<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>inulr</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2146-1082</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-5714</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Inonu University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21492/inuhfd.1346169</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Migration, Asylum and Refugee Law</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Göç, Sığınma ve Mülteci Hukuku</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STATE OF ORIGIN AND RESTITUTION OBLIGATION  DUE TO THE MASS INFLUXES OF REFUGEES:  THE CASE OF SYRIA AND THE VOLUNTARY RETURN OF SYRIANS IN TÜRKİYE</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>MENŞE DEVLETİN KİTLESEL MÜLTECİ AKINLARINDAN SORUMLULUĞU  VE ESKİ HALE İADE YÜKÜMLÜLÜĞÜ:  SURİYE ÖRNEĞİ VE TÜRKİYE’DEKİ SURİYELİLERİN GÖNÜLLÜ GERİ DÖNÜŞÜ</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-8531</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ertuğrul</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ümmühan Elçin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20231231">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>14</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>469</fpage>
                                        <lpage>485</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230818">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>18</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20231109">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>09</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2010, Journal of İnönü University Faculty of Law</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of İnönü University Faculty of Law</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Human rights establish a connection between individuals and the state. A refugee is someone who has had to flee their country of origin and seeks asylum in another country. Refugees are the result of states violating human rights in their countries. States have two closely interconnected and essentially competing obligations to protect human rights. One of them, which is the resource of the other, is the obligation of states to protect their citizens based on the hypothetical social contract that arises from state sovereignty. The other is that the state protects human rights without discrimination, which is regulated in internationally binding and non-binding legal instruments. A mass influx of refugees resulting from states&#039; violations of these competing obligations is an international wrongful act. The aforementioned situation gives rise to the responsibility of the state of origin, according to the Draft Articles on State Responsibility for International Wrongful Acts. The study examines the international responsibility arising from the mass influx of refugees in the states of origin through the example of Syria and focuses on &quot;restitution&quot;, one of the forms of reparation that is the result of responsibility. The study establishes a connection between restitution and the “voluntary return” of refugees to their country of origin.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>İnsan hakları, birey ile devlet arasında bir bağlantı kurar. Mülteci, kendi ülkesinden kaçmak zorunda kalan ve bir başka ülkeye sığınma talebinde bulunan kişidir. Mülteciler, devletlerin, ülkelerinde insan haklarını ihlal etmelerinin bir sonucudur. Devletlerin insan haklarını koruma konusunda, birbiriyle çok yakın bağlantılı ve esasen birbiriyle yarışan iki yükümlülüğü söz konusudur. Bunlardan biri ve diğerine de kaynaklık eden, varsayımsal toplumsal sözleşmeye dayalı ve devlet egemenliğinden kaynaklanan devletlerin vatandaşlarını koruma yükümlülüğüdür. Diğeri ise devletin, uluslararası bağlayıcı olan ve olmayan hukuki hukuki metinlerde düzenlenen, insan haklarını ayrımcılık yapmadan korumasıdır. Devletlerin, bu yarışan yükümlülüklerini ihlallerinden doğan mültecilerin kitlesel akınları, uluslararası haksız fiildir. Bu durum, Devletin Uluslararası Haksız Fiillerden Dolayı Sorumluluğuna İlişkin Taslak Maddeler’e göre, menşe devletin sorumluluğunu doğurur. Çalışma, Suriye örneği üzerinden menşe devletlerin kitlesel mülteci akınlarına sebep olmak yüzünden uluslararası sorumluluğunu inceler ve bu sorumluluğun sonucu olan onarım şekillerinden “eski hale iade” ye odaklanır. Eski hale iade ile mültecilerin menşe ülkelerine “gönüllü geri dönüş” leri arasında bir bağlantı kurar.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Menşe Devlet</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mülteci</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Devletin Sorumluluğu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Suriye</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>State of Origin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Refugee</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  States Responsibility</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Syria</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Destekleyen herhangi bir kurum yoktur.</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A/63/677, 12 January 2009, Implementing the responsibility to protect Report of the Secretary-General, https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/implementing-the-responsibility-to-protect-2009/, (Erişim: 10.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A/RES/48/153, 7 February 1994, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N94/067/94/PDF/N9406794.pdf?Open Element, (Erişim: 10.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A/RES/60/1, 24 October 2005 ,https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/ docs/global compact/A_RES_60_1.pdf, (Erişim: 10.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A/RES/60/147, 16 December 2005, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/N0549642.pdf, (Erişim: 19.05.2023)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A/RES/ 73/195, 11 January 2019, Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N18/451/99/PDF/N1845199.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim: 29.10.