Fermente Besinlerin Beyin-Bağırsak Ekseni ve Psikiyatrik Bozukluklara Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 1087 - 1093, 08.10.2023

Sena Ömür , Indrani Kalkan

https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1246338

Abstract

Gastrointestinal mikrobiyota, doğumdan itibaren gelişen ve yaşamsal faktörlere göre değişen mikroorganizmalar bütünüdür. Son zamanlarda, beyin ve bağırsağın çift yönlü olarak birbirini etkilediği mekanizmalar araştırılmaktadır. Bu mekanizmalar arasında nöroaktif bileşikler, kısa zincirli yağ asitleri, hipotalamushipofiz- adrenal ekseni ve vagus siniri önemli rol oynamaktadır. Gastrointestinal sistem hastalıklarına bağlı olarak mikrobiyota disbiyozu görülen kişilerde depresyon, kaygı, stres gibi psikiyatrik bozukluklar da görülebilmektedir. Çeşitli fermentasyon süreçlerinden geçerek elde edilen fermente besinler, endojen mikrofloranın özelliklerini geliştirerek mikrobiyotayı ve dolayısıyla beyin ve bağırsak sağlığını olumlu yönde etkiler. Probiyotik özelliği olan fermente besinler aynı zamanda ruh sağlığını olumlu yönde etkiledikleri için psikobiyotik besinlerdir. Çalışmalar, psikiyatrik bozukluklarda turşu, yoğurt, kefir, kimçi gibi fermente ürünlerin mikrobiyotayı iyileştirerek ruh sağlığını destekleyebileceğini göstermiştir. Ancak, her bir fermente besin grubunun beyin-bağırsak eksenini ne düzeyde etkilediğini ve bunların ruh sağlığına etkilerini değerlendirmek için daha fazla çalışmaya gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Bu derlemede, beyin ve bağırsak arasındaki çift yönlü etkileşimde rol alan faktörler ve fermente besinlerin beyin-bağırsak ekseni üzerinden psikiyatrik bozukluklara etkisi araştırılmıştır.

Keywords

Beyin-bağırsak ekseni, fermente besinler, mikrobiyota, depresyon.

Effect of Fermented Foods on Brain-Gut Axis and Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Gastrointestinal microbiota as a whole comprises of microorganisms that develop from birth and change according to vital factors throughout life cycle. Recently, the mechanisms by which the brain and gut affect each other in a bidirectional manner have been investigated. Among these mechanisms, neuroactive compounds, short-chain fatty acids, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and vagus nerve play an important role. Psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and stress may also be seen in people with microbiota dysbiosis due to gastrointestinal system diseases. Food products obtained through various fermentation processes have been found to improve the properties of the endogenous microflora and microbiota, therefore affecting intestinal and brain health in a positive manner. Fermented foods with probiotic properties are also psychobiotic foods, as they positively affect mental health. Studies have shown that the intake of fermented foods such as brined pickles, yoghurt, kefir, kimchi may support mental health by improving the microbiota in psychiatric disorders. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the extent to which each fermented food group affects the brain-gut axis and their effects on mental health. In this article, factors involved in the bidirectional interaction between the brain and the gut and the effects of fermented foods on psychiatric disorders through the brain-gut axis were reviewed.

