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<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>innai</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Innovative Artificial Intelligence</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">3062-4223</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Dokuz Eylul University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Artificial Life and Complex Adaptive Systems</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yapay Yaşam ve Karmaşık Uyarlanabilir Sistemler</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Hiyerarşik Toplayıcı Kümeleme Kullanılarak Duygusal Fizyolojik Durumların Gözetimsiz Keşfi</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Unsupervised Discovery of Affective Physiological States using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0009-3091</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Arya</surname>
                                    <given-names>Helen</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7057-9296</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Arya</surname>
                                    <given-names>Muhammad</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EGE TIP FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250531">
                    <day>05</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>1</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>39</fpage>
                                        <lpage>46</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250419">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>19</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250521">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>21</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2025, Innovative Artificial Intelligence</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Innovative Artificial Intelligence</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Fizyolojik sinyallerle otomatik duygu durumu tanıma hayati önem taşımaktadır, ancak Wearable Stress and Affect Detection (WESAD) gibi etiketlenmiş veri setleri üzerindeki denetimli öğrenme, altta yatan nüansları gözden kaçırabilir. Bu çalışma, 15 WESAD denekinden alınan göğüs sensörü verilerindeki (EKG, EDA, RESP, TEMP) içsel yapıları keşfetmek için Ward bağlantılı denetimsiz Hiyerarşik Yığılmalı Kümeleme (HAC) yöntemini kullanmıştır. NeuroKit2 aracılığıyla türetilen ayrıntılı Kalp Hızı Değişkenliği (HRV) metriklerini içeren kapsamlı öznitelikler çıkarılmıştır. Standartlaştırılmış özniteliklere HAC uygulanmış ve EDA, sıcaklık, solunum ve temel HRV indekslerindeki (örn. RMSSD, LF/HF oranı) benzersiz çok değişkenli imzalarla tanımlanan dört ayrı küme elde edilmiştir. Veriye dayalı bu kümeler, orijinal WESAD deneysel etiketleriyle (bazal, stres, eğlence, meditasyon) kısmi uyum göstermiş ancak aynı zamanda önemli farklılıklar sergileyerek önceden tanımlanmış koşullar içindeki fizyolojik heterojenliği ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bulgular, potansiyel olarak farklı otonom sinir sistemi durumlarını (örn. stres, rahatlama/ilgi, uyanık dinlenme) temsil eden fizyolojik olarak yorumlanabilir kümelerin belirlenmesinde HAC&#039;nin etkinliğini göstermektedir. Bu durum, denetimsiz öğrenmenin duyuşsal bilişimde denetimli yöntemleri tamamlamadaki değerini vurgulamakta, deneysel etiketlerin ötesinde fizyolojik durum taksonomilerinin veriye dayalı keşfine olanak tanımakta ve ruh sağlığı takibi ile uyarlanabilir insan-bilgisayar etkileşimi için daha incelikli yapay zeka araçlarının geliştirilmesine yönelik değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Automated physiological affect recognition is vital, but supervised learning on labeled datasets like Wearable Stress and Affect Detection (WESAD) may miss underlying nuances. This study used unsupervised Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) with Ward&#039;s linkage to explore inherent structures in chest-worn sensor data (ECG, EDA, RESP, TEMP) from 15 WESAD subjects. Comprehensive features, including detailed Heart Rate Variability (HRV) metrics derived via NeuroKit2, were extracted. HAC was applied to standardized features, yielding four distinct clusters defined by unique multivariate signatures in EDA, temperature, respiration, and key HRV indices (e.g., RMSSD, LF/HF ratio). These data-driven clusters showed partial alignment but also significant divergence from original WESAD experimental labels (baseline, stress, amusement, meditation), revealing physiological heterogeneity within predefined conditions. Findings demonstrate HAC&#039;s efficacy in identifying physiologically interpretable clusters potentially representing distinct autonomic nervous system states (e.g., stress, relaxation/engagement, alert rest). This underscores the value of unsupervised learning for complementing supervised methods in affective computing, enabling data-driven discovery of physiological state taxonomies beyond experimental labels and offering valuable insights for developing more nuanced AI-driven tools for mental health monitoring and adaptive human-computer interaction.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Affective Computing</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Unsupervised Learning</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  WESAD Dataset</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Physiological Signals</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Heart Rate Variability (HRV)</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Duygusal Hesaplama</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Gözetimsiz Öğrenme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hiyerarşik Kümelemeli Kümeleme (HAC)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  WESAD Veri Seti</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Fizyolojik Sinyaller</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kalp Hızı Değişkenliği (HRV)</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">&quot;This article has no conflicts of interest with any individual or institution.&quot;</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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    </article>
