<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>int. online j. prim. educ.</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>International Online Journal of Primary Education</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1300-915X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Oğuz SERİN</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Other Fields of Education</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Alan Eğitimleri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>RURAL AND REMOTE REPAIR: EXAMINING WORKFORCE SHORTAGES AND SOLUTIONS WITHIN RURAL SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Mıtchell</surname>
                                    <given-names>Robert</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Univeristy of Colorado, Colorado Springs (USA)</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20181231">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2018</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>7</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>26</fpage>
                                        <lpage>33</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20180830">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>30</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20181115">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012, International Online Journal of Primary Education</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>International Online Journal of Primary Education</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Rural schools are present in nearly every nation across the globe, and they face some unique challenges in their mission to educator students living in remote areas. Within this article, a definition of the geographic and population characteristics that define rural schools is offered, as is an examination of contemporary issues impacting the facilitation of effective primary and secondary education around the world. Concerns such as educator shortages, retaining quality teachers and concerns over technological capacity are discussed, as are avenues to resolve these issues in a proactive and cost-effective manner. There is some great teaching and learning taking place in rural schools around the world, but ensuring that all students have access to a quality teacher and opportunities for academic achievement continues to be a challenge in remote and rural regions of the world.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Rural schools</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  global education</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  educator shortages.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aaronson, D., &amp; Meckel, K. (2009). How will baby boomer retirements affect teacher labor markets? Economic Perspectives, 33(4), 2.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clifford, G. (2016). Transforming rural secondary schools in Zimbabwe through technology: Lived experiences of student computer users. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 3(2)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Colorado Department of Education (2018). Rural and small rural designation. Denver: Colorado Department of Education. https://www.cde.state.co.us/ruraledcouncil/ruraldesignationlist</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Donitsa-Schmidt, S., &amp; Zuzovsky, R. (2016). Quantitative and qualitative teacher shortage and the turnover phenomenon. International Journal of Educational Research, 77, 83-91.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dupriez, V., Delvaux, B., &amp; Lothaire, S. (2016). Teacher shortage and attrition: Why do they leave? British Educational Research Journal, 42(1), 21-39.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fowles, J. (2016;2015;). Salaries in space: The spatial dimensions of teacher compensation. Public Finance Review, 44(4), 523-548.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gagnon, D. J., &amp; Mattingly, M. J. (2015). State policy responses to ensuring excellent educators in rural schools. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 30(13), 1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Garcia, N. (March 17, 2017). Colorado’s rural schools need teachers and want lawmakers to help. Chalkbeat Colorado.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Greenough, R., &amp; Nelson, S. R. (2015). Recognizing the variety of rural schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 90(2), 322-332.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kelly, N., &amp; Fogarty, R. (2015). An integrated approach to attracting and retaining teachers in rural and remote parts of Australia. Journal of Economic &amp; Social Policy, 17(2), 1-19.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lind, T., &amp; Stjernström, O. (2015). Organizational challenges for schools in rural municipalities: Cross-national comparisons in a Nordic context. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 30(6), 1-14.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lindenberg, A., Henderson, K. I., &amp; Durán, L. (2016). Using technology and mentorship to improve teacher pedagogy and educational opportunities in rural Nicaragua. Global Education Review, 3(1), 66-87.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mtyuda, P. N., &amp; Okeke, C. I. (2016). Factors associated with teachers&#039; job dissatisfaction in schools in rural eastern cape province. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 14(1), 44.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mukeredzi, T. G. (2016). The nature of professional learning needs of rural secondary school teachers: Voices of professionally unqualified teachers in rural Zimbabwe. SAGE Open, 6(2)10.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">National Center for Education Statistics (2006). School Locale Definitions. Washington, DC: NCES. https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/ruraled/definitions.asp</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Player, D., Youngs, P., Perrone, F., &amp; Grogan, E. (2017). How principal leadership and person-job fit are associated with teacher mobility and attrition. Teaching and Teacher Education, 67, 330-339.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rickman, D. S., Wang, H., &amp; Winters, J. V. (2017;2016;). Relative teacher salaries and the decision to teach. Contemporary Economic Policy, 35(3), 542-550.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sanders, W. L., &amp; Rivers, J. C. (1996). Cumulative and residual effects of teachers on future student academic achievement (Research Progress Report). Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Value-Added Research and Assessment Center.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schafft, K. A. (2016). Rural education as rural development: Understanding the rural school-community well-being linkage in a 21st-century policy context. Peabody Journal of Education, 91(2), 137-154</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Solochek, J. (October 13, 2015). A principal is pressed into classroom duty as math teacher shortage hits home. Tampa Bay Times.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sutcher, L., Darling-Hammond, L., &amp; Carver-Thomas, D. (2016). A coming crisis in teaching? Teacher supply, demand, and shortages in the U.S.. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. New York: United Nations</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations Development Program (2003). Human Development Report: Mongolia, 2003.  New York: United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/mongolia_2003_en.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UNESCO (2016). Enrollment by level of education. New York: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Watlington, E., Shockley, R., Guglielmino, P., &amp; Felsher, R. (2010). The high cost of leaving: An analysis of the cost of teacher turnover. Journal of Education Finance, 36(1), 22-37.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang, L., Sheu, T., &amp; Wu, H. (2016). Estimating adequate funding to meet performance standards for junior high school students: Adequate funding comparisons between rural and non-rural schools in taiwan. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 61(3), 43-67.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhao, D., &amp; Barakat, B. (2015). The increasingly long road to school in rural China: The impacts of education network consolidation on broadly defined schooling distance in Xinfeng country of rural china. Asia Pacific Education Review, 16(3), 413-431.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