Keywords

Gut-brain axis, fermented foods, microbiota, depression

References

• del Toro-Barbosa M, Hurtado-Romero A, Garcia-Amezquita LE, García- Cayuela T. Psychobiotics: mechanisms of action, evaluation methods and effectiveness in applications with food products. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 1;12(12):1–31.
• Wasilewski A, Zielińska M, Storr M, Fichna J. Beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and psychobiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis [Internet]. 2015 May 19 [cited 2022 Dec 31];21(7):1674–82. Available from:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/25822014/ DOI:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000364.
• Luang-In V, Katisart T, Konsue A, Nudmamud-Thanoi S, Narbad A, Saengha W, et al. Psychobiotic effects of multi-strain probiotics originated from thai fermented foods in a rat model. Food Sci Anim Resour [Internet]. 2020 Nov [cited 2022 Dec 31];40(6):1014–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33305285/ DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e72.
• Casertano M, Fogliano V, Ercolini D. Psychobiotics, gut microbiota and fermented foods can help preserving mental health. Food Research International. 2022 Feb 1;152:110892.
• Smith KS, Greene MW, Babu JR, Frugé AD. Psychobiotics as treatment for anxiety, depression, and related symptoms: a systematic review. Nutr Neurosci. 2021;24(12):963–77.
• Valdes AM, Walter J, Segal E, Spector TD. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ [Internet]. 2018 Jun [cited 2022 Dec 31]13;361:k2179. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/29899036/ DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k2179.
• Rinninella E, Raoul P, Cintoni M, Franceschi F, Abele G, Miggiano D, et al. What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? a changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases. Microorganisms. 2019 [cited 2022 Dec 31];7:14. Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms DOI:10.3390/ microorganisms7010014.
• Sudo N. Microbiome, HPA axis and production of endocrine hormones in the gut. Adv Exp Med Biol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Dec 31];817:177–94. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/24997034/ DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_8.
• Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature [Internet]. 2016 Jul 6 [cited 2022 Dec 31];535(7610):75–84. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/27383982/ DOI: 10.1038/nature18848.
• Bien-Ly N, Watts RJ. The blood-brain barrier’s gut check. Sci Transl Med [Internet]. 2014 Nov 19 [cited 2022 Dec 31];6(263). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411469/ DOI: 10.1126/ scitranslmed.aaa2543.
• Liang S, Wu X, Hu X, Wang T, Jin F. Recognizing depression from the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jun 1;19(6):1592.
• McGuinness AJ, Davis JA, Dawson SL, Loughman A, Collier F, O’Hely M, et al. A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022 Apr [cited 2022 Dec 31];27(4):1920–35. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35194166/ DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01456-3.
• Strandwitz P. Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Res. 2018 Aug 15;1693:128–33.
• Khlevner J, Park Y, Margolis KG. Brain–gut axis clinical implications. Gastroenterol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2018 Dec [cited 2023 Jan 13];47(4):727. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30337029/ DOI: 0.1016/j.gtc.2018.07.002.
• Dobrowolska-Iwanek J, Zagrodzki P, Prochownik E, Jarkiewicz A, Paśko P. Influence of brassica sprouts on short chain fatty acids concentration in stools of rats with thyroid dysfunction. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research. 2019;76(6):1005–14.
• Generoso JS, Giridharan V v., Lee J, Macedo D, Barichello T. The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 May [cited 2023 Jan 13];43(3):293. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32667590/ DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0987.
• Walker EF, Trotman HD, Pearce BD, Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cornblatt BA, et al. Cortisol levels and risk for psychosis: initial findings from the North American prodrome longitudinal study. Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2013 Sep [cited 2023 Jan 3];74(6):410–7. Available from: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23562006/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.016.
• Dalile B, Vervliet B, Bergonzelli G, Verbeke K, van Oudenhove L. Colon-delivered short-chain fatty acids attenuate the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in healthy men: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet]. 2020 Dec [cited 2023 Jan 3];45(13):2257–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/32521538/ DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0732-x.
• Bonaz B, Bazin T, Pellissier S. The vagus nerve at the interface of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci. 2018 Feb 7;12:49. doi: 10.3389/ fnins.2018.00049.
• van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Lyte JM, Wiley N, Strain C, O’Sullivan O, et al. Short-chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites that alleviate stress-induced brain–gut axis alterations. Journal of Physiology. 2018 Oct 15;596(20):4923–44.
