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Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 411 - 420, 17.12.2017

Abstract

The purpose of
this study was to examine the effect of fatigue due to uphill on the kick
double pole technique. Ten young male subjects volunteered to study. Subjects’
cross country sprint times were taken using a kick double pole technique with
maximum effort for 1 km in a climbing course with an average slope of 4%. In
accordance with these measured times, a separate average speed for each subject
was modified, and the subjects were tested on the treadmill at these specified
speeds, with the same duration, slope, and technique. Each participant was
asked to perform three trials with half an hour between them. Kinematic data
were obtained using a three-dimensional motion capture system (Vicon Peak,
Oxford, UK). Statistical analysis was performed by separating the variables
into 3 separate groups: a) periods of time b) distance data c) joint angles. In
conclusion, in kinematic data analyzed according to the fatigue of climb, there
was a significant difference between the duration of the poling times, duration
of the first cycles with the left leg propulsion and the last cycles, and the
duration of the first cycles with the right leg propulsion and left leg
propulsion. Significant differences were found in the hip, shoulder, elbow and
trunk angles. Significant differences were also found among all the identified
distances.

References

  • Göpfert C, Holmberg HC, Stöggl T, Müller E, Lindinger SJ (2013). Biomechanical characteristics and speed adaptation during kick double poling on roller skis in elite cross-country skiers. Sports biomechanics, 12(2), 154-174.
  • Holmberg HC (2005). Physiology of cross-country skiing – With special emphasis on the role of the upper body (Doctoral dissertation). Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
  • Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, Eitzlmair E, Muller E (2005). Biomechanical analysis of double poling in elite cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 807–818.
  • Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, Bjorklund G, Muller E (2006). Contribution of the legs to double-poling performance in elite cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, 1853–1860.
  • Lindinger SJ, Stöggl T, Müller E, Holmberg HC (2009a). Control of speed during the double poling technique performed by elite cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 210–220.
  • Lindinger SJ, Göpfert C, Stöggl T, Müller E, Holmberg HC (2009b). Biomechanical pole and leg characteristics during uphill diagonal roller skiing. Sports Biomechanics, 8, 318–333.
  • Losnegard T, Myklebust H, Skattebo Ø, Stadheim HK, Sandbakk Ø, Hallén J (2017). The Influence of Pole Length on Performance, O2- Cost and Kinematics in Double Poling. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(2): 211-217.
  • Mikkola JS, Rusko HK, Nummela AT, Paavolainen LM, Hakkinen K (2007). Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training increases activation and fast force production of leg extensor muscles in endurance athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21, 613–620.
  • Mikkola J, Laaksonen MS, Holmberg HC, Nummela A, Linnamo V (2013). Changes in performance and poling kinetics during cross-country sprint skiing competition using the double-poling technique. Sports biomechanics, 12(4), 355-364.
  • Saltin B (1997). The physiology of competitive c.c. skiing across a four decade perspective; with a note on training induced adaptations and role of training at medium altitude. In ESH Müller, E Kornexl, C Raschner (Eds.), Science and skiing (pp. 435–469). Cambridge: Chapman & Hall.
  • Smith GA, Fewster JB, Braudt SM (1996). Double poling kinematics and performance in cross-country skiing. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12, 88–103.
  • Smith GA (2002). Biomechanics of cross country skiing. In H. Rusko (Ed.), Cross country skiing: Olympic handbook of sports medicine (pp. 32–61). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Stöggl T, Lindinger S, Müller E (2007). Analysis of a simulated sprint competition in classical cross country skiing. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 17(4), 362-372.
  • Stöggl T, Müller E, Lindinger S (2008). Biomechanical comparison of the double-push technique and the conventional skate skiing technique in cross-country sprint skiing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1225–1233.
  • Stöggl T, Müller E (2009). Kinematic determinants and physiological response of cross-country skiing at maximal speed. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 1476–1487.
  • Vesterinen V, Mikkola J, Nummela A, Hynynen E, Hakkinen K (2009). Fatigue in asimulated crosscountry skiing sprint competition. Journal of Sports Science, 27, 1069–1077.
  • Woltring HJ (1986). A FORTAN package for generalized cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Advances Engineering Software, 8, 104-113.
  • Zory R, Millet G, Schena F, Bortolan L, Rouard A (2006). Fatigue induced by a cross-country skiing KO sprint. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, 2144–2150.
  • Zory R, Vuillerme N, Pellegrini B, Schena F, Rouard A (2009). Effect of fatigue on double pole kinematics in sprint cross-country skiing. Human Movement Science, 28, 85–98.
Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 411 - 420, 17.12.2017

