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The Physical Characteristics of Elite Female Figure Skaters

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 342 - 353, 15.09.2021

Abstract

The physical characteristics of high-level athletes differ in each sport, and coaches and athletes have a tendency to these traits. In this study, the physical characteristics of figure skaters (N=22) were examined. Anthropometric measurements were taken in accordance with ISAK protocol. Variables that were derived from anthropometric measurements and somatotype components of the athletes were calculated. Descriptive statistics analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS 25.0 statistics program. Percentage increase amounts were calculated in age groups and significant increase rates were examined. Body weight (BW), biceps, iliac crest, suprasipinale, abdominal, front tight skinfold thickness (ST), Σ6 and Σ8 between Groups I and II; biceps ST between Groups II and III; BW, subscapular, iliac crest, suprasipinale, abdominal ST and Trunk/Extremity ratio between Groups III and IV; BW, biceps, medial calf ST between Groups IV and V showed changes of 20% and more. In Groups II and IV an increase was observed in more parameters and ST values. In arm girth measurements were observed a change of 15.5% in groups III, IV and in other girth measurements were observed a change of 10% between age groups. In breadth measurement values, the most significant change was seen between Groups IV and V (12-16%). Somatotype components were determined 2.3-3.2-3.4 and 2.3-3.5-3.3 in Group IV, V. In our study, the physical characteristics of the athletes in the groups have changed with maturation. As the age progressed, an increase in the parameters related to the amount of body fat was observed.

References

  • Abernethy, P., Olds, T., Eden, B., Neill, M., & Baines, L. (1996). Anthropometry, health and body composition. In: Anthropometrica, Edited by: Kevin Norton & Tim Olds, UNSW press, Australia, 376.
  • Açıkada, C., & Hazır, T. (2016). Uzun süreli sporcu gelişim programları: Hangi bilimsel temellere oturuyor?. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 84-100. American Academy of Pediatrics (2000). Pediatrics, Vol. 106 No. 1 July.
  • Balyi, I., & Hamilton, A. (1995). The concept of long-term athlete development. Strength and conditioning coach, 3(2), 5-6.
  • Barton, T., Hunter, J., Williams, D., McGrigor, J., & Slaght, A. (2012). Long term athlete development implementation plan. Skate Canada - BC/YT, 1-72.
  • Carter, L. (1996). Somatotyping. In: Anthropometrica, Edited by: Kevin Norton & Tim Olds, UNSW press, Australia, 148.
  • de Bruin, A. P. (K.), Oudejans, R. R. D., & Bakker, F. C. (2007). Dieting and body image in aesthetic sports: A comparison of Dutch female gymnasts and non-aesthetic sport participants. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(4), 507-520.
  • Duraković, M. M. (2012). Anthropometry in premenarcheal female esthetic sports athletes and ballerinas. In: Handbook of Anthropometry, Edited by: Victor R. Preedy, Springer, 2012th edition, 1817-1836.
  • Duraković, M. M., Vucetic, V., Duraković, Z., Wolf-Cvitak, J., Matkovic, Br., Corovic, N., & Bonevski, A. (2005). Body physique and composition in premenarcheal ballerinas and female athletes in aestetic sports. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 20(4), 175-179.
  • Dwyer, J., Eisenberg, A., Prelack, K., Song, W. O., Sonneville, K., & Ziegler, P. (2012). Eating attitudes and food intakes of elite adolescent female figure skaters: a cross sectional study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9, 53.
  • Faulkner, R. A. (1976). Physique characteristics of Canadian figure skaters. Master of Science (Kinesiology), Simon Fraser University, September.
  • Harbili, S., Hazır, T., Hazır, S., Şahin, Z., Harbili, E., & Açıkada, C. (2008). Çocuk ve genç atletlerde vücut kompozisyonunun değerlendirilmesi: karşılaştırma çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(3), 181-202.