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">AHMAD, Nafees: ‘‘Refugees: State Responsibility, Country of Origin and Human Rights’’, Asia- Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, (2), 2009, s.1-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Asylum in Public International Law (Excluding Neutral Asylum), Resolutions Adopted at its Bath Session, September, 1950, Institute of International Law, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2213924?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents  (Erişim: 29.10.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BETTS, Alexander: Zorunlu Göç ve Küresel Politika, Çev. Seher Meltem Türkaslan, Hece Yayınları, Ankara 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BODUR, Mehmet Zeki: ‘Suriyelilerin Geri Dönüşü İçin Ne Yapılması Gerekiyor?’17 Kasım 2020, 21. Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü, https://21yyte.org/tr/merkezler/islevsel-arastirma-merkezleri/suriyelilerin-geri-donusu-i-cin-ne-yapilmasi-gerekiyor, (Erişim: 10.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BRADLEY, Megan: “The Conditions of Just Return: State Responsibility and Restitution for Refugees”, RSC Working Paper, (21), March 2005, s.1-31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BROCK, Gillian “International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignity (ICISS)” Encyclopedia of Global Justice, Deen K. Chatterjee, Springer Link, 2011. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-91605_7#:~:text=International%20Commission%20on%20Intervention%20and%20State%20Sovereignty%20(ICISS),Gillian%20Brock&amp;text=The%20International%20Commission%20on%20Intervention,at%20risk%20in%20another%20state, (Erişim: 29.10.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BUZ, Sema/KORÇ, Sema: “Mültecilere Yönelik Kalıcı Çözümlerden Biri Olarak Gönüllü Geri Dönüş”, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 21(50), Ocak-Mart 2021, s.195-230.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BÜYÜK, Mehmet Emin: Uluslararası Hukukta Hukukun Genel İlkeleri, On İki Levha Yayıncılık A.Ş., İstanbul 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzow, (Claim for Indemnity, July 26th, 1927, Collection of Judgments, Series A, No:9, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/permanent-court-of-international-justice/serie_A/A_09/28_ Usine_de_Chorzow_Competence_Arret.pdf, (Erişim: 10.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32001L0055, (Erişim: 19.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ÇAĞIRAN, Mehmet Emin: Uluslararası Alanda İnsan Hakları, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ÇAĞIRAN, Mehmet Emin: Uluslararası Hukukta Devletin Tek Taraflı İşlemleri, Barış Platin Yayınları, Ankara 2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Draft Conclusion on Identification and Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms of General International Law, Report of the International Law Commission, Seventy-third Session, Chapter IV, Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens), https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/1_14_2022.pdf, (Erişim: 19.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DENG, Francis M.: “From ‘Sovereignty as Responsibility’ to the ‘Responsibility to Protect”, Global Responsibility to Protect, 2, 2010, s.353-370.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DOĞAN, İlyas: İnsan Hakları Hukuku, Astana Yayınları, Ankara 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States with Commentaries, 1949, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/ draft_articles/2_11949.pdf, (Erişim: 19.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol II, Part Two, 2001, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/comment aries/9_6_ 2001.pdf, (Erişim: 09.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ERKİNER Hakkı Hakan: Devletin Haksız Fiilinden Kaynaklanan Uluslararası Sorumluluğu, On İki Levha Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ERTUĞRUL, Ümmühan Elçin: “Koruma Sorumluluğu: İnsani Müdahaleyi Makyajlamak”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, XX(2), Nisan 2016, s.421- 450.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ERTUĞRUL, Ümmühan Elçin: Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normlarından Doğan Yükümlülüklerin Ciddi İhlallerinden Devletin Sorumluluğu, Yetkin Basım Yayım ve Dağıtım, Ankara 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, Voluntary Repatriation No. 18(XXXI) - 1980, 16 October 1980, No. 18(XXXI), https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae68c6e8.html, (Erişim: 08.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">FELLMETH, Aaron/HORWITZ, Maurice: Guide to Latin in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001/acref-9780195369380-e-915, (Erişim: 11.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">GEMALMAZ, Mehmet Semih: Ulusalüstü İnsan Hakları Hukukunun Genel Teorisine Giriş, Cilt 1, Genişletilmiş ve Güncellenmiş 8. Bası, Legal Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">General Assembly, 194(III) Palestine, Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator, Hundred and eighty-sixty Plenary Meeting, 11 December 1948, para. 11, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/65/PDF/NR004365.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim: 05.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">GREENHILL, Kelly M.: Weapons of Mass Migration: Forced Displacement, Coercion, and Foreign Policy, (Cornell Studies in Security Affairs), Cornell University Press, Ithaca- New York, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">GROTIUS, Hugo: Savaş ve Barış Hukuku, Çev. Seha L. Meray, Say Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">GÜLER, Arzu: “Mülteci Sorunu ve Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna İlişkin Sözleşme: Siyasi Gerçeklik ve Normatif Düzen İkilemi” Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13(51), 2016, s.41-61.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, Handbook on Procedures Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, Reissued, Geneva, 2019, https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html,  (Erişim: 10.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?chapter=4&amp;clang=_en&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-4&amp;src=IND#EndDec, (Erişim:10.