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Devletler Sistemini Yeniden Düşünmek: Klasik Vestfalyan Devletten Neovestfalyan Devlete

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 235 - 265, 07.03.2021

Abstract

Birleşmiş Milletler düzeni, Klasik Vestfalyan devlet mantığı üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Dekolonizasyon sürecinde söz konusu düzen Batı’ya ait bir düzen olmaktan çıkarak küreselleşmiştir. Soğuk Savaş, Vestfalyan devleti temel ilke hâline getirerek kurumsallaştırmıştır. Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesinin ardından Doğu Bloku’nun dağılması, Afrika’daki barış ve güvenlik problemleri, insani krizlere karşı devletlerin başarısızlığı, Klasik Vestfalyan devletin üç temel ilkesi olan müdahalesizlik, egemen eşitlik ve ülkeselliği tartışmaya açmıştır. Klasik Vestfalyan devletin ortadan kalktığı, “Yeni Orta Çağ”a gelindiği tezleri ileri sürülmüştür.Bu makalenin tezi, Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde yavaş adımlarla ve kararlı biçimde Neovestfalyan olarak adlandırılabilecek bir devletler düzenine doğru ilerlendiğidir.

References

  • Adler, E. (1987). The power of ideology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Anderson, B. (2017). Sınırları aşarak yaşamak-bir sosyal bilimcinin yaşamından anılar. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Anderson, M. S. (1993). The rise of modern diplomacy 1450-1919. New York: Longman.
  • Anderson, P. (1974). Lineages of the absolute states. London: NLB.
  • Asch, R. G. (1997). The Thirty Years War, the Holy Roman Empire and Europe 1618-1648. New York: MacMillan Education.
  • Balibar, E. (1991). Es gibt keinen staat in Europa: Racism and politics in Europe today. New Left Review, 186.
  • Barraclough, G. (1984). The origins of modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Bonney, R. (1991). The European dynastic states: 1494-1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brown, L. R. (1973). World without borders. New York: Vintage.
  • Bull, H. (2002). The anarchical society: A study of order in world politics. New York, Palgrave.
  • Burckhardt, J. M. (1944). The civilization of the renaissance in Italy. Oxford, Phaidon Press.
  • Buzan, B. ve Hansen, L. (2009). The evolution of international security studies. Cambridge: University Press.
  • Calhoun, C. (1993). Nationalism and ethnicity. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 211-239.
  • Calvez, J.-Y. (1967). Üçüncü dünya milliyetçiliklerinin toplumsal ve iktisadi kökenleri. Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Köprü Yayınları, 29-44.
  • Caporaso, J. (1996). The European Union and forms of state: Westphalian, regulatory or postmodern? Journal of Common Market Studies, 34(1), 29-52.
  • Chatterjee, P. (1996). Milliyetçi düşünce ve sömürge dünyası. S. Oğuz (Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Croxton, D. (1999). The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the origins of sovereignty. International History Review, 21(3), 569-591.
  • Deutsch, K. (1981). The crisis of the state. Government and Opposition, 16, 331-343.
  • Dunn, R. (1970). The age of religious wars 1559-1689. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Elliott, J. H. (2009). Spain, Europe and the wider world 1500-1800. Yale University Press.
  • Falk, R. (2002). Revisiting Westphalia, discovering post-Westphalia. Journal of Ethics, 6, 311-352.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The end of history? The National Interest, 16, 3-18.
  • Gat, A. ve Jakobson, A. (2019). Uluslar, siyasi etnisite ve milliyetçiliğin uzun tarihi ve derin kökleri. Ş. Özcan (Çev.).
  • Gelber, H. (1997). Sovereignty through interdependence. London: Kluwer Law.
  • Gregg, H. (2018). Building the nation: Missed opportunities in Iraq and Afghanistan. University of Nebraska Press, Potomac Books.
  • Gross, L. (1948). The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948. American Journal of International Law, 42(1), 20-41.
