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Mystical Interpretation of Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā’s Controversial Ideas

Year 2012, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 197 - 221, 21.02.2013

Abdurrezzak Tek

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2012.32.59

Abstract

An important factor that affected political, religious, and social life during the period of Ottoman history called the “Ottoman Interregnum” was Sheikh Badr al-Dīn ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā’s (d. 823/1420) ideas and activities that resulted in a rebellion. Sheikh Badr al-Dīn, who managed to come to prominence in each position that he held, received the highest level of edu-cation. In addition to his scholarly identity, he officially served as qāḍī ʿaskar (judge of the army), an important bureaucratic rank for the state. Finally, as a Sufi, he attracted many supporters in a short time. Although several studies have examined his life and ideas, a considerable number of these studies were written for ideological purposes. A Sufi scholar, Sheikh Badr al-Dīn has been unrighteously and incorrectly accused of being a pio-neer of atheism, pantheism, anarchism, communism, and materialism in Ottoman times. The main reason for these inaccurate accusations is that his work al-Wāridāt has not been regarded as a mystical text. In this pa-per, I will attempt to address his controversial ideas at the mystical level, demonstrating the similarities and differences between his thoughts and those of earlier Sufis. The first commentaries written on al-Wāridāt are the main sources for the paper.

References

  • Aḥmad Jawdat Pasha (as Ahmet Cevdet Paşa), Kısas Enbiya: Peygamberler Tarihi [Qiṣaṣ-i Anbiyāʾ: History of the Prophets], 20 parts in 4 vols., (Istanbul: Türk Neşriyat Yurdu, 1942-1955).
  • Aydınlı, Yaşar, Fârâbî'de Tanrı-İnsan İlişkisi [God-Human Relation in al-Fārābī] (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2000).
  • al-Baghdādī, Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Qāhir ibn Ṭāhir ibn Muḥammad, Uṣūl al-dīn (Istanbul: Dârülfünun İlâhiyat Fakültesi, 1346 H [1928]).
  • Bidlisī, Idrīs, Hasht Bihisht (MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi, 2197).
  • Dindar, Bilâl, Šayḫ Badr al-Dīn Maḥmûd et ses Wāridāt (Ankara: Ministère de la Culture, 1990).
  • Düzdağ, M. Ertuğrul, Şeyhülislam Ebussuûd Efendi Fetvaları Işığında 16. Asır Türk Hayatı [Turkish Life in 16th Century in the Light of Fatwās of Sheikh al-Islām Abū l-Suʿūd Efendī] (Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1972).
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Fayṣal al-tafriqa bayn al-Islām wa-l-zandaqa (ed. Sulaymān Dunyā; Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya, 1381 H [1961]).
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, al-Maḍnūn bihī ʿalā ghayr ahlihī, in idem., Majmūʿat rasāʾil al-Imām al-Ghazālī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1406 H [1986]), IV, 159-161.
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Tahāfut al-falāsifa (ed. Sulaymān Dunyā; 2nd edn., Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1955).
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Tahāfut al-falāsifa (ed. Jirār Jahāmī; Beirut: Dār al-Fikr al-Lubnānī, 1993).
