Research Article

Akademik Erteleme: Ölçek Geliştirme ve Doğrulama

939 - 950, 08.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562076

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin akademik ertelemelerini
ölçmek için yenilikçi bir ölçek oluşturulması ve geçerliliğinin sağlanmasıdır.
Geliştirme ve doğrulama süreci farklı adımlarda gerçekleştirildi. Faktör
analizini yapmak için uygun örnekleme tekniği ile üç yüz yirmi iki öğrenci
seçildi. Verilerin analizi, akademik ertelemenin dört faktöre ayrılabileceğini
doğruladı: zaman yönetimi; görev isteksizliği; samimiyet; kişisel girişim.
Dahası, araştırmacı, yakınsama geçerliliği için kanıtlar buldu; bu, boyutların,
zaman yönetimi, görevden kaçınma, samimiyet ve kişisel inisiyatiflerin, toplam
akademik erteleme ölçeği puanıyla pozitif korelasyon gösterdiğini gösterdi. İç
tutarlılık endeksleri, alfa katsayısı (0.889) tüm akademik erteleme ölçeği için
yeterlidir. Sonunda sonuçlar, ölçeğin yeterli psikometrik özelliklere sahip
olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu nedenle, üniversite öğrencileri arasında akademik
ertelemeyi değerlendiren öz-denetim ölçeği olarak düşünülebilir.

