<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>interdiscip med j</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Interdisciplinary Medical Journal</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2980-1915</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Hatay Mustafa Kemal University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17944/interdiscip.1748977</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Paediatrics (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Evaluation of pediatric drowning cases presenting to the emergency department</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3115-3195</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yarar</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nuriye</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Arsuz Devlet Hastanesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7489-0136</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Dönger</surname>
                                    <given-names>Utku</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Defne Devlet Hastanesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260416">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>16</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>17</volume>
                                        <issue>57</issue>
                                        <fpage>73</fpage>
                                        <lpage>77</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250725">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>25</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260315">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2023, Interdisciplinary Medical Journal</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Interdisciplinary Medical Journal</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Objective: Pediatric drowning remains a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the demographic characteristics, clinical findings, and factors associated with poor outcomes in children presenting to the emergency department with drowning.Methods: The medical records of children younger than 18 years who were presented to the emergency department or were transported by emergency medical services between January 2023 and June 2025 were retrospectively reviewed. Collected variables included demographic features, drowning environment, presenting symptoms, laboratory findings, need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and clinical outcomes. Patients were categorized into good outcome (discharge) and poor outcome (pediatric intensive care unit transfer or death), and comparisons were performed using Fisher’s exact test.Results: Twelve pediatric drowning cases were identified (mean age 101.6 ± 50.4 months; mean weight 30.5 ± 17.0 kg). Males accounted for 83.3% of patients. Eleven incidents (91.7%) occurred in salt water and one (8.3%) in fresh water. At presentation, half of the patients were asymptomatic, while 50% had respiratory distress and 16.7% required CPR. Seven patients (58.3%) were discharged, three (25%) were transferred to pediatric intensive care, and two (16.7%) died. Respiratory distress at admission and abnormal biochemical findings were significantly associated with poor outcomes (p=0.015 and p=0.028, respectively).Conclusion: Pediatric drownings in our region mainly affected boys and occurred in saltwater. Early respiratory and laboratory abnormalities may help identify children at risk for intensive care. Prevention and early intervention remain crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>pediatric drowning</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  emergency department</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  salt water drowning</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  cardiopulmonary resuscitation</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erdem A, Toklucu M, Araz C, Nizamoğlu M, Pala E, Özer R, et al. Evaluation of Drowning Cases Admitted to Pediatric Emergency Department. Med J Haydarpaşa Numune Train Res Hosp. 2016;56:78-80.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ashraf L, Zia N, Vincenten J, Mackay JM, Agrawal P, Green A, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent drowning among children under age 20 years: a global scoping review. Front Public Health. 2024;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1467478</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ruilin M, Jiarong S. Effect of integrated intervention to prevent child drowning in rural areas of Guangdong, China: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Injury Prev. 2024;30(Suppl 1):A124-A125. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2024-SAFETY.297</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Iftekhar YI, Williams D, Ayers N, Rahman A. Integrating community engagement with lifeguard services in Bangladesh: a holistic approach to drowning prevention. Injury Prev. 2024;30(Suppl 1):A123. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2024-SAFETY.293</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lakadamyali H, Doğan T. Investigation of drowning cases in a tourism region of Turkey. Turk Klin J Med Sci. 2008;28:143-148.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Modell JH, Moyo F. Effects of volume of aspirated fluid during chlorinated fresh water drowning. Anesthesiology. 1966;27(5):662-672. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-196609000-00018</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arıca V, Dağ H, Kalçın S, Kök S, Bölük K, Doğan M. An Update On Drowning in Children. Med J Mustafa Kemal Univ. 2015;4(15):33-38.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ross F, Elliott E, Lam L, Cass D. Children under 5 years presenting to paediatricians with near drowning. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003;39(6):446-450. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00186.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Niamsanit S, Uppala R, Sitthikarnkha P, Techasatian L, Saengnipanthkul S, Thepsuthammarat K, et al. The epidemiology and outcomes of hospitalized drowning in Thai children: a national data analysis 2015-2019.
Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2024;32(1):98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-024-01270-6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güzel A, Duran L, Paksu S, Akdemir HU, Paksu MŞ, Katı C, et al. Drowning and near drowning: experience of a university hospital in the Black Sea region. Turk J Pediatr. 2013;55(6):620-627.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mosayebi Z, Movahedian AH, Mousavi GA. Drowning in children in Iran: outcomes and prognostic factors. Med J Malaysia. 2011;66(3):187-190.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nahar K, Begum F, Chowdhury MJBA, Alam MS. Socio demographic characteristics of drowning in children admitted in a medical college hospital. IAHS Med J. 2022;5(1):38-44. https://doi.org/10.3329/iahsmj.v5i1.65799</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miller A, Anderson K, Ramos W. Barriers: location, functionality, and method of access in childhood pool/spa submersion incidents, United States, 2000-2017. Int J Aquat Res Educ. 2024;14(3). https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.14.03.04</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Burford AE, Ryan LM, Stone BJ, Hirshon JM, Klein BL. Drowning and near drowning in children and adolescents. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005;21(9):610-616. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pec.0000177204.21774.35</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şık N, Şenol HB, Öztürk A, Yılmaz D, Duman M. A reappraisal of childhood drowning in a pediatric emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;41:90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.059</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Szpilman D, Bierens JJLM, Handley AJ, Orlowski JP. Drowning. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2102-2110. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1013317</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK. Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics. 1990;86(4):586-593. PMID: 2216625.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