  • Guibernau, M. (1997). 20. yüzyılda ulusal devlet ve milliyetçilikler. İstanbul: Sarmal Yayınları.
  • Hall, R. B. (1999). National collective identity: Social constructs and international systems. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2004). Multitude: War and democracy in the age of empire. London: Penguin Books.
  • Helman, G. ve Ratner, S. (1882/1993). Saving failed states. Foreign Policy, 89, 3-20.
  • Herz, J. (1976). The nation-state and the crisis of world politics. New York: McKay.
  • Holborn, H. (1983). A history of modern Germany, reformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1996). Devrimler çağı 1789-1948, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Ikenberry, J. (2001). After victory: Institutions, strategic restraint, and the rebuilding of order after major war. Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Ingrao, C. (2000). The Habsburg monarchy, 1618-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jackson, H. R. (1991). Quasi-states: Sovereignty, ınternational relations and the third world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kaplan, R. (2020). Coronavirus ushers in the globalization we were afraid of. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/ articles/2020-03-20/coronavirus-ushers-in-the-globalization-we-were-afraid-of?srnd=opinion adresinden 01.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Keohane, R. (1986). Neorealism and its critics. New York: Columbia University University.
  • Kirchner, E. (2007). Security governance in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(5), 947-968.
  • Kissinger, H. (1968). The white revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck. Daedalus, 97(3), 888-924.
  • Koslowski, R. (2000). Migrants and citizens-demographic change in the European state system. Cornell University Press.
  • Krahmann, E. (2003). Conceptualising security governance. Cooperation and Conflict, 38(1), 5-26.
  • Krasner, S. (1993). Westphalia and all that. J. Goldstein ve R. Keohane (Ed.). Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, institutions and political change içinde (ss. 253-264). Cornell University Press.
  • Krasner, S. (1995/1996). Compromising Westphalia. International Security, 20, 115-151.
  • Krasner, S. (1999). Sovereignty. Organized hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kratochwil, F. (1982). On the notion of “interest” in ınternational relations. International Organization, 36(1), 1-30.
  • Mansfield, E. ve Snyder, J. (1995). Democratization and the danger of war. International Security, 20(1), 5-38.
  • McNeill, H. W. (1978). Plagues and peoples. New York: Anchor Books.
  • Mearsheimer, J. (1990). Back to the future: Instability in Europe after the cold war. International Security, 15(1), 5-56.
  • Morgenthau, H. ve Thompson, K. W. (1985). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. New York: Knopf.
  • Newman, E. (2009). Failed states and international order: Constructing a post-Westphalian world. Contemporary Security Policy, 30(3), 421-443.
  • Nexon, D. (2009). The struggle for power in early modern Europe-religious conflict, dynastic empires, and international change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Nigro, L. (2012). Theory and practice of modern diplomacy: Origins and development to 1914. J. B. Bartholomees (Ed.). Theory of war and strategy içinde. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.
  • Osiander, A. (2001). Sovereignty, international relations, and the Westphalian myth. International Organization, 55(2), 251-287.
  • Philpott, D. (1999). Westphalia, authority, and international society. Political Studies, 47, 566-589.
  • Philpott, D. (2001). Revolutions in sovereignty: How ideas shaped modern international relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in time: History, institutions and social analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Poggi, G. (1978). The development of the modern state, a sociological introduction. Stanford University Press.
  • Posen, R. B. (2020). Do pandemics promote peace? Why sickness slows the march to war. https://www.foreignaffairs. com/articles/china/2020-04-23/do-pandemics-promote-peace adresinden 01.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Rieber, A. (2015). Nationalizing imperial armies: A comparative and transnational study of three empires. S. Berger ve A. Miller (Ed.). Nationalizing empires içinde. Central European University Press.
  • Rosenau, J. (1989). The state in an era of cascading politics. J. A. Caporaso (Ed.). The elusive state içinde. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Ruggie, J. G. (1993). Territoriality and beyond: Problematizing modernity in ınternational relations. International Organization, 47, 139-174.
  • Schmidt, G. (1998). The peace of Westphalia as the fundamental law of the complementary empire-state. K. Bussman ve H. Schilling (Ed.). 1648: War and peace in Europe içinde (ss. 447-454). Munster, Westfalisches Landesmuseum.
  • Schweller, R. L. (2006). Unanswered threats. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for profit: Bringing the revisionist state back in. International Security, 19(1), 72-107.
  • Scowcroft, B. (2012). A world in transformation. The National Interest, 119, 7-9.
  • Smith, A. (20109. Milli kimlik. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Sofka, J. (1989). Metternich’s theory of European order: A political agenda for ‘perpetual peace’. The Review of Politics, 60(1), 115-149.
  • Spruyt, H. (1994). The sovereign state and its competitors. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Stollberg-Rilinger, B. (2018). The Holy Roman Empire-a short history. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Taylor, P. J. (1994). The state as container: Territoriality in the modern world-system. Progress in Human Geography, 18(2), 151-162.
  • Taylor, P. J. ve Flint, C. (2018). Political geography, world economy, nation state and locality. London: Routladge.
  • Teschke, B. (2002). Theorizing the Westphalian system of states: International relations from absolutism to capitalism. European Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 5-48.
  • Tilly, C. (1990). Coercion, capital and European states AD 990-1990. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Tilly, C. (1975). The formation of national states in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Wallace, P. G. (2004). The long European reformation. New York: Palgrave.
  • Wallerstein, I. (2011). The modern world-system II: Mercantilism and the consolidation of the European world-economy, 1600-1750. University of California Press.
  • Walt, S. M. (1987). The origins of alliances. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of ınternational politics. New York, Addison-Wesley.
  • Waltz, K. (1993). The emerging structure of ınternational politics. International Security, 18(2), 45-73.
  • Waltz, K. (2000). Structural realism after Cold War. International Security, 25(1), 5-41.
  • Watson, A. (1992). The evolution of ınternational society, a comparative, historical analysis. London: Routladge.
  • Wedgwood, C. V. (1947). The thirty years’ war. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
  • Wendt, A. (1987). The agent-structure problem in international relations theory. International Organization, 41(3), 335-370.
  • Whitman, R. (2011). Normative power Europe: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Basingstoke, Palgrave.
  • Zielonka, J. (2013). The international system in Europe: Westphalian anarchy or medieval chaos? Journal of European Integration, 35(1), 1-18.
  • Zielonka, J. (2006). Europe as an empire: The nature of the enlarged European Union. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rethinking the States System: From the Classical Westphalian State to the Neo-Westphalian State

