Research Article

Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey

5 - 30, 12.12.2017

Semih Eker , Melek Eker

https://doi.org/10.4026/isguc.371021

Abstract

This study examines the effect of higher education on democratic-libertarian attidude. For this aim, students’ support for democratic civil rights and liberties are accepted as an indicator. The survey based on this study made among the students of Uludağ University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty in Turkey. According to the results we can generally comment on this, more democratic-libertarian attitude is seen at upper classes and also successful students are more democratic-libertarian than others. The results are consistent with the classical argument that education affects democratic-libertarian attitude positively.

Keywords

Higher Education Democratic Personality Democratic-libertarian attitude

References

  • Adelson, J. (1971). The political imagination of the young adolescent. Daedalus, 1013-1050.
  • Berelson, Bernard. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. University of Chicago Press, 1954.
  • Bobo, L., & Licari, F. C. (1989) Education and Political Tolerance: Testing the Effects of Cognitive Sophistication and Target Group Affect. Public Opinion, 53 (3): 285-308.
  • Brody, Richard (1998). The puzzle of participation in America. In Anthony King (ed.), The New American Political System. Washington, DC.: American Enterprise Institute.
  • Chandler, C. R., & Tsai, Y. M. (2001). Social factors influencing immigration attitudes: an analysis of data from the General Social Survey. The Social Science Journal, 38(2), 177-188.
  • Christie, Richard Ed, and Marie Ed Jahoda. “Studies in the scope and method of” The authoritarian personality.”.” (1954).
  • Coenders, M., & Scheepers, P. (2003). The effect of education on nationalism and ethnic exclusionism: An international comparison. Political psychology, 24(2), 313-343.
  • Davis, D. W., & Silver, B. D. (2004). Civil liberties vs. security: Public opinion in the context of the terrorist attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science, 48(1), 28-46.
  • Davis, Darren W. 2007. Negative Liberty: Public Opinion and the Terrorist Attacks on America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Davis, J. A. (1975). Communism, conformity, cohorts, and categories: American tolerance in 1954 and 1972-73. American Journal of Sociology, 81(3), 491- 513.
  • Davis, J. A. (1975). Communism, conformity, cohorts, and categories: American tolerance in 1954 and 1972-73. American Journal of Sociology, 81(3), 491- 513.
  • Fishkin, James, Kenneth Keniston, and Catherine Mc- Kinnon. “Moral reasoning and political ideology.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27.1 (1973): 109.
  • Galston, W. A. (2001). Political knowledge, political engagement, and civic education. Annual review of political science, 4(1), 217-234.
  • Gibson, J. L. (1992). Alternative Measures of Political Tolerance: Must Tolerance be” Least-Liked”?. American Journal of Political Science, 560-577.
  • Gibson, J. L. (2013). Measuring Political Tolerance and General Support for Pro–Civil Liberties Policies Notes, Evidence, and Cautions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(S1), 45-68.
  • Gibson, J. L., & Bingham, R. D. (1985). Civil liberties and Nazis: The Skokie free-speech controversy., New York, Praeger Publishers.
  • Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 2003. Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gibson, L. Gibson, Duch, M. Raymond, Tedin, L. Kent (1992) Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union, The Journal of Politics, Volume 54, Issue 2 (May, 1992), 329-371.
  • Glock, Charles Y., Robert Wuthnow, Jane A. Piliavin, and Metta Spencer (1975) Adolescent Prejudice. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Greenstein, Fred I. “Personality and political socialization: The theories of authoritarian and democratic character.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 361.1 (1965): 81-95.
  • Greenstein, Fred I. “Political socialization.” International encyclopedia of the social sciences 14 (1968): 551.
  • Greenstein, Fred I. “The benevolent leader revisited: Children’s images of political leaders in three democracies.” American Political Science Review 69.04 (1975): 1371-1398.
  • Guérin, D., Petry, F., & Crête, J. (2004). Tolerance, protest and democratic transition: Survey evidence from 13 post-communist countries. European Journal of Political Research, 43(3), 371-395.
  • Haan, N., Smith, M. B. & Block, J. (1968). Moral Reasoning of Young Adults: Political-social Behavior, Family Background, and Personality Correlates.
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 183-201.
  • Haan, Norma, M. Brewster Smith, and Jeanne Block. “Moral reasoning of young adults: Political-social behavior, family background, and personality correlates.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10.3 (1968): 183.
  • Herrnstein, Richard J., and Murray, Charles (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: The Free Press.
  • Hess, Robert D., and Torney, Judith V. (1967). The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Chicago: Aldine.
  • Hetherington, M., & Suhay, E. (2011). Authoritarianism, threat, and Americans’ support for the war on terror. American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 546-560.
  • Hinckley, R. A. (2010). Personality and political tolerance: The limits of democratic learning in postcommunist Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 43(2), 188-207.
  • Hyman, Herbert H., and Charles R. Wright (1979) Education’s Lasting Influence on Values. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hyman, Herbert H., Charles R. Wright, and John Shelton Reed (1978) The Enduring Effects of Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Jackman, M. R. (1978). General and applied tolerance: Does education increase commitment to racial integration?. American Journal of Political Science, 302-324.
  • Jackman, M. R., & Muha, M. J. (1984). Education and intergroup attitudes: Moral enlightenment, superficial democratic commitment, or ideological refinement?. American Sociological Review, Vol. 49, No. 6 Dec., 751-769.
  • Jackman, Mary R. (1973) “Education and prejudice or education and response set?” American Sociological Review 38:327-339.
  • Knutson, Jeanne Nickell. The human basis of the polity: A psychological study of political men. Chicago: Aldine- Atherton, 1972.
  • Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. (1994). Return of the citizen: A survey of recent work on citizenship theory. Ethics, 104(2), 352-381.
  • Lane, R. 1969. Political Thinking and Consciousness. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Lasswell, Harold D. “Democratic character.” The political writings of Harold D. Lasswell (1951): 465-525.
  • Lasswell, Harold. “The selective effect of personality on political participation.” Studies in the Scope and Method of ” The Authoritarian Personality.” Glencoe, Ill.: Wiley (1954).
  • Lawrence, D. G. (1976). Procedural norms and tolerance: A reassessment. American Political Science Review, 70(01), 80-100.
  • Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American political science review, 53(01), 69-105.
  • McClosky, H. (1964). Consensus and ideology in American politics. American Political Science Review, 58(02), 361-382.
  • McClosky, H. (1964). Consensus and ideology in American politics. American Political Science Review, 58(02), 361-382.
  • McClosky, H., & Brill, A. (1983). The dimensions of tolerance: What Americans Believe About Civil Liberties, New York, Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Merelman, R. M. (1980) Democratic politics and the culture of American education. American Political Science Review, 74(02), 319-332.
  • Michael B. Binford, “The Democratic Political Personality: Functions of Attitudes and Styles of Reasoning”, Political Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 663-684 s.670
  • Neuman, W. Russel (1986). The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Nie, Norman H., Junn, Jane, and Stehlik-Berry, Kenneth (1996). Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Niemi, Richard G., and Jane Junn (1998) Civic Education: What Makes Students Learn, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Nunn, C. A., Crockett Jr, H. J., & Williams Jr, A. J. (1978). Tolerance for Nonconformity: A National Survey of Changing Commitment to Civil Liberties, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Incorporated Pub,
  • Nunn, C. Z., Crockett, H. J., & Williams, J. A. (1978). Tolerance for nonconformity. Jossey-Bass Incorporated Pub.
  • Pateman, Carole. Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Peffley, M., & Rohrschneider, R. