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Türkiye’nin Orta Asya’daki Kamu Diplomasisi Araçları: Kurumlar Arası Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Year 2025, Issue: 15, 167 - 188, 25.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1785337
https://izlik.org/JA73DR85JN

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin Orta Asya’daki kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerini kuramsal bir perspektifle ve karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde analiz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye’nin Kazakistan, Kırgızistan ve Özbekistan’daki girişimleri, Nye’ın yumuşak güç kavramsallaştırması, Cull’un kamu diplomasisi tipolojisi ve Zaharna’nın ağ temelli diplomasi yaklaşımı çerçevesinde incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, kamu diplomasisinin yalnızca imaj yönetimi değil, aynı zamanda kimlik inşası ve stratejik meşruiyet üretimi bağlamında işlevsel bir dış politika aracı olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma, Yin’in vaka analizi yaklaşımı ve en benzer sistemler tasarımı yöntemine dayanmaktadır. TİKA, Yunus Emre Enstitüsü, Türkiye Maarif Vakfı, YTB, TRT Avaz ve Anadolu Ajansı gibi kurumların raporlarının yanı sıra medya içerikleri ve ikincil literatür, temel veri kaynakları olarak kullanılmıştır. Verilerin güvenilirliği ise üçgenleme (triangulation) yöntemiyle artırılmıştır. Bulgular, Türkiye’nin kamu diplomasisinin ağırlıklı olarak eğitim diplomasisi ve kültürel diplomasi eksenlerinde yoğunlaştığını, bunları medya diplomasisi ve kalkınma yardımlarının desteklediğini göstermektedir. Hoca Ahmet Yesevi ve Manas Üniversiteleri, burs programları ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsü gibi kurumlar, Nye’ın çekiciliğe dayalı güç kavramının sahadaki somut yansımalarıdır. Bununla birlikte, kurumsal koordinasyon eksiklikleri, bütçe şeffaflığı sorunları ve Rusya ile Çin gibi aktörlerle yaşanan rekabet, Türkiye’nin etkinliğini sınırlayan faktörler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Öte yandan, çalışma Türkiye’nin Orta Asya’daki çok aktörlü ve bütüncül kamu diplomasisi yaklaşımının, bölgesel kimlik inşasına ve uzun vadeli stratejik meşruiyet üretimine hizmet ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, ilgili literatüre özgün bir katkı sunmakta ve politika yapıcılar için stratejik çıkarımlar sağlamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

bu makale, etik kurul izni gerektirmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