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 235 - 265, 07.03.2021

Abstract

The United Nations is grounded on the Westphalian state system. Throughout the de-colonizationperiod, the Organization ceased to be peculiar to the West only, and soon became the prevalent model in theentire globe. The Cold War also solidified and institutionalized the Westphalian State as the fundamentalprinciple in international relations. The end of the Cold War, however, along with the collapse of theEastern bloc, the challenges of peace and security in Africa, and the failure of the states in coping withhumanitarian crises increasingly made the three fundamental principles of Westphalian state, namely the“non-interventionism”, “sovereign-equality” and “territoriality” disputable among political scientists. Newapproaches and arguments on the end of the Classical Westphalian state and the emergence of a so-called“New Medieval Age” have widely been circulated. This paper alternatively suggests that, since the end of thecold war, the world politics has gradually and decisively been evolving into a system of states that could becalled Neo-Westphalian.

References

  • Adler, E. (1987). The power of ideology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Anderson, B. (2017). Sınırları aşarak yaşamak-bir sosyal bilimcinin yaşamından anılar. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Anderson, M. S. (1993). The rise of modern diplomacy 1450-1919. New York: Longman.
  • Anderson, P. (1974). Lineages of the absolute states. London: NLB.
  • Asch, R. G. (1997). The Thirty Years War, the Holy Roman Empire and Europe 1618-1648. New York: MacMillan Education.
  • Balibar, E. (1991). Es gibt keinen staat in Europa: Racism and politics in Europe today. New Left Review, 186.
  • Barraclough, G. (1984). The origins of modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Bonney, R. (1991). The European dynastic states: 1494-1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brown, L. R. (1973). World without borders. New York: Vintage.
  • Bull, H. (2002). The anarchical society: A study of order in world politics. New York, Palgrave.
  • Burckhardt, J. M. (1944). The civilization of the renaissance in Italy. Oxford, Phaidon Press.
  • Buzan, B. ve Hansen, L. (2009). The evolution of international security studies. Cambridge: University Press.
  • Calhoun, C. (1993). Nationalism and ethnicity. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 211-239.
  • Calvez, J.-Y. (1967). Üçüncü dünya milliyetçiliklerinin toplumsal ve iktisadi kökenleri. Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Köprü Yayınları, 29-44.
  • Caporaso, J. (1996). The European Union and forms of state: Westphalian, regulatory or postmodern? Journal of Common Market Studies, 34(1), 29-52.
  • Chatterjee, P. (1996). Milliyetçi düşünce ve sömürge dünyası. S. Oğuz (Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Croxton, D. (1999). The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the origins of sovereignty. International History Review, 21(3), 569-591.
  • Deutsch, K. (1981). The crisis of the state. Government and Opposition, 16, 331-343.
  • Dunn, R. (1970). The age of religious wars 1559-1689. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Elliott, J. H. (2009). Spain, Europe and the wider world 1500-1800. Yale University Press.
  • Falk, R. (2002). Revisiting Westphalia, discovering post-Westphalia. Journal of Ethics, 6, 311-352.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The end of history? The National Interest, 16, 3-18.
  • Gat, A. ve Jakobson, A. (2019). Uluslar, siyasi etnisite ve milliyetçiliğin uzun tarihi ve derin kökleri. Ş. Özcan (Çev.).
  • Gelber, H. (1997). Sovereignty through interdependence. London: Kluwer Law.
  • Gregg, H. (2018). Building the nation: Missed opportunities in Iraq and Afghanistan. University of Nebraska Press, Potomac Books.
  • Gross, L. (1948). The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948. American Journal of International Law, 42(1), 20-41.
  • Guibernau, M. (1997). 20. yüzyılda ulusal devlet ve milliyetçilikler. İstanbul: Sarmal Yayınları.
  • Hall, R. B. (1999). National collective identity: Social constructs and international systems. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2004). Multitude: War and democracy in the age of empire. London: Penguin Books.
  • Helman, G. ve Ratner, S. (1882/1993). Saving failed states. Foreign Policy, 89, 3-20.
  • Herz, J. (1976). The nation-state and the crisis of world politics. New York: McKay.
  • Holborn, H. (1983). A history of modern Germany, reformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1996). Devrimler çağı 1789-1948, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Ikenberry, J. (2001). After victory: Institutions, strategic restraint, and the rebuilding of order after major war. Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Ingrao, C. (2000). The Habsburg monarchy, 1618-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jackson, H. R. (1991). Quasi-states: Sovereignty, ınternational relations and the third world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kaplan, R. (2020). Coronavirus ushers in the globalization we were afraid of. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/ articles/2020-03-20/coronavirus-ushers-in-the-globalization-we-were-afraid-of?srnd=opinion adresinden 01.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Keohane, R. (1986). Neorealism and its critics. New York: Columbia University University.
  • Kirchner, E. (2007). Security governance in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(5), 947-968.
  • Kissinger, H. (1968). The white revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck. Daedalus, 97(3), 888-924.
  • Koslowski, R. (2000). Migrants and citizens-demographic change in the European state system. Cornell University Press.
  • Krahmann, E. (2003). Conceptualising security governance. Cooperation and Conflict, 38(1), 5-26.
