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Soğuk Savaş’ta Çin’in Türkiye ve İran’daki Siyasi Etkisi: İran Tudeh Partisi Devimci Örgütü ve Proleter Devrimci Aydınlık Hareketi’nin Bir Karşılaştırması

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 151 - 171, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.978668

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Soğuk Savaş döneminde, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin (ÇHC) Ortadoğu’da devlet dışı alandaki ideolojik etkisini analiz etmektedir. Çalışma, 1960-1980 arası dönemde İran ve Türkiye’de Çin yanlısı sol siyasi örgütlerin karşılaştımalı bir analizini yapmaktadır. Çalışmada, İran Tudeh Partisi Devrimci Örgütü ve Proleter Devrimci Aydınlık Hareketi’nin benzerlik ve farklılıkları tartışılmaktadır. Bahse konu dönemde, İran’daki Çin yanlısı siyasi örgütlerin, Türkiye’deki muadillerine oranla ÇHC ile daha yakın askeri ve finansal ilişkilere girdikleri iddia edilmektedir. Çalışma, büyük ölçüde Sovyetlerin siyasi etkisine ve bu etkinin Türkiye ile İran'ın uluslararası ilişkilerine yansımasına odaklanma eğiliminde olan Soğuk Savaş dönemi karşılaştırmalı siyasi düşünce literatürüne katkıda bulunmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, ÇHC ile Ortadoğu ilişkilerine dair akademik tartışmaları, ticari ilişkiler ve askeri meselelerin ötesinde, siyasi ideolojiye doğru genişletmektedir. Bu bağlamda, ÇHC'nin bu dönem bölgeye yönelik olarak kullandığı alternatif siyasi araçlar da incelenmektedir.

References

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  • Calabrese, J. (1991). China and the Middle East (1950-1988) A changing framework of relations [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of London.
  • Chakrabarti, S. (1986). The Naxalite-China linkage: Dissemination of propaganda and direct contacts. China Report, 22(3), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/000944558602200302
  • Chaziza, M. (2020). China's Middle East diplomacy: the belt and road strategic partnership. Sussex Academic Press.
  • Cronin, S. (2000). The left in Iran: illusion and disillusion. Middle Eastern Studies, 36(3), 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200008701326
  • Doğan M. G.and Kerem Ünüvar (2007). Üçüncü dünyacılık, maoculuk, aydınlıkçılık. In M. Gultekingil (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce, sol (Cilt 8), (pp.705-743). İletişim Yayınları.
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  • Figueroa, W. (2020). China and the Iranian left: transnational networks of social, cultural, and ideological exchange, 1905–1979 [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Pennsylvania.
  • Galway, M. (2008). Boundless revolution: Global Maoism and communist movements in Southeast Asia, 1949-1979 [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Ottawa.
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  • Javadzadeh, A. (2007). Marxists into Muslims an Iranian irony [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida International University.
  • Khosravi, S. (2010). ‘Illegal’ traveller: an auto-ethnography of borders. Palgrave Macmillan.
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  • Matin-Asgari A. (2007). Modern Iran's ideological renegades: A study in intellectual accommodation to state power. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, 16(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669920701378861
  • Matin-Asgari, A. (2014). Iranian Maoism: searching for a third world revolutionary model. Middle East Report (270), 21-22. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24426611
  • Nasrabadi, M. and Afshin Matin-Asgari, (2018). The Iranian student movement and the making of Global 1968, in C. Jian, M Klimke, M. Kirasirova, M. Nolan, M. Young and J. Waley-Cohen (Eds), The Routledge handbook of the Global Sixties (pp. 443-56). Routledge.
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  • United Nations Population Division. World urbanization prospects (2018). Urban Population [Data file]. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.urb.totl.in.zs
  • Üngör, Ç. (2009). Reaching the distant comrade: Chinese Communist propaganda abroad (1949-1976) [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Binghamton State University of New York.
  • Üngör, Ç. (2013). Türkiye Solunda Çin etkisi: Proleter Devrimci Aydınlık Hareketi üzerine bir değerlendirme (1969-1977). In S. Esenbel, A. Atlı & İ. Togan (Eds.), Türkiye’de Çin’i düşünmek: ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel ilişkilere yeni yaklaşımlar (pp. 170-200). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
  • Vaghafi, S. (2016). 20. Yüzyılda İran’da Sosyalist hareketler ve sol partiler [unpublished master’s thesis]. İstanbul University.
  • Wasburn, P. (1985). International radio broadcasting: some considerations for political sociology. Journal of Political & Military Sociology, 13(1), 33-51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45371216
  • Yardımoğlu, O. (2016). Bir Türk aydınının ideolojik seyri: Doğu Perinçek örneği [unpublished master’s thesis]. Dokuz Eylül University.
  • Zabih, S. (2011). The Left in contemporary Iran ideology organisation and the Soviet connection. Routledge.
  • Zhang, X. (1999). China’s interests in the Middle East: Present and future, Middle East Policy Council, 6(3), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.1999.tb00332.x Zhu, J. (2019). Maoism in Turkey: The journal of Proleter Devrimci Aydınlık, 1969- 1971 [unpublished master’s thesis]. Leiden University.
  • Zileli, G. (2011). Havariler (1972-1983). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Zileli, G. (2013). Sapak (1983-1992). İletişim Yayınları.