  • Hatipoğlu, N., Öztürk, A., Mazıcıoğlu, M. M., Kurtoğlu, S., Seyhan, S., & Lokoğlu, F. (2008). Waist circumference percentiles for 7- to 17- year-old Turkish children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr, 167(4), 383-389.
  • Kutlay, E., & Türkkanlı, A. (2012). The comparison of some anthropometric characteristics in pre-junior rhythmic gymnasts. International Convention on Science, Education & Medicine in Sport, Glasgow (unpublished paper).
  • Lindsay Carter, J. E., & Honeyman Heath, B. (1990). Somatotyping: Development and Applications (Cambridge Studies in Biological Anthropology vol. 5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Malina, R. M., & Bouchard, C. (1991). Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Marfell-Jones, M. J., Olds, T., Stewart, A. D., & Carter, L. (2007). International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom, South Africa.
  • Mazıcıoğlu, M. M, Hatipoğlu, N., Öztürk, A., Gün, İ., Üstünbaş, H. B., & Kurtoğlu, S. (2009). Age references for the arm span and stature of Turkish children and adolescents. Annals of Human Biology, 36(3), 308-319.
  • Monsma, E. V., & Malina RM. (2005). Anthropometry and somatotype of competitive female figure skaters 11-22 years variation by competitive level and discipline. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45(4), 491-500.
  • Mostaert, M., Deconinck, F., Pion, J., & Lenoir, M. (2016). Anthropometry, physical fitness and coordination of young figure skaters of Different Levels. Int J Sports Med, (37), 531-538.
  • Müller, W., Horn, M., Fürhapter-Rieger, A., et al. (2013). Body composition in sport: interobserver reliability of a novel ultrasound measure of subcutaneous fat tissue. Br J Sports Med, 47(16), 1-8.
  • Neyzi, O., Günöz, H., Furman, A., Bundak, R., Gökçay, G., Darendeliler, F., & Baş, F. (2008). Türk çocuklarında vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu, baş çevresi ve vücut kitle indeksi referans değerleri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 51, 1-14.
  • Norton, K., Olds, T., Olive, S., & Craig, N. (1996). Anthropometry and sports performance. In: Anthropometrica, Edited by: Kevin Norton & Tim Olds, UNSW press, Australia, 289.
  • Prelack, K., Dwyer, J., Ziegler, P., & Kehayias, J. J. (2012). Bone mineral density in elite adolescent female figure skaters. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 57.
  • Slater, G., O’Connor, H., & Kerr, A. (2018). Optimising physique for sports performance. In, Best practice protocols for physique assessment in sport, ed: Patria A. Hume, Deborah A. Kerr, Timothy R. Ackland, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., 27-36, (Abstract).
  • Slaughter, M. H., Lohman, T. G., Boileau, R. A., Horswill, C. A., Stillman, R. J., Van Loan, M. D., & Bemben, D. A. (1998). Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol., 60, 709-723.
  • Taylor, G. M., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2001). Eating disorders symptoms in Canadian female pair and dance figure skaters. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32(1), 21-28 (abstract).
  • Taylor, R. W., Jones, I. E., Williams, S. M., & Goulding A. (2000). Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3-19 y. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2), 490-495.
  • Voelker, D. K., Gould, D., & Reel, J. J. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of disordered eating in female figure skaters. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 696-704.
  • Webster, B. L., & Barr, S. I. (1993). Body composition analysis of female adolescent athletes: comparing six regression equations. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 25(5), 648-653.
  • Zemel, B. (2002). Body composition during growth and development. In: Human Growth and Development, Edited by: Noel Cameron, Elsevier Science, USA, 271-291.
Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 342 - 353, 15.09.2021

