submission Date August 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 66

Cite

APA Furman, I. O. (2024). What Were Bulletin Board Systems? Looking Back At Pre-Internet Online Communication in Turkey. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi(66), 140-159. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1343142