Abstract

References

  • Göpfert C, Holmberg HC, Stöggl T, Müller E, Lindinger SJ (2013). Biomechanical characteristics and speed adaptation during kick double poling on roller skis in elite cross-country skiers. Sports biomechanics, 12(2), 154-174.
  • Holmberg HC (2005). Physiology of cross-country skiing – With special emphasis on the role of the upper body (Doctoral dissertation). Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
  • Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, Eitzlmair E, Muller E (2005). Biomechanical analysis of double poling in elite cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 807–818.
  • Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, Bjorklund G, Muller E (2006). Contribution of the legs to double-poling performance in elite cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, 1853–1860.
  • Lindinger SJ, Stöggl T, Müller E, Holmberg HC (2009a). Control of speed during the double poling technique performed by elite cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 210–220.
  • Lindinger SJ, Göpfert C, Stöggl T, Müller E, Holmberg HC (2009b). Biomechanical pole and leg characteristics during uphill diagonal roller skiing. Sports Biomechanics, 8, 318–333.
  • Losnegard T, Myklebust H, Skattebo Ø, Stadheim HK, Sandbakk Ø, Hallén J (2017). The Influence of Pole Length on Performance, O2- Cost and Kinematics in Double Poling. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(2): 211-217.
  • Mikkola JS, Rusko HK, Nummela AT, Paavolainen LM, Hakkinen K (2007). Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training increases activation and fast force production of leg extensor muscles in endurance athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21, 613–620.
  • Mikkola J, Laaksonen MS, Holmberg HC, Nummela A, Linnamo V (2013). Changes in performance and poling kinetics during cross-country sprint skiing competition using the double-poling technique. Sports biomechanics, 12(4), 355-364.
  • Saltin B (1997). The physiology of competitive c.c. skiing across a four decade perspective; with a note on training induced adaptations and role of training at medium altitude. In ESH Müller, E Kornexl, C Raschner (Eds.), Science and skiing (pp. 435–469). Cambridge: Chapman & Hall.
  • Smith GA, Fewster JB, Braudt SM (1996). Double poling kinematics and performance in cross-country skiing. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12, 88–103.
  • Smith GA (2002). Biomechanics of cross country skiing. In H. Rusko (Ed.), Cross country skiing: Olympic handbook of sports medicine (pp. 32–61). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Stöggl T, Lindinger S, Müller E (2007). Analysis of a simulated sprint competition in classical cross country skiing. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 17(4), 362-372.
  • Stöggl T, Müller E, Lindinger S (2008). Biomechanical comparison of the double-push technique and the conventional skate skiing technique in cross-country sprint skiing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1225–1233.
  • Stöggl T, Müller E (2009). Kinematic determinants and physiological response of cross-country skiing at maximal speed. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 1476–1487.
  • Vesterinen V, Mikkola J, Nummela A, Hynynen E, Hakkinen K (2009). Fatigue in asimulated crosscountry skiing sprint competition. Journal of Sports Science, 27, 1069–1077.
  • Woltring HJ (1986). A FORTAN package for generalized cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Advances Engineering Software, 8, 104-113.
  • Zory R, Millet G, Schena F, Bortolan L, Rouard A (2006). Fatigue induced by a cross-country skiing KO sprint. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, 2144–2150.
  • Zory R, Vuillerme N, Pellegrini B, Schena F, Rouard A (2009). Effect of fatigue on double pole kinematics in sprint cross-country skiing. Human Movement Science, 28, 85–98.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Günay

Elif Öz This is me

İmdat Yarım

Ebru Çetin

Publication Date December 17, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 5 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Günay, M., Öz, E., Yarım, İ., Çetin, E. (2017). Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 5(4), 411-420.
AMA Günay M, Öz E, Yarım İ, Çetin E. Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers. IntJSCS. December 2017;5(4):411-420.
Chicago Günay, Mehmet, Elif Öz, İmdat Yarım, and Ebru Çetin. “Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers”. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science 5, no. 4 (December 2017): 411-20.
EndNote Günay M, Öz E, Yarım İ, Çetin E (December 1, 2017) Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science 5 4 411–420.
IEEE M. Günay, E. Öz, İ. Yarım, and E. Çetin, “Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers”, IntJSCS, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 411–420, 2017.
ISNAD Günay, Mehmet et al. “Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers”. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science 5/4 (December 2017), 411-420.
JAMA Günay M, Öz E, Yarım İ, Çetin E. Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers. IntJSCS. 2017;5:411–420.
MLA Günay, Mehmet et al. “Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers”. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, vol. 5, no. 4, 2017, pp. 411-20.
Vancouver Günay M, Öz E, Yarım İ, Çetin E. Effects of Fatigue Related to Uphill on Kick Double Pole Kinematics of Young Cross Country Skiers. IntJSCS. 2017;5(4):411-20.
IntJSCS is published by International Science Culture and Sport Association (ISCSA).