  • al-Ḥakīm, Suʿād, al-Muʿjam al-ṣūfī (Beirut: Dār Nadra, 1981).
  • Ḥarīrīzāda, Meḥmed Kamāl al-Dīn, Futūḥāt-i Ilāhiyya Sharḥ-i Wāridāt-i Ilāhiyya (MS Istanbul, Istanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Kütüphanesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Osman Ergin Yazmaları, 507).
  • Ḥusayn Waṣṣāf, ʿUthmānzāda, Safīna-i Awliyāʾ, 5 vols., (eds. Mehmet Akkuş and Ali Yılmaz; Istanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2006).
  • Ibn ʿArabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī, Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (ed. Abū l-ʿAlā ʿAfīfī; Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, n.d.).
  • Ibn ʿArabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī, Fusûsu'l-Hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi [Translation and Commentary of Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam] (translated into Turkish with a commentary by Ahmed Avni Konuk, eds. Mustafa Tahralı and Selçuk Eraydın; 4th edn., Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, vol. I: 2005; vol. III: 2011).
  • Ibn ʿArabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, 4 vols., (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.).
  • Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā, Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Maḥmūd, al-Wāridāt, in Sheikh ʿAbd Allāh Ilāhī al-Simāwī, Kashf al-Wāridāt (MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Şehid Ali Paşa, 1325).
  • Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā, Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Maḥmūd, Varidat-i Bedreddin [Wāridāt-i Badr al-Dīn] (translated into Ottoman Turkish by Mūsā Kāẓim Efendī, ed. Mehmed Serhan Tayşi; Istanbul: MVT Yayıncılık, 2010).
  • Ilāhī, Sheikh ʿAbd Allāh al-Simāwī, Kashf al-Wāridāt (MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Şehid Ali Paşa, 1325).
  • Ilāhī, Sheikh ʿAbd Allāh al-Simāwī, Uṣūl-i wuṣūl-i ilāhiyya (MS Manisa, Manisa İl Halk Kütüphanesi, 1524), 286b-312b.
  • Ilāhī, Sheikh ʿAbd Allāh al-Simāwī, Zād al-mushtāqīn (MS Istanbul, Hacı Selim Ağa Kütüphanesi, Kemankeş, 206).
  • al-Juwaynī, Abū l-Maʿālī Imām al-Ḥaramayn Rukn al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Kitāb al-irshād (eds. M. Yūsuf Mūsā and ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd; Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1369 H [1950]).
  • Karadaş, Cağfer, İslâm Düşüncesinde Âhiret [Afterlife in Islamic Thought] (Bursa: Emin Yayınları, 2008).
  • al-Kāshānī, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Abī l-Ghanāʾim, Iṣṭilāḥāt al-ṣūfiyya (ed. ʿAbd al-Khāliq Maḥmūd; Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1404 H [1984]).
  • al-Kāshānī, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Abī l-Ghanāʾim, Laṭāʾif al-iʿlām fī ishārāt ahl al-ilhām (ed. Majīd Hādīzāda; Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 2000).
  • al-Kāshānī, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Abī l-Ghanāʾim, Rashḥ al-zulāl fī sharḥ al-alfāẓ al-mutadāwila bayn arbāb al-adhwāq wa-l-aḥwāl (ed. Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ; Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Azhariyya li-l-Turāth, 1415 H [1995]).
  • al-Kāshānī, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Abī l-Ghanāʾim, Sharḥ ʿalā Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (3rd edn., Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat wa-Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1408 H [1987]).