makaleyi destekleyen herhanbir bir kurum ya da kuruluş yoktur

Thanks

teşekkür edilmesi gereken herhangi bir şahıs, kişi ya da kurum yoktur

References

  • Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3–4), 290–305.
  • Aydemir, E. (2022). Public diplomacy of the George W. Bush administration: 9/11 and the rhetoric of the war on terror. İletişim ve Diplomasi, 8, 25–41.
  • Aydemir, E., & Güner, O. (2023). Crisis management policies concerning the Russo-Ukrainian War in the European Union’s security and defence approach: Soft power and EUAM. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 4(2), 189–205.
  • Bjola, C., & Holmes, M. (2015). Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Bjola, C., Cassidy, J. A. & Manor, I. (2020). Digital public diplomacy: Business as usual or a paradigm shift? In N. Snow & N. J. Cull (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (pp. 268-281). New York: Routledge.
  • Çelik, N. & İşeri, E. (2016). Islamically oriented humanitarian NGOs in Turkey: AKP foreign policy parallelism. Turkish Studies, 17(3), 429–448 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2016.1204917
  • Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). New York: Sage.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. London: Figueroa Press.
  • Cull, N. J. (2019). Public diplomacy: Foundations for global engagement in the digital age. London: Polity.
  • Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Ekşi, M. (2018). Kamu diplomasisi ve Ak Parti dönemi Türk dış politikası. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Entman, R. M. (2008). Theorizing mediated public diplomacy: The U.S. case. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(2), 87–102.
  • Erkan, T., & Akman, E. (2025). Bir haber mecrası olarak Kırgızistan’da Instagram haberciliği. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(1), 274–292.
  • Erkan, T., & Nergiz, C. (2024). Türk Devletler Teşkilatının Rus basınına yansıması. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 34(2), 1005–1020.
  • Fisher, A., & Speakman, B. (2020). Reframing public diplomacy for the digital era. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 15(1–2), 1–15.
  • Gilboa, E. (2008). Searching for a theory of public diplomacy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 55–77.
  • Hayden, C. (2012). The rhetoric of soft power: Public diplomacy in global contexts. London: Lexington Books.
  • Laruelle, M., & Peyrouse, S. (2012). The Chinese question in Central Asia: Domestic order, social change, and the Chinese factor. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lee, G. (2017). South Korea’s public diplomacy: A comparative perspective. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy: Between theory and practice. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The new public diplomacy: Soft power in international relations (pp. 3-27). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. New York: Jossey-Bass.
  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York: PublicAffairs.
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power. New York: PublicAffairs.
  • Öztürk, A. E. (2016). Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP rule: From protector to imposer of state ideology? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1233663
  • Przeworski, A., & Teune, H. (1970). The logic of comparative social inquiry. London: Wiley-Interscience.
  • Rana, K. S. (2011). 21st century diplomacy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Continuum.
  • Rutland, P., & Kazantsev, A. (2018). The limits of Russia’s ‘soft power’. In Emerging powers in international politics. London: Routledge.
  • Schneider, C. P. (2009). The unrealized potential of cultural diplomacy: Best practices and what could be, if only… The Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society, 39(4), 260-279
  • Sevin, E. (2017). Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Snow, N., & Cull, N. J. (2020). Routledge handbook of public diplomacy (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • TMV (2022). Faaliyet raporu 2021-2022. Türkiye Maarif Vakfı. Retrieved from https://turkiyemaarif.org/uploads/editions/files/166e2e2b955b9a.pdf Erişim T. 12 Ağustos 2025.
  • Walker, C., & Ludwig, J. (2017). From “soft power” to “sharp power”: Rising authoritarian influence in the democratic world. Retrieved from https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Introduction-Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence.pdf Erişim T. 10 Ağustos 2025.
  • Wilson, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110–124.
  • Yaşar, H. İ., & Uğurhan, Y. Z. C. (2022). Ülke, ürün ve lider imajı ekseninde Türk vatandaşlarının Rusya ve ABD algısı: Karşılaştırmalı bir saha çalışması. İletişim ve Diplomasi, (Kamu Diplomasisi ve Ülke Markalama Özel Sayısı), 47-70.
  • Yaşar, H. İ., & Uğurhan, Y. Z. C. (2023). The use of Instagram as a public diplomacy tool: An analysis of consulates in Turkey. In E. Köksoy & S. Kavoğlu (Eds.), Public diplomacy from the Turkish perspective (pp. 181-207). Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing.
  • YEE (2021). Yunus Emre Enstitüsü 2020-2021 Faaliyet raporu. Retrieved from https://www.yee.org.tr/sites/default/files/yayin/2021_yillik_faaliyet_raporu.pdf Erişim T. 10 Ağustos 2025.
  • Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). New York: Sage.
  • YTB (2022). Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı, burs programları ve uluslararası öğrenciler raporu. Retrieved from https://www.tev.org.tr/kurumsal-rapor/tr/1/Faaliyet-Raporlari Erişim T. 11 Ağustos 2025.
  • Zaharna, R. S. (2010). Battles to bridges: U.S. strategic communication and public diplomacy after 9/11. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Türkiye’s Public Diplomacy Tools in Central Asia: An Inter-Institutional Comparative Analysis

Year 2025, Issue: 15, 167 - 188, 25.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1785337
https://izlik.org/JA73DR85JN

Abstract

This study analyzes Turkiye's public diplomacy activities in Central Asia from a theoretical perspective and in a comparative manner. In this context, Turkiye's initiatives in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan are examined within the framework of Nye's conceptualization of soft power, Cull's typology of public diplomacy, and Zaharna's network-based diplomacy approach. The study aims to reveal that public diplomacy is not only image management but also a functional foreign policy tool in the context of identity construction and the production of strategic legitimacy. The research is based on Yin's case study approach and the most similar systems design method. Reports from institutions such as TIKA, the Yunus Emre Institute, the Turkiye Maarif Foundation, YTB, TRT Avaz, and the Anadolu Agency, as well as media content and secondary literature, were used as primary data sources. The reliability of the data was enhanced through triangulation. The findings indicate that Turkiye's public diplomacy is concentrated primarily on the axes of educational diplomacy and cultural diplomacy, with support from media diplomacy and development aid. Institutions such as Hoca Ahmet Yesevi and Manas Universities, scholarship programs, and the Yunus Emre Institute are concrete reflections of Nye's attraction-based power concept in the field. However, corporate coordination deficiencies, budget transparency issues, and competition with actors such as Russia and China are factors that limit Turkiye's effectiveness. On the other hand, this research demonstrates that Turkiye's multi-actor and holistic approach to public diplomacy in Central Asia serves to build regional identity and produce long-term strategic legitimacy. It thus offers a unique contribution to the relevant literature and provides strategic insights for policymakers.

Ethical Statement

This study did not require approval from an ethics committee.

Supporting Institution

It was conducted without financial or institutional support.

Thanks

There are no individuals, organizations, or institutions to acknowledge.