Abstract

References

  • Abernethy, P., Olds, T., Eden, B., Neill, M., & Baines, L. (1996). Anthropometry, health and body composition. In: Anthropometrica, Edited by: Kevin Norton & Tim Olds, UNSW press, Australia, 376.
  • Açıkada, C., & Hazır, T. (2016). Uzun süreli sporcu gelişim programları: Hangi bilimsel temellere oturuyor?. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 84-100. American Academy of Pediatrics (2000). Pediatrics, Vol. 106 No. 1 July.
  • Balyi, I., & Hamilton, A. (1995). The concept of long-term athlete development. Strength and conditioning coach, 3(2), 5-6.
  • Barton, T., Hunter, J., Williams, D., McGrigor, J., & Slaght, A. (2012). Long term athlete development implementation plan. Skate Canada - BC/YT, 1-72.
  • Carter, L. (1996). Somatotyping. In: Anthropometrica, Edited by: Kevin Norton & Tim Olds, UNSW press, Australia, 148.
  • de Bruin, A. P. (K.), Oudejans, R. R. D., & Bakker, F. C. (2007). Dieting and body image in aesthetic sports: A comparison of Dutch female gymnasts and non-aesthetic sport participants. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(4), 507-520.
  • Duraković, M. M. (2012). Anthropometry in premenarcheal female esthetic sports athletes and ballerinas. In: Handbook of Anthropometry, Edited by: Victor R. Preedy, Springer, 2012th edition, 1817-1836.
  • Duraković, M. M., Vucetic, V., Duraković, Z., Wolf-Cvitak, J., Matkovic, Br., Corovic, N., & Bonevski, A. (2005). Body physique and composition in premenarcheal ballerinas and female athletes in aestetic sports. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 20(4), 175-179.
  • Dwyer, J., Eisenberg, A., Prelack, K., Song, W. O., Sonneville, K., & Ziegler, P. (2012). Eating attitudes and food intakes of elite adolescent female figure skaters: a cross sectional study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9, 53.
  • Faulkner, R. A. (1976). Physique characteristics of Canadian figure skaters. Master of Science (Kinesiology), Simon Fraser University, September.
  • Harbili, S., Hazır, T., Hazır, S., Şahin, Z., Harbili, E., & Açıkada, C. (2008). Çocuk ve genç atletlerde vücut kompozisyonunun değerlendirilmesi: karşılaştırma çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(3), 181-202.
  • Hatipoğlu, N., Öztürk, A., Mazıcıoğlu, M. M., Kurtoğlu, S., Seyhan, S., & Lokoğlu, F. (2008). Waist circumference percentiles for 7- to 17- year-old Turkish children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr, 167(4), 383-389.
  • Kutlay, E., & Türkkanlı, A. (2012). The comparison of some anthropometric characteristics in pre-junior rhythmic gymnasts. International Convention on Science, Education & Medicine in Sport, Glasgow (unpublished paper).
  • Lindsay Carter, J. E., & Honeyman Heath, B. (1990). Somatotyping: Development and Applications (Cambridge Studies in Biological Anthropology vol. 5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Malina, R. M., & Bouchard, C. (1991). Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Marfell-Jones, M. J., Olds, T., Stewart, A. D., & Carter, L. (2007). International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom, South Africa.
  • Mazıcıoğlu, M. M, Hatipoğlu, N., Öztürk, A., Gün, İ., Üstünbaş, H. B., & Kurtoğlu, S. (2009). Age references for the arm span and stature of Turkish children and adolescents. Annals of Human Biology, 36(3), 308-319.
  • Monsma, E. V., & Malina RM. (2005). Anthropometry and somatotype of competitive female figure skaters 11-22 years variation by competitive level and discipline. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45(4), 491-500.
  • Mostaert, M., Deconinck, F., Pion, J., & Lenoir, M. (2016). Anthropometry, physical fitness and coordination of young figure skaters of Different Levels. Int J Sports Med, (37), 531-538.
  • Müller, W., Horn, M., Fürhapter-Rieger, A., et al. (2013). Body composition in sport: interobserver reliability of a novel ultrasound measure of subcutaneous fat tissue. Br J Sports Med, 47(16), 1-8.
  • Neyzi, O., Günöz, H., Furman, A., Bundak, R., Gökçay, G., Darendeliler, F., & Baş, F. (2008). Türk çocuklarında vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu, baş çevresi ve vücut kitle indeksi referans değerleri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 51, 1-14.
  • Norton, K., Olds, T., Olive, S., & Craig, N. (1996). Anthropometry and sports performance. In: Anthropometrica, Edited by: Kevin Norton & Tim Olds, UNSW press, Australia, 289.
  • Prelack, K., Dwyer, J., Ziegler, P., & Kehayias, J. J. (2012). Bone mineral density in elite adolescent female figure skaters. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 57.
  • Slater, G., O’Connor, H., & Kerr, A. (2018). Optimising physique for sports performance. In, Best practice protocols for physique assessment in sport, ed: Patria A. Hume, Deborah A. Kerr, Timothy R. Ackland, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., 27-36, (Abstract).
  • Slaughter, M. H., Lohman, T. G., Boileau, R. A., Horswill, C. A., Stillman, R. J., Van Loan, M. D., & Bemben, D. A. (1998). Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol., 60, 709-723.
  • Taylor, G. M., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2001). Eating disorders symptoms in Canadian female pair and dance figure skaters. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32(1), 21-28 (abstract).
  • Taylor, R. W., Jones, I. E., Williams, S. M., & Goulding A. (2000). Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3-19 y. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2), 490-495.
  • Voelker, D. K., Gould, D., & Reel, J. J. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of disordered eating in female figure skaters. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 696-704.
  • Webster, B. L., & Barr, S. I. (1993). Body composition analysis of female adolescent athletes: comparing six regression equations. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 25(5), 648-653.
  • Zemel, B. (2002). Body composition during growth and development. In: Human Growth and Development, Edited by: Noel Cameron, Elsevier Science, USA, 271-291.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emine Kutlay 0000-0002-6999-5961

Gamze Güner 0000-0002-9894-6659

Eylül Kaplan 0000-0002-7191-2619

Publication Date September 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kutlay, E., Güner, G., & Kaplan, E. (2021). The Physical Characteristics of Elite Female Figure Skaters. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 9(3), 342-353.
IntJSCS is published by International Science Culture and Sport Association (ISCSA).