• Chilton SN, Burton JP, Reid G, Reid G. Inclusion of fermented foods in food guides around the world. Nutrients [Internet]. 2015 Jan [cited 2023 Jan 6];7(1):390–404. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/25580813/ DOI: 10.3390/nu7010390.
• Aslam H, Green J, Jacka FN, Collier F, Berk M, Pasco J, et al. Fermented foods, the gut and mental health: a mechanistic overview with implications for depression and anxiety. Nutr Neurosci. 2020 Sep 1;23(9):659–71.
• Madigan MT, Martinko J. Parker J Brock. Biology of micro-organisms [Internet]. 8th ed. New York: Prentice Hall International; 1997 [cited 2023 Jan 6]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/48363170.
• Eroğlu FE, Sanlier N. Effect of fermented foods on some neurological diseases, microbiota, behaviors: mini review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 31]; 23:1–17Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35317694/ DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2053060.
• Walker GM, Stewart GG. Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of fermented beverages. Beverages [Internet]. 2016 Nov [cited 2023 Jan 6];2(4):30. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/2/4/30/htm DOI:10.3390/beverages2040030.
• Baschali A, Tsakalidou E, Kyriacou A, Karavasiloglou N, Matalas AL. Traditional low-alcoholic and non-alcoholic fermented beverages consumed in European countries: a neglected food group. Nutr Res Rev [Internet]. 2017 Jun [cited 2023 Jan 6];30(1):1–24. Available from: https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28115036/ DOI: 10.1017/S0954422416000202.
• Raspor P, Goranovič D. Biotechnological applications of acetic acid bacteria. Crit Rev Biotechnol [Internet]. 2008 Jun [cited 2023 Jan 6];28(2):101–24. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/18568850/ DOI: 10.1080/07388550802046749.
• Laëtitia G, Pascal D, Yann D. The citrate metabolism in homo-and heterofermentative LAB: a selective means of becoming dominant over other microorganisms in complex ecosystems. Food Nutr Sci [Internet]. 2014 Apr [cited 2023 Jan 6];2014(10):953–69. Available from: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation. aspx?PaperID=46158 DOI:10.4236/fns.2014.510106.
• Palamutoğlu Mİ, Baş M. Traditional Fermented Foods of Turkey. Journal of Health Sciences and Research [Internet]. 2020 Dec [cited 2023 May 30];2(3):200-220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46413/ boneyusbad.790343.
• Marco ML, Heeney D, Binda S, Cifelli CJ, Cotter PD, Foligné B, et al. Health benefits of fermented foods: microbiota and beyond. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017 Apr 1;44:94–102.
• Leeuwendaal NK, Stanton C, O’toole PW, Beresford TP. Fermented foods, health and the gut microbiome. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Apr [cited 2022 Dec 31];14(7):1527. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/35406140/ DOI: 10.3390/nu14071527.
• Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2013 Nov 15 [cited 2023 Jan 9];74(10):720–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/23759244/ DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00009.
• Hsiung RT, Fang WT, LePage BA, Hsu SA, Hsu CH, Chou JY. In Vitro Properties of Potential Probiotic Indigenous Yeasts Originating from Fermented Food and Beverages in Taiwan. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2021 Feb;13(1):113-124. doi: 10.1007/s12602-020-09661-8.
• Şanlier N, Gökcen BB, Sezgin AC. Health benefits of fermented foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 30];59(3):506-527. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1383355.
• Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2023 Jan 9];125(6):1401–12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7782892/ DOI: 10.1093/ jn/125.6.1401.
• Martinez-Villaluenga C, Penas E, Frias C. Bioactive Peptides in Fermented Foods: Production and Evidence for Health Effects. Fermented Foods in Health and Disease [Internet]. 2017 Jan [cited 2023 May 30]. 23-47 p. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/311996586_Bioactive_Peptides_in_Fermented_Foods.
• Jaatinen N, Korpela R, Poussa T, Turpeinen A, Mustonen S, Merilahti J, et al. Effects of daily intake of yoghurt enriched with bioactive components on chronic stress responses: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Jun;65(4):507- 14. DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.880669.
• Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Gupta A. Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2015 Mar [cited 2023 Jan 7];125(3):926. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25689247/ DOI: 10.1172/JCI76304.
• Hilimire MR, DeVylder JE, Forestell CA. Fermented foods, neuroticism, and social anxiety: an interaction model. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2015 Aug [cited 2023 Jan 7];228(2):203–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25998000/ DOI: 10.1016/j. psychres.2015.04.023.
• Baruah R, Ray M, Halami PM. Preventive and therapeutic aspects of fermented foods. J Appl Microbiol [Internet]. 2022 May [cited 2023 Jan 6];132(5):3476–89. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/35000256/ DOI: 10.1111/jam.15444.