References

  • Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3–4), 290–305.
  • Aydemir, E. (2022). Public diplomacy of the George W. Bush administration: 9/11 and the rhetoric of the war on terror. İletişim ve Diplomasi, 8, 25–41.
  • Aydemir, E., & Güner, O. (2023). Crisis management policies concerning the Russo-Ukrainian War in the European Union’s security and defence approach: Soft power and EUAM. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 4(2), 189–205.
  • Bjola, C., & Holmes, M. (2015). Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Bjola, C., Cassidy, J. A. & Manor, I. (2020). Digital public diplomacy: Business as usual or a paradigm shift? In N. Snow & N. J. Cull (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (pp. 268-281). New York: Routledge.
  • Çelik, N. & İşeri, E. (2016). Islamically oriented humanitarian NGOs in Turkey: AKP foreign policy parallelism. Turkish Studies, 17(3), 429–448 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2016.1204917
  • Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). New York: Sage.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. London: Figueroa Press.
  • Cull, N. J. (2019). Public diplomacy: Foundations for global engagement in the digital age. London: Polity.
  • Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Ekşi, M. (2018). Kamu diplomasisi ve Ak Parti dönemi Türk dış politikası. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Entman, R. M. (2008). Theorizing mediated public diplomacy: The U.S. case. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(2), 87–102.
  • Erkan, T., & Akman, E. (2025). Bir haber mecrası olarak Kırgızistan’da Instagram haberciliği. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(1), 274–292.
  • Erkan, T., & Nergiz, C. (2024). Türk Devletler Teşkilatının Rus basınına yansıması. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 34(2), 1005–1020.
  • Fisher, A., & Speakman, B. (2020). Reframing public diplomacy for the digital era. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 15(1–2), 1–15.
  • Gilboa, E. (2008). Searching for a theory of public diplomacy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 55–77.
  • Hayden, C. (2012). The rhetoric of soft power: Public diplomacy in global contexts. London: Lexington Books.
  • Laruelle, M., & Peyrouse, S. (2012). The Chinese question in Central Asia: Domestic order, social change, and the Chinese factor. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lee, G. (2017). South Korea’s public diplomacy: A comparative perspective. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy: Between theory and practice. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The new public diplomacy: Soft power in international relations (pp. 3-27). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. New York: Jossey-Bass.
  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York: PublicAffairs.
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power. New York: PublicAffairs.
  • Öztürk, A. E. (2016). Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP rule: From protector to imposer of state ideology? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1233663
  • Przeworski, A., & Teune, H. (1970). The logic of comparative social inquiry. London: Wiley-Interscience.
  • Rana, K. S. (2011). 21st century diplomacy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Continuum.
  • Rutland, P., & Kazantsev, A. (2018). The limits of Russia’s ‘soft power’. In Emerging powers in international politics. London: Routledge.
  • Schneider, C. P. (2009). The unrealized potential of cultural diplomacy: Best practices and what could be, if only… The Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society, 39(4), 260-279
  • Sevin, E. (2017). Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Snow, N., & Cull, N. J. (2020). Routledge handbook of public diplomacy (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • TMV (2022). Faaliyet raporu 2021-2022. Türkiye Maarif Vakfı. Retrieved from https://turkiyemaarif.org/uploads/editions/files/166e2e2b955b9a.pdf Erişim T. 12 Ağustos 2025.
  • Walker, C., & Ludwig, J. (2017). From “soft power” to “sharp power”: Rising authoritarian influence in the democratic world. Retrieved from https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Introduction-Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence.pdf Erişim T. 10 Ağustos 2025.
  • Wilson, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110–124.
  • Yaşar, H. İ., & Uğurhan, Y. Z. C. (2022). Ülke, ürün ve lider imajı ekseninde Türk vatandaşlarının Rusya ve ABD algısı: Karşılaştırmalı bir saha çalışması. İletişim ve Diplomasi, (Kamu Diplomasisi ve Ülke Markalama Özel Sayısı), 47-70.
  • Yaşar, H. İ., & Uğurhan, Y. Z. C. (2023). The use of Instagram as a public diplomacy tool: An analysis of consulates in Turkey. In E. Köksoy & S. Kavoğlu (Eds.), Public diplomacy from the Turkish perspective (pp. 181-207). Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing.
  • YEE (2021). Yunus Emre Enstitüsü 2020-2021 Faaliyet raporu. Retrieved from https://www.yee.org.tr/sites/default/files/yayin/2021_yillik_faaliyet_raporu.pdf Erişim T. 10 Ağustos 2025.
  • Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). New York: Sage.
  • YTB (2022). Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı, burs programları ve uluslararası öğrenciler raporu. Retrieved from https://www.tev.org.tr/kurumsal-rapor/tr/1/Faaliyet-Raporlari Erişim T. 11 Ağustos 2025.
  • Zaharna, R. S. (2010). Battles to bridges: U.S. strategic communication and public diplomacy after 9/11. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Communication Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İbrahim Halil Yaşar 0000-0002-1480-569X

Submission Date September 16, 2025
Acceptance Date October 27, 2025
Publication Date December 25, 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1785337
IZ https://izlik.org/JA73DR85JN
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 15

Cite

APA Yaşar, İ. H. (2025). Türkiye’s Public Diplomacy Tools in Central Asia: An Inter-Institutional Comparative Analysis. İletişim Ve Diplomasi, 15, 167-188. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1785337