  • Khalīl ibn Ismāʿīl, Simavna Kadısıoğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Menâkıbı [Manāqib of Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā] (eds. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı and İsmet Sungurbey; Istanbul: Eti Yayınevi, 1967).
  • Koloğlu, Orhan Şener, "Mutezile Kelâmında Yeniden Yaratma (İʿâde) [Resur-rection (Iʿāda) in Muʿtazilite Thought]," Usûl İslâm Araştırmaları [Usûl Islamic Researches] 9 (2008), 7-40.
  • Konuk, Ahmed Avni, "Hz. Meryem ve İsâ'ya Dair Risâle [Treatise on Mary and Jesus]," in Ibn ʿArabī, Fusûsu'l-Hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi [Translation and Commentary of Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam] (translated into Turkish with a commentary by Ahmed Avni Konuk, eds. Mustafa Tahralı and Selçuk Eraydın; 4th edn., Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2011), III, 372-377.
  • Kurdakul, Necdet, Bütün Yönleriyle Bedreddin [Badr al-Dīn in All As-pects] (Istanbul: Döler Reklam Yayınları, 1977).
  • al-Miṣrī, Niyāzī Meḥmed ibn ʿAlī Chalabī, Dīwān (Būlāq: Maṭbaʿat Būlāq, 1259 H [1843]).
  • Nūr al-Dīnzāda, Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Muṣṭafā ibn Nūr al-Dīn Aḥmad Filibawī, al-Radd ʿalā l-Wāridāt (catalogued as Risale fi izahi ma vakaa fi's-sirri'llezi ebanehu Mahmud es-Simâvî; MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Carullah, 2079), 209b-262a.
  • Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, Osmanlı Toplumunda Zındıklar ve Mülhidler (15.-17. Yüzyıllar) [Zindīqs and Mulḥids in Ottoman Community (15th-17th Centuries)] (Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1998).
  • al-Qayṣarī, Sharaf al-Dīn Dāwūd ibn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad, Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (ed. Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn Āshtiyānī; Tehran: Muʾassasa-i Intishārāt-i Amīr Kabīr, 1370 HS [1991]).
  • al-Qūnawī, Ṣadr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq ibn Muḥammad, Kırk Hadis Şerhi ve Tercümesi [Interpretation and Translation of Forty Ḥadīth] (translated into Turkish by H. Kâmil Yılmaz; Istanbul: Meram Belediyesi Konevi Araştırma Merkezi [MEBKAM]), 2010).
  • al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar, Kitāb maʿālim uṣūl al-dīn (ed. Samīḥ Dughaym; Beirut: Dār al-Fikr al-Lubnānī, 1992).
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  • Topaloğlu, Bekir, "Cennet [Heaven]," Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansi-klopedisi (DİA) [Turkish Religious Foundation Encyclopedia of Is-lam], VII, 381-384.
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  • (Yaltkaya), Meḥmed Sharaf al-Dīn, Simawna Qāḍīsioglu Sheikh Badr al-Dīn (Istanbul: Awqāf-i Islāmiyya Maṭbaʿasi, 1340 H [1924]).
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  • Yāwṣī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muṣṭafā al-Iskilībī, Ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq fī sharḥ Kashf asrār al-daqāʾiq (MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Hacı Mahmud Efendi, 2620).
  • Yener, Cemil, Şeyh Bedreddin - Vâridât [Sheikh Badr al-Dīn - al-Wāridāt] (Istanbul: Elif Yayınları, 1970).