  • Krasner, S. (1993). Westphalia and all that. J. Goldstein ve R. Keohane (Ed.). Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, institutions and political change içinde (ss. 253-264). Cornell University Press.
  • Krasner, S. (1995/1996). Compromising Westphalia. International Security, 20, 115-151.
  • Krasner, S. (1999). Sovereignty. Organized hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kratochwil, F. (1982). On the notion of “interest” in ınternational relations. International Organization, 36(1), 1-30.
  • Mansfield, E. ve Snyder, J. (1995). Democratization and the danger of war. International Security, 20(1), 5-38.
  • McNeill, H. W. (1978). Plagues and peoples. New York: Anchor Books.
  • Mearsheimer, J. (1990). Back to the future: Instability in Europe after the cold war. International Security, 15(1), 5-56.
  • Morgenthau, H. ve Thompson, K. W. (1985). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. New York: Knopf.
  • Newman, E. (2009). Failed states and international order: Constructing a post-Westphalian world. Contemporary Security Policy, 30(3), 421-443.
  • Nexon, D. (2009). The struggle for power in early modern Europe-religious conflict, dynastic empires, and international change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Nigro, L. (2012). Theory and practice of modern diplomacy: Origins and development to 1914. J. B. Bartholomees (Ed.). Theory of war and strategy içinde. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.
  • Osiander, A. (2001). Sovereignty, international relations, and the Westphalian myth. International Organization, 55(2), 251-287.
  • Philpott, D. (1999). Westphalia, authority, and international society. Political Studies, 47, 566-589.
  • Philpott, D. (2001). Revolutions in sovereignty: How ideas shaped modern international relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in time: History, institutions and social analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Poggi, G. (1978). The development of the modern state, a sociological introduction. Stanford University Press.
  • Posen, R. B. (2020). Do pandemics promote peace? Why sickness slows the march to war. https://www.foreignaffairs. com/articles/china/2020-04-23/do-pandemics-promote-peace adresinden 01.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Rieber, A. (2015). Nationalizing imperial armies: A comparative and transnational study of three empires. S. Berger ve A. Miller (Ed.). Nationalizing empires içinde. Central European University Press.
  • Rosenau, J. (1989). The state in an era of cascading politics. J. A. Caporaso (Ed.). The elusive state içinde. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Ruggie, J. G. (1993). Territoriality and beyond: Problematizing modernity in ınternational relations. International Organization, 47, 139-174.
  • Schmidt, G. (1998). The peace of Westphalia as the fundamental law of the complementary empire-state. K. Bussman ve H. Schilling (Ed.). 1648: War and peace in Europe içinde (ss. 447-454). Munster, Westfalisches Landesmuseum.
  • Schweller, R. L. (2006). Unanswered threats. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Schweller, R. L. (1994). Bandwagoning for profit: Bringing the revisionist state back in. International Security, 19(1), 72-107.
  • Scowcroft, B. (2012). A world in transformation. The National Interest, 119, 7-9.
  • Smith, A. (20109. Milli kimlik. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Sofka, J. (1989). Metternich’s theory of European order: A political agenda for ‘perpetual peace’. The Review of Politics, 60(1), 115-149.
  • Spruyt, H. (1994). The sovereign state and its competitors. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Stollberg-Rilinger, B. (2018). The Holy Roman Empire-a short history. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Taylor, P. J. (1994). The state as container: Territoriality in the modern world-system. Progress in Human Geography, 18(2), 151-162.
  • Taylor, P. J. ve Flint, C. (2018). Political geography, world economy, nation state and locality. London: Routladge.
  • Teschke, B. (2002). Theorizing the Westphalian system of states: International relations from absolutism to capitalism. European Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 5-48.
  • Tilly, C. (1990). Coercion, capital and European states AD 990-1990. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Tilly, C. (1975). The formation of national states in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Wallace, P. G. (2004). The long European reformation. New York: Palgrave.
  • Wallerstein, I. (2011). The modern world-system II: Mercantilism and the consolidation of the European world-economy, 1600-1750. University of California Press.
  • Walt, S. M. (1987). The origins of alliances. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of ınternational politics. New York, Addison-Wesley.
  • Waltz, K. (1993). The emerging structure of ınternational politics. International Security, 18(2), 45-73.
  • Waltz, K. (2000). Structural realism after Cold War. International Security, 25(1), 5-41.
  • Watson, A. (1992). The evolution of ınternational society, a comparative, historical analysis. London: Routladge.
  • Wedgwood, C. V. (1947). The thirty years’ war. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
  • Wendt, A. (1987). The agent-structure problem in international relations theory. International Organization, 41(3), 335-370.
  • Whitman, R. (2011). Normative power Europe: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Basingstoke, Palgrave.
  • Zielonka, J. (2013). The international system in Europe: Westphalian anarchy or medieval chaos? Journal of European Integration, 35(1), 1-18.
  • Zielonka, J. (2006). Europe as an empire: The nature of the enlarged European Union. New York: Oxford University Press.
There are 87 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Öner Buçukcu This is me

Publication Date March 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Buçukcu, Ö. (2021). Devletler Sistemini Yeniden Düşünmek: Klasik Vestfalyan Devletten Neovestfalyan Devlete. İnsan Ve Toplum, 11(1), 235-265.