China's Political Influence in Turkey and Iran during the Cold War: A Comparison of the Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh Party of Iran and the Proletarian Revolutionary Enlightenment Movement

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 151 - 171, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.978668

Abstract

This study analyses the ideological influence of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the non-state political domains in the Middle East during the Cold War. It offers a comparative analysis of the two largest pro-Chinese leftist political groups in Turkey and Iran during the period between 1960 and 1980: the Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh Party of Iran (ROTPI) in Iran and the Proletarian Revolutionary Enlightenment Party (PRE) in Turkey. It analyses these movements by focusing on their similarities and differences. This study claims that the pro-Chinese leftist political movements in Iran developed closer military and financial relations with the PRC than did their Turkish counterparts. In doing so, the study contributes to the literature on comparative political thought on the Cold War era, which largely tends to focus on the Soviet influence over the domains of politics and its impact on the international relations of Turkey and Iran. Moreover, this work critically challenges the debates over the relations between the PRC and the Middle East, expanding the academic focus beyond trade relations and military affairs towards political ideology debates. By the same token, it aims to scrutinize alternative political instruments of the PRC during this era.

References

  • Al-Sudairi, M. (2014). Mao in the Middle East: Hadi al-'Alawi, scion of the two civilizations. Middle East Report, (270), 19-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24426610
  • Atagenç, İ Ö. (2018). Anti-Sovietism in Turkish left: concept of social imperialism, three world theory and Proletarian Revolutionist Enlightenment (PRE) movement. Electronic Turkish Studies, 13 (8), 19-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13580
  • Behrooz, M. (1999). Rebels with a cause the failure of the left in Iran. I. B. Tauris.
  • Behrooz, M. (2004). Iranian revolution and the legacy of the guerrilla movement. In S. Cronin (Eds.), Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran: New perspectives on the Iranian Left (pp. 189-207). Routledge Curzon.
  • Burton, G. (2020). China and Middle East conflicts: responding to war and rivalry from the Cold War to the present. Routledge.
  • Calabrese, J. (1991). China and the Middle East (1950-1988) A changing framework of relations [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of London.
  • Chakrabarti, S. (1986). The Naxalite-China linkage: Dissemination of propaganda and direct contacts. China Report, 22(3), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/000944558602200302
  • Chaziza, M. (2020). China's Middle East diplomacy: the belt and road strategic partnership. Sussex Academic Press.
  • Cronin, S. (2000). The left in Iran: illusion and disillusion. Middle Eastern Studies, 36(3), 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200008701326
  • Doğan M. G.and Kerem Ünüvar (2007). Üçüncü dünyacılık, maoculuk, aydınlıkçılık. In M. Gultekingil (Ed.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce, sol (Cilt 8), (pp.705-743). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Dorsey, J M. (2017). China and the Middle East: venturing into the maelstrom, Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi:10.1080/25765949.2017.12023322
  • Figueroa, W. (2020). China and the Iranian left: transnational networks of social, cultural, and ideological exchange, 1905–1979 [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Pennsylvania.
  • Galway, M. (2008). Boundless revolution: Global Maoism and communist movements in Southeast Asia, 1949-1979 [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Ottawa.
  • Gregor, A. J., & Chang, M. H. (1978). Maoism and Marxism in comparative perspective. The Review of Politics, 40(3), 307-327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500028527
  • Javadzadeh, A. (2007). Marxists into Muslims an Iranian irony [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida International University.
  • Khosravi, S. (2010). ‘Illegal’ traveller: an auto-ethnography of borders. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lovell, J. (2019). Maoism: a global history. Bodley Head.
  • Matin-Asgari A. (2007). Modern Iran's ideological renegades: A study in intellectual accommodation to state power. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, 16(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669920701378861
  • Matin-Asgari, A. (2014). Iranian Maoism: searching for a third world revolutionary model. Middle East Report (270), 21-22. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24426611
  • Nasrabadi, M. and Afshin Matin-Asgari, (2018). The Iranian student movement and the making of Global 1968, in C. Jian, M Klimke, M. Kirasirova, M. Nolan, M. Young and J. Waley-Cohen (Eds), The Routledge handbook of the Global Sixties (pp. 443-56). Routledge.
  • Niamatullah, I. (2012). Ideology without leadership, the rise and decline of Maoism in Afghanistan. Afghanistan Analyst Network Thematic Report. https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/NIbr-Maoists-final.pdf
  • Rynhold, J. (1998). Review article: China and the Middle East: John Calabrese, China’s changing relations with the Middle East (London: Pinter, 1991), 183 pp. Lillian Craig Harris, China considers the Middle East (London: I. B. Taurus, 1993), 345 pp. E Zev Sufott, A China diary: towards the establishment of China-Israel diplomatic relations (London: Frank Cass, 1997), 148 pp. China Report, 34(3–4), 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/000944559803400312
  • Said, E. W. (1983). The world, the text, and the critic. Harvard University Press.
  • Skocpol, T. and Somers. M. (1980). The uses of comparative history in macrosocial inquiry. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2 (22), 174-197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500009282
  • United Nations Population Division. World urbanization prospects (2018). Urban Population [Data file]. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.urb.totl.in.zs
  • Üngör, Ç. (2009). Reaching the distant comrade: Chinese Communist propaganda abroad (1949-1976) [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Binghamton State University of New York.
  • Üngör, Ç. (2013). Türkiye Solunda Çin etkisi: Proleter Devrimci Aydınlık Hareketi üzerine bir değerlendirme (1969-1977). In S. Esenbel, A. Atlı & İ. Togan (Eds.), Türkiye’de Çin’i düşünmek: ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel ilişkilere yeni yaklaşımlar (pp. 170-200). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
  • Vaghafi, S. (2016). 20. Yüzyılda İran’da Sosyalist hareketler ve sol partiler [unpublished master’s thesis]. İstanbul University.
  • Wasburn, P. (1985). International radio broadcasting: some considerations for political sociology. Journal of Political & Military Sociology, 13(1), 33-51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45371216
  • Yardımoğlu, O. (2016). Bir Türk aydınının ideolojik seyri: Doğu Perinçek örneği [unpublished master’s thesis]. Dokuz Eylül University.
  • Zabih, S. (2011). The Left in contemporary Iran ideology organisation and the Soviet connection. Routledge.
  • Zhang, X. (1999). China’s interests in the Middle East: Present and future, Middle East Policy Council, 6(3), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.1999.tb00332.x Zhu, J. (2019). Maoism in Turkey: The journal of Proleter Devrimci Aydınlık, 1969- 1971 [unpublished master’s thesis]. Leiden University.
  • Zileli, G. (2011). Havariler (1972-1983). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Zileli, G. (2013). Sapak (1983-1992). İletişim Yayınları.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Agah Hazır 0000-0003-2753-3854

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Hazır, A. (2021). China’s Political Influence in Turkey and Iran during the Cold War: A Comparison of the Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh Party of Iran and the Proletarian Revolutionary Enlightenment Movement. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 151-171. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.978668

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