• Kim B, Hong VM, Yang J, Hyun H, Im JJ, Hwang J, et al. A review of fermented foods with beneficial effects on brain and cognitive function. Prev Nutr Food Sci [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited 2022 Dec 31];21(4):297–309. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/28078251 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.4.297.
• Qamar N, Castano D, Patt C, Chu T, Cottrell J, Chang SL. Meta-analysis of alcohol induced gut dysbiosis and the resulting behavioral impact. Behav Brain Res. 2019 Dec 30;376:112196. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112196.
• Cecarini V, Gogoi O, Bonfili L, Veneruso I, Pacinelli G, De Carlo S, Benvenuti F, D'Argenio V, Angeletti M, Cannella N, Eleuteri AM. Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Neuroprotective Effect of a Yeast- Enriched Beer. Nutrients. 2022 Jun 8;14(12):2380. DOI: 10.3390/ nu14122380.
• Berg KA, Clarke WP. Making sense of pharmacology: inverse agonism and functional selectivity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol [Internet]. 2018 Oct [cited 2023 Jan 9];21(10):962–77. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30085126/ DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/ pyy071.
• Krau SD. Psychiatric Disorders. Nursing Clinics of North America. 1st ed. 2019;1;54(4):13–15.
• Oriach CS, Robertson RC, Stanton C, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Food for thought: the role of nutrition in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Clin Nutr Exp. 2016;6:25–38.
• Noble EE, Hsu TM, Kanoski SE. Gut to brain dysbiosis: mechanisms linking western diet consumption, the microbiome, and cognitive impairment. Front Behav Neurosci [Internet]. 2017 Jan [cited 2023 Jan 9];11:9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/28194099/ DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00009.
• Kazemi A, Noorbala AA, Azam K, Eskandari MH, Djafarian K. Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2019 Apr [cited 2023 Jan 10];38(2):522–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29731182/ DOI: 10.1093/ jn/125.6.1401.
• Galland L. The gut microbiome and the brain. J Med Food [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2023 Jan 10];17(12):1261–72. Available from: https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25402818/ DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.7000.
• Tamang JP, Shin DH, Jung SJ, Chae SW. Functional properties of microorganisms in fermented foods. Front Microbiol. 2016;26(7):578.
• Ladero V, Calles M, Fernández M, Alvarez MA. Toxicological effects of dietary biogenic amines. Curr Nurt Food Sci. 2010;6(2):145–156.
• Borkent J, Ioannou M, Laman JD, Haarman BCM, Sommer IEC. Role of the gut microbiome in three major psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med. 2022 May;52(7):1222-1242. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722000897.
• Galdeano CM, Nunez IN, Carmuega E, Moreno de LeBlanc A de, Perdigon G. Role of probiotics and functional foods in health: gut immune stimulation by two probiotic strains and a potential probiotic yoghurt. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets [Internet]. 2015 Nov [cited 2023 Jan 10];15(1):37–45. Available from: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25516152/ DOI: 10.2174/1871530314666141216121 349.
• Agostini S, Goubern M, Tondereau V, Salvador-Cartier C, Bezirard V, Lévèque M, et al. A marketed fermented dairy product containing Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-2494 suppresses gut hypersensitivity and colonic barrier disruption induced by acute stress in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil [Internet]. 2012 Apr [cited 2023 Jan 10];24(4):376-e172. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/22272920/.
• Littman DR, Pamer EG. Role of the commensal microbiota in normal and pathogenic host immune responses. Cell Host Microbe [Internet] 2011 Oct [cited 2023 Jan 10];10(4):311–23. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22018232/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365- 2982.2011.01865.x.
• Marques TM, Cryan JF, Shanahan F, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Dinan TG, et al. Gut microbiota modulation and implications for host health: Dietary strategies to influence the gut-brain axis. Vol. 22, Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. 2014;22: 239–47.
• Kato-Kataoka A, Nishida K, Takada M, Suda K, Kawai M, Shimizu K, et al. Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota prevents the onset of physical symptoms in medical students under academic examination stress. Benef Microbes. 2016;7(2):153–6.
• Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, Jiang Z, Stains J, Ebrat B, et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2023 Jan];144(7):1394- 401 Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23474283/ DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.043.
• Han K, Bose S, Wang JH, Kim BS, Kim MJ, Kim EJ, et al. Contrasting effects of fresh and fermented kimchi consumption on gut microbiota composition and gene expression related to metabolic syndrome in obese Korean women. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015 May 1;59(5):1004–8.