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states/syrian-arab-republic#:~:text=Egypt%20and%20Syria%20were%20original,Nations %20from%2024%20October%201945, (Erişim: 10.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Crimes of State: A Critical Analysis of the ILC’s Draft Article 19 on State Responsibility, Eds. Joseph H. Weiler, Antonio Cassese ve Marina Spinedi, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York, 1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of the Racial Discrimination, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/ UNTS /Volume%20660/ volume-660-I-9464-English.pdf, (Erişim: 10.07.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Court of Justice, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) Advisory Opinion of 21 June 1971, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/53/053-19710621-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf, (Erişim: 10.07.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights, (Erişim: 19.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d22 /c016/tbmm22016089ss0150.pdf, (Erişim: 19.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">IOM’s Polcy on the Full Spectrum of Return, Readmission and Reintegration, International Organization for Migration (IOM), https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl486/files/documents/ioms-policy-full-spectrum-of-return-readmission-and-reintegration.pdf, (Erişim: 06.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İÇDUYGU Ahmet/AYAŞLI, Enes: “Geri Dönüş Siyaseti: Suriyeli Mültecilerin Dönüş Göçü İhtimali ve Gelecek Senaryoları” Mirekoc Çalışma Notları, 4/2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İNELİ CİĞER, Meltem: “Uluslararası Hukuka Uygun Geçici Koruma Rejiminin Unsurları Üzerine”, Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), Ocak-Haziran 2016, s.62-92.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">KELSEN, Hans: Saf Hukuk Kuramı, Hukuk Kuramının Sorunlarına Giriş, Çev. Ertuğrul Uzun, Nora Kitap Vizyon Basımevi, İstanbul, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">KOSKENNIEMI, Martti: From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">LEE, Luke T.: “The Right to Compensation: Refugees and Countries of Asylum”, The American Journal of International Law, 80(3), July 1986, s.532-567.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">LÜTEN, İlhan: “Ferdin Milletlerararası Himayesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 1952, s. 68-125.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MERON Theodor: Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary Law, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1991.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MERON, Theodor: “On a Hierarchy of International Human Rights”, The American Journal of International Law, 80(1), 1986, s.1-23.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MÜNKLER, Herfried: Yeni Savaşlar, Çev. Zehra Aksu Yılmazer, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nuclear Test Case, International Court of Justice, (Australia v. France), Judgment of 20 December 1974. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/58/058-19741220-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf, (Erişim: 19.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ORAKHELASHVILI, Alexander: “The Impact of Peremptory Norms on the Interpreration and Application of United Nations Security Council Resolution” EJIL, 16 (1), 2005, s.59-88.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ÖKTEM, Emre: Uluslararası Teamül Hukuku, Beta Basım Yayım, İstanbul 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ÖZTÜRK, Neva Ö.: “Geçici Korumanın Uluslararası Koruma Rejimine Uyumu Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 66 (1), 2017, s.201-264.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">PELLET, Alain: “The Definition of Responsibility in International Law” https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/PELLET%20The%20Definition%20of%20Responsibility%20in%20International%20Law.pdf, (Erişim: 29.10.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">PİRİM, Ceren Zeynep: Uluslararası Hukukta Devletin Ağırlaştırılmış Sorumluluğu, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">REYNOLDS Sarnata/VACATELLO, Juan Pablo: “Building a Lifeline, A proposed global platform and responsibility sharing model for the Global Compact on Refugees”, The Scholar: St Mary’s Law Review on Race and Social Justice, 21(3), 2019, s.325-402.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">SIMEON, James C.: ‘Ending Forced Migration as a Weapon of War’ August 15th, 2022, https://carfms.org/ending-forced-migration-as-a-weapon-of-war/#_ftnref10, (Erişim: 19.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TAŞDEMİR, Fatma: Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TOMUSCHAT, Christian: “State Responsibility and the Country of Origin”, The Problem of Refugees in the Light of Contemporary Law Issues, Ed. Gowlland-Debbas, Vera, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1994,  Papers presented at the Colloquium organized by the Graduate Institute of International Studies in collaboration with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, 26 and 27 May, 1994, https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/4ca348026.pdf, (Erişim:10.05.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UNHCR, Figures at Glance, 2023.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Durable Solution  https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria_durable_solutions, (Erişim: 05.06.2023).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UZUN, Elif: Milletlerarası Hukuka Aykırı Eylemlerinden Dolayı Devletin Sorumluluğu, 2. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık San ve Tic. A.Ş., Ankara 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">YILDIRIM YÜCEL, Zeynep: ‘Ulus Devlet, Mültecilik ve Menşe Ülkeye Geri Dönüş: Türkiye’de Yaşayan Suriyeli 
Mülteciler’, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">YILMAZ EREN, Esra: Mülteci Hukukunda Geçici Koruma, Seçkin Yayıncılık San. ve Tic. A.Ş., Ankara 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ZIADEH, Nicola A.: Sanūsīyah: A Study of a Revivalist Movement in Islam, Brill, Leiden 1968</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