References

  • Ackerman, D. S., & Gross, B. L. (2005). My instructor made me do it: Task characteristics of procrastination. Journal of Marketing Education, 27, 5-13. Akinsola, M. K., Tella, A., & Tella, A. (2007). Correlates of academic procrastination and mathematics achievement of university undergraduate students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 3(4). Alice, James.A., Null, & William (1985). The psychology of procrastination (overcoming procrastination). Translated by Mohammad Ali Farjad, 2006, the first edition, Roshd Publication. Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2009). Prevalence of academic procrastination behavior among pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory & Practice in Education (JTPE), 5(1). Balkis, M., Duru, E., & Duru, S. (2009). Prevalence of academic procrastination behavior among preservice teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5, 18-32. Bashir, L., & Gupta, S. A Deeper Look into the Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Academic Performance among University Students. Research Guru,12(3). Chase, L. (2003). Procrastination: the new master skill of time management. Agency Sales, 33(9), 60-60. Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis, second edition. London: Cassel Educational Limited. Choi, J. & Moran, S. (2009). Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 195-211. Chu, A., & Choi, J. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of “active” procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 245-264. Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research, 64-73. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J.W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 10(7), 1–9. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J.W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 10(7), 1–9. Dryden, W. (2012). Dealing with procrastination: The REBT approach and a demonstration session. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 264-281. Ellis, A. & Knaus, W.J. (2000).Overcoming Procrastination. New York: New American Library. Ferrari, J. R. (1991a). Self-handicapping by procrastinators: protecting self-esteem, social-esteem, or both?. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 245–261. Ferrari, J. R. (1991b). A preference for a favorable public impression by procrastinator: selecting among cognitive and social tasks. Personal and Individual Differences, 12, 1233–1237. Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination as self‐regulation failure of performance: effects of cognitive load, self‐awareness, and time limits on ‘working best under pressure’. European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 391-406. Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). "Procrastination research." Procrastination and task avoidance. Springer US, 21-46. Ferrari, J., & Pychyl, T. (2008).Procrastination: Current Issues and New Directions, 15, (5). Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In procrastination and task avoidance. Springer US, 113-136. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Cited in; Gliem, J. A. & Gilem, R. R. (2003). Paper Presented at the Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, October 8-10, 2003. Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory Factor Analysis: It’s Role in Item Analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(3), 532-560. Gupta, S., & Bashir, L. (2018). Social Networking Usage Questionnaire: Development and Validation in an Indian Higher Education Context. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(4), 214-227. Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. [Links]. Hair, J.F., Jr., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C. (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Haycock, L. A., McCarthy, P., & Skay, C. L. (1998). Procrastination in college students: the role of self-efficacy and anxiety. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, 317–324. Hinkin, T. R., Tracey, J. B., & Enz, C. A. (1997). Scale construction: Developing reliable and valid measurement instruments. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 21(1), 100-120. Hinkin, T.R. (1995). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1,104-121 Hooda, M., & Saini, A. (2016) Academic Procrastination, A critical issue for consideration, 6(8). Hoover, E. (2005). The Chronicle of Higher Education. Ohio State University. Retrieved on September15,2008, from http://www.physics.ohiostate.edu/wilkins/writing/resources/essays/procrastination.html Janssen, T., & Carton, J. S. (1999). The effects of locus of control and task difficulty on procrastination. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160(4), 436-442. Joreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.7. Scientific Software International Inc., Chicago, IL. Kelley, T. L. (1939). The selection of upper and lower groups for the validation of test items. Journal of Educational Psychology, 30(1), 17-24. Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575. Lay, C. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 474-495. Lay, C. H. (1995). Trait procrastination, agitation, dejection, and self-discrepancy. In Procrastination and Task Avoidance (pp. 97-112). Springer US. Letham, S. (2004,). The Procrastination Problem. Retrieved on December 21, 2009, from: www.successconsciousness.com Likert, R. A. (1932). A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 140, 55. Milgram, N. A. (1991). Procrastination. Encyclopedia of human biology, 6, 149-155. Milgram, N. A., & Toubiana, Y. (1999). Academic anxiety, academic procrastination, and parental involvement in students and their parents. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(3), 345–361. Milgram, N. A., Marshevsky, S., & Sadeh, C. (1995). Correlates of academic procrastination: discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capabilities. The Journal of Psychology, 129(2), 145–155. Morelli, G. (2008). The spiritual roots of procrastination. Retrieved on January 5, 2010, from http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles 6/morelliprocrastination.php Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Academic procrastination and statistics anxiety. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(1), 3-19. Overbeek, G., Ha, T., Scholte, R., de Kemp, R., & Engels, R. C. (2007). Brief report: Intimacy, passion, and commitment in romantic relationships—Validation of a ‘triangular love scale’for adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 30(3), 523-528. Ozer, B., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. (2009) Exploring Academic Procrastination among Turkish Students: Possible Gender Differences in Prevalence and Reasons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 241-257. Popoola, B. I. (2005). A study of the relationship between procrastinatory behavior and academic performance of undergraduate students in a Nigerian university. African Symposium: An Online Journal of Educational Research Network. In the African symposium: an on line journal of African educational research, 60. Rivait, L. (2007). What I Don’t Do In My Summer Vacations: Fighting Procrastination. Retrieved accessed on December 21, 2009, from Hhttp://www.past the pages.ca/feature.htmH Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(4), 387-394. Sadler, C. D., & Buley, J. (1999). Predictors of academic procrastination in college students. Psychological Reports, 84, 686–688. Sadler, C. D., & Sacks. (1993). Multidimensional perfectionism and academic procrastination: relationships with depression in university students. Psychological Reports, 73, 863–871. Schmitt, G. (2008). Three types of procrastination. Retrieved on October 16, 2008, from http://www.turnonto.wordpress.com/procrastinati on-2 Schouwenburg, H. C., & Lay, C. H. (1995). Trait procrastination and the Big-Five factors of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(4), 481–490. Schwab, D. P. (1980). Construct validity in organizational behavior. Research in organizational behavior, 2(1), 3-43. Sene´cal, C., Koestner, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 607–619. Senecal, C., Julien, E., & Guay, F. (2003). Role conflict and academic procrastination: A self-determination perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 135-145. Senécal, C., Julien, E., & Guay, F. (2003). Role conflict and academic procrastination: A self‐determination perspective. European journal of social psychology, 33(1), 135-145. Shah, A. S. (2000). Exploring the world of English: A Practical Course in Composition. Lahore: Markazi Kutub Khana. Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003). I'll look after my health, later”: An investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1167-1184. Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503-509. Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: frequency and cognitive behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503–509. Solomon, L., & Rothblum, E. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive- behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509. Stead, R., Shanahan, M. J. & Neufeld, R. W. J. (2010). I’ll go to therapy, eventually”: Procrastination, stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 175-180. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. Steel, P. (2008). Procrastination History. Retrieved from Hwww.procrastinus-history.htmH accessed on January 10, 2010. Streiner, D. L. (1994). Figuring out factors: The use and misuse of factor analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 135-140. Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics 3rd ed. HarperCollins College: New York, NY. Tuckman, B. (1991). The development and concurrent validity of the procrastination scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51, 473-480. Yong, F. L. (2010). A study on the assertiveness and academic procrastination of English and communication students at a private university. American Journal of Scientific Research, 9, 62-71.

Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation

939 - 950, 08.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562076

Abstract

The present study was intended to construct and
validate the innovative scale to measure the academic procrastination of
university students. The development and validation process was carried out in
different steps. Three hundred twenty two students were selected via convenient
sampling technique for carrying out the factor analysis. The results of
exploratory factor analysis verified that academic procrastination can be
decomposed into four factors viz: time management; task aversiveness;
sincerity; personal initiative. Furthermore, investigator found evidence for
convergent validity, showing that dimensions viz: time management, task
aversiveness, sincerity and personal initiative were positively correlated with
total score of academic procrastination scale. The internal consistency
indices, alpha coefficient (0.889) is adequate for the entire academic
procrastination scale. So finally results revealed that the scale possesses
adequate psychometric properties. Hence it could be considered the self-administered
scale assessing academic procrastination among university students.

References

  • Ackerman, D. S., & Gross, B. L. (2005). My instructor made me do it: Task characteristics of procrastination. Journal of Marketing Education, 27, 5-13. Akinsola, M. K., Tella, A., & Tella, A. (2007). Correlates of academic procrastination and mathematics achievement of university undergraduate students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 3(4). Alice, James.A., Null, & William (1985). The psychology of procrastination (overcoming procrastination). Translated by Mohammad Ali Farjad, 2006, the first edition, Roshd Publication. Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2009). Prevalence of academic procrastination behavior among pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory & Practice in Education (JTPE), 5(1). Balkis, M., Duru, E., & Duru, S. (2009). Prevalence of academic procrastination behavior among preservice teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5, 18-32. Bashir, L., & Gupta, S. A Deeper Look into the Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Academic Performance among University Students. Research Guru,12(3). Chase, L. (2003). Procrastination: the new master skill of time management. Agency Sales, 33(9), 60-60. Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis, second edition. London: Cassel Educational Limited. Choi, J. & Moran, S. (2009). Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 195-211. Chu, A., & Choi, J. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of “active” procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 245-264. Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research, 64-73. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J.W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 10(7), 1–9. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J.W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 10(7), 1–9. Dryden, W. (2012). Dealing with procrastination: The REBT approach and a demonstration session. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 264-281. Ellis, A. & Knaus, W.J. (2000).Overcoming Procrastination. New York: New American Library. Ferrari, J. R. (1991a). Self-handicapping by procrastinators: protecting self-esteem, social-esteem, or both?. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 245–261. Ferrari, J. R. (1991b). A preference for a favorable public impression by procrastinator: selecting among cognitive and social tasks. Personal and Individual Differences, 12, 1233–1237. Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination as self‐regulation failure of performance: effects of cognitive load, self‐awareness, and time limits on ‘working best under pressure’. European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 391-406. Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). "Procrastination research." Procrastination and task avoidance. Springer US, 21-46. Ferrari, J., & Pychyl, T. (2008).Procrastination: Current Issues and New Directions, 15, (5). Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In procrastination and task avoidance. Springer US, 113-136. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Cited in; Gliem, J. A. & Gilem, R. R. (2003). Paper Presented at the Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, October 8-10, 2003. Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory Factor Analysis: It’s Role in Item Analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(3), 532-560. Gupta, S., & Bashir, L. (2018). Social Networking Usage Questionnaire: Development and Validation in an Indian Higher Education Context. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(4), 214-227. Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. [Links]. Hair, J.F., Jr., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C. (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Haycock, L. A., McCarthy, P., & Skay, C. L. (1998). Procrastination in college students: the role of self-efficacy and anxiety. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, 317–324. Hinkin, T. R., Tracey, J. B., & Enz, C. A. (1997). Scale construction: Developing reliable and valid measurement instruments. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 21(1), 100-120. Hinkin, T.R. (1995). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1,104-121 Hooda, M., & Saini, A. (2016) Academic Procrastination, A critical issue for consideration, 6(8). Hoover, E. (2005). The Chronicle of Higher Education. Ohio State University. Retrieved on September15,2008, from http://www.physics.ohiostate.edu/wilkins/writing/resources/essays/procrastination.html Janssen, T., & Carton, J. S. (1999). The effects of locus of control and task difficulty on procrastination. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160(4), 436-442. Joreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.7. Scientific Software International Inc., Chicago, IL. Kelley, T. L. (1939). The selection of upper and lower groups for the validation of test items. Journal of Educational Psychology, 30(1), 17-24. Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575. Lay, C. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 474-495. Lay, C. H. (1995). Trait procrastination, agitation, dejection, and self-discrepancy. In Procrastination and Task Avoidance (pp. 97-112). Springer US. Letham, S. (2004,). The Procrastination Problem. Retrieved on December 21, 2009, from: www.successconsciousness.com Likert, R. A. (1932). A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 140, 55. Milgram, N. A. (1991). Procrastination. Encyclopedia of human biology, 6, 149-155. Milgram, N. A., & Toubiana, Y. (1999). Academic anxiety, academic procrastination, and parental involvement in students and their parents. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(3), 345–361. Milgram, N. A., Marshevsky, S., & Sadeh, C. (1995). Correlates of academic procrastination: discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capabilities. The Journal of Psychology, 129(2), 145–155. Morelli, G. (2008). The spiritual roots of procrastination. Retrieved on January 5, 2010, from http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles 6/morelliprocrastination.php Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Academic procrastination and statistics anxiety. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(1), 3-19. Overbeek, G., Ha, T., Scholte, R., de Kemp, R., & Engels, R. C. (2007). Brief report: Intimacy, passion, and commitment in romantic relationships—Validation of a ‘triangular love scale’for adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 30(3), 523-528. Ozer, B., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. (2009) Exploring Academic Procrastination among Turkish Students: Possible Gender Differences in Prevalence and Reasons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 241-257. Popoola, B. I. (2005). A study of the relationship between procrastinatory behavior and academic performance of undergraduate students in a Nigerian university. African Symposium: An Online Journal of Educational Research Network. In the African symposium: an on line journal of African educational research, 60. Rivait, L. (2007). What I Don’t Do In My Summer Vacations: Fighting Procrastination. Retrieved accessed on December 21, 2009, from Hhttp://www.past the pages.ca/feature.htmH Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(4), 387-394. Sadler, C. D., & Buley, J. (1999). Predictors of academic procrastination in college students. Psychological Reports, 84, 686–688. Sadler, C. D., & Sacks. (1993). Multidimensional perfectionism and academic procrastination: relationships with depression in university students. Psychological Reports, 73, 863–871. Schmitt, G. (2008). Three types of procrastination. Retrieved on October 16, 2008, from http://www.turnonto.wordpress.com/procrastinati on-2 Schouwenburg, H. C., & Lay, C. H. (1995). Trait procrastination and the Big-Five factors of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(4), 481–490. Schwab, D. P. (1980). Construct validity in organizational behavior. Research in organizational behavior, 2(1), 3-43. Sene´cal, C., Koestner, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 607–619. Senecal, C., Julien, E., & Guay, F. (2003). Role conflict and academic procrastination: A self-determination perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 135-145. Senécal, C., Julien, E., & Guay, F. (2003). Role conflict and academic procrastination: A self‐determination perspective. European journal of social psychology, 33(1), 135-145. Shah, A. S. (2000). Exploring the world of English: A Practical Course in Composition. Lahore: Markazi Kutub Khana. Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003). I'll look after my health, later”: An investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1167-1184. Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503-509. Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: frequency and cognitive behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503–509. Solomon, L., & Rothblum, E. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive- behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509. Stead, R., Shanahan, M. J. & Neufeld, R. W. J. (2010). I’ll go to therapy, eventually”: Procrastination, stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 175-180. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. Steel, P. (2008). Procrastination History. Retrieved from Hwww.procrastinus-history.htmH accessed on January 10, 2010. Streiner, D. L. (1994). Figuring out factors: The use and misuse of factor analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 135-140. Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics 3rd ed. HarperCollins College: New York, NY. Tuckman, B. (1991). The development and concurrent validity of the procrastination scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51, 473-480. Yong, F. L. (2010). A study on the assertiveness and academic procrastination of English and communication students at a private university. American Journal of Scientific Research, 9, 62-71.
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Details

Primary Language English
Authors

Liyaqat Bashir This is me 0000-0002-0272-9423

Savita Gupta This is me 0000-0001-6458-0460

Publication Date May 8, 2019

Cite

APA Bashir, L., & Gupta, S. (n.d.). Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation. İlköğretim Online939-950. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562076
AMA Bashir L, Gupta S. Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation. İOO.:939-950. doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562076
Chicago Bashir, Liyaqat, and Savita Gupta. “Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation”. İlköğretim Onlinen.d., 939-50. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562076.
EndNote Bashir L, Gupta S Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation. İlköğretim Online 939–950.
IEEE L. Bashir and S. Gupta, “Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation”, İOO, pp. 939–950, doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562076.
ISNAD Bashir, Liyaqat - Gupta, Savita. “Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation”. İlköğretim Online. n.d. 939-950. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562076.
JAMA Bashir L, Gupta S. Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation. İOO.;:939–950.
MLA Bashir, Liyaqat and Savita Gupta. “Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation”. İlköğretim Online, pp. 939-50, doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562076.
Vancouver Bashir L, Gupta S. Measuring Academic Procrastination: Scale Development and Validation. İOO. :939-50.