Mystical Interpretation of Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā’s Controversial Ideas

Year 2012, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 197 - 221, 21.02.2013

Abdurrezzak Tek

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2012.32.59

Abstract

An important factor that affected political, religious, and social life during the period of Ottoman history called the “Ottoman Interregnum” was Sheikh Badr al-Dīn ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā’s (d. 823/1420) ideas and activities that resulted in a rebellion. Sheikh Badr al-Dīn, who managed to come to prominence in each position that he held, received the highest level of edu-cation. In addition to his scholarly identity, he officially served as qāḍī ʿaskar (judge of the army), an important bureaucratic rank for the state. Finally, as a Sufi, he attracted many supporters in a short time. Although several studies have examined his life and ideas, a considerable number of these studies were written for ideological purposes. A Sufi scholar, Sheikh Badr al-Dīn has been unrighteously and incorrectly accused of being a pio-neer of atheism, pantheism, anarchism, communism, and materialism in Ottoman times. The main reason for these inaccurate accusations is that his work al-Wāridāt has not been regarded as a mystical text. In this pa-per, I will attempt to address his controversial ideas at the mystical level, demonstrating the similarities and differences between his thoughts and those of earlier Sufis. The first commentaries written on al-Wāridāt are the main sources for the paper.

Keywords

Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā al-Wāridāt Mullā ʿAbd Allāh Ilāhī the Judgment Day resurrection the eternity of the world mushāhada Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā, al-Wāridāt, Mullā ʿAbd Allāh Ilāhī, the Judgment Day, resurrection, the eternity of the world, mushāhada

References

  • Aḥmad Jawdat Pasha (as Ahmet Cevdet Paşa), Kısas Enbiya: Peygamberler Tarihi [Qiṣaṣ-i Anbiyāʾ: History of the Prophets], 20 parts in 4 vols., (Istanbul: Türk Neşriyat Yurdu, 1942-1955).
  • Aydınlı, Yaşar, Fârâbî'de Tanrı-İnsan İlişkisi [God-Human Relation in al-Fārābī] (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2000).
  • al-Baghdādī, Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Qāhir ibn Ṭāhir ibn Muḥammad, Uṣūl al-dīn (Istanbul: Dârülfünun İlâhiyat Fakültesi, 1346 H [1928]).
  • Bidlisī, Idrīs, Hasht Bihisht (MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi, 2197).
  • Dindar, Bilâl, Šayḫ Badr al-Dīn Maḥmûd et ses Wāridāt (Ankara: Ministère de la Culture, 1990).
  • Düzdağ, M. Ertuğrul, Şeyhülislam Ebussuûd Efendi Fetvaları Işığında 16. Asır Türk Hayatı [Turkish Life in 16th Century in the Light of Fatwās of Sheikh al-Islām Abū l-Suʿūd Efendī] (Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1972).
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Fayṣal al-tafriqa bayn al-Islām wa-l-zandaqa (ed. Sulaymān Dunyā; Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya, 1381 H [1961]).
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, al-Maḍnūn bihī ʿalā ghayr ahlihī, in idem., Majmūʿat rasāʾil al-Imām al-Ghazālī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1406 H [1986]), IV, 159-161.
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Tahāfut al-falāsifa (ed. Sulaymān Dunyā; 2nd edn., Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1955).
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Tahāfut al-falāsifa (ed. Jirār Jahāmī; Beirut: Dār al-Fikr al-Lubnānī, 1993).
  • al-Ḥakīm, Suʿād, al-Muʿjam al-ṣūfī (Beirut: Dār Nadra, 1981).
  • Ḥarīrīzāda, Meḥmed Kamāl al-Dīn, Futūḥāt-i Ilāhiyya Sharḥ-i Wāridāt-i Ilāhiyya (MS Istanbul, Istanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Kütüphanesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Osman Ergin Yazmaları, 507).
  • Ḥusayn Waṣṣāf, ʿUthmānzāda, Safīna-i Awliyāʾ, 5 vols., (eds. Mehmet Akkuş and Ali Yılmaz; Istanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2006).
  • Ibn ʿArabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī, Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (ed. Abū l-ʿAlā ʿAfīfī; Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, n.d.).
  • Ibn ʿArabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī, Fusûsu'l-Hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi [Translation and Commentary of Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam] (translated into Turkish with a commentary by Ahmed Avni Konuk, eds. Mustafa Tahralı and Selçuk Eraydın; 4th edn., Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, vol. I: 2005; vol. III: 2011).
  • Ibn ʿArabī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥyī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, 4 vols., (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.).
  • Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā, Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Maḥmūd, al-Wāridāt, in Sheikh ʿAbd Allāh Ilāhī al-Simāwī, Kashf al-Wāridāt (MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Şehid Ali Paşa, 1325).
  • Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā, Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Maḥmūd, Varidat-i Bedreddin [Wāridāt-i Badr al-Dīn] (translated into Ottoman Turkish by Mūsā Kāẓim Efendī, ed. Mehmed Serhan Tayşi; Istanbul: MVT Yayıncılık, 2010).
  • Ilāhī, Sheikh ʿAbd Allāh al-Simāwī, Kashf al-Wāridāt (MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Şehid Ali Paşa, 1325).
  • Ilāhī, Sheikh ʿAbd Allāh al-Simāwī, Uṣūl-i wuṣūl-i ilāhiyya (MS Manisa, Manisa İl Halk Kütüphanesi, 1524), 286b-312b.
  • Ilāhī, Sheikh ʿAbd Allāh al-Simāwī, Zād al-mushtāqīn (MS Istanbul, Hacı Selim Ağa Kütüphanesi, Kemankeş, 206).
  • al-Juwaynī, Abū l-Maʿālī Imām al-Ḥaramayn Rukn al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Kitāb al-irshād (eds. M. Yūsuf Mūsā and ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd; Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1369 H [1950]).
  • Karadaş, Cağfer, İslâm Düşüncesinde Âhiret [Afterlife in Islamic Thought] (Bursa: Emin Yayınları, 2008).
  • al-Kāshānī, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Abī l-Ghanāʾim, Iṣṭilāḥāt al-ṣūfiyya (ed. ʿAbd al-Khāliq Maḥmūd; Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1404 H [1984]).
  • al-Kāshānī, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Abī l-Ghanāʾim, Laṭāʾif al-iʿlām fī ishārāt ahl al-ilhām (ed. Majīd Hādīzāda; Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 2000).
  • al-Kāshānī, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Abī l-Ghanāʾim, Rashḥ al-zulāl fī sharḥ al-alfāẓ al-mutadāwila bayn arbāb al-adhwāq wa-l-aḥwāl (ed. Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ; Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Azhariyya li-l-Turāth, 1415 H [1995]).
  • al-Kāshānī, Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Abī l-Ghanāʾim, Sharḥ ʿalā Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (3rd edn., Cairo: Sharikat Maktabat wa-Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1408 H [1987]).
  • Khalīl ibn Ismāʿīl, Simavna Kadısıoğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Menâkıbı [Manāqib of Sheikh Badr al-Dīn Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā] (eds. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı and İsmet Sungurbey; Istanbul: Eti Yayınevi, 1967).
  • Koloğlu, Orhan Şener, "Mutezile Kelâmında Yeniden Yaratma (İʿâde) [Resur-rection (Iʿāda) in Muʿtazilite Thought]," Usûl İslâm Araştırmaları [Usûl Islamic Researches] 9 (2008), 7-40.
  • Konuk, Ahmed Avni, "Hz. Meryem ve İsâ'ya Dair Risâle [Treatise on Mary and Jesus]," in Ibn ʿArabī, Fusûsu'l-Hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi [Translation and Commentary of Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam] (translated into Turkish with a commentary by Ahmed Avni Konuk, eds. Mustafa Tahralı and Selçuk Eraydın; 4th edn., Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2011), III, 372-377.
  • Kurdakul, Necdet, Bütün Yönleriyle Bedreddin [Badr al-Dīn in All As-pects] (Istanbul: Döler Reklam Yayınları, 1977).
  • al-Miṣrī, Niyāzī Meḥmed ibn ʿAlī Chalabī, Dīwān (Būlāq: Maṭbaʿat Būlāq, 1259 H [1843]).
  • Nūr al-Dīnzāda, Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Muṣṭafā ibn Nūr al-Dīn Aḥmad Filibawī, al-Radd ʿalā l-Wāridāt (catalogued as Risale fi izahi ma vakaa fi's-sirri'llezi ebanehu Mahmud es-Simâvî; MS Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Carullah, 2079), 209b-262a.
  • Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, Osmanlı Toplumunda Zındıklar ve Mülhidler (15.-17. Yüzyıllar) [Zindīqs and Mulḥids in Ottoman Community (15th-17th Centuries)] (Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1998).
  • al-Qayṣarī, Sharaf al-Dīn Dāwūd ibn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad, Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (ed. Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn Āshtiyānī; Tehran: Muʾassasa-i Intishārāt-i Amīr Kabīr, 1370 HS [1991]).
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There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdurrezzak Tek 0000-0001-9508-4005

Publication Date February 21, 2013
Submission Date October 10, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Tek, Abdurrezzak. “Mystical Interpretation of Sheikh Badr Al-Dīn Ibn Qāḍī Samāwnā’s Controversial Ideas”. Ilahiyat Studies 3/2 (February 2013), 197-221. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2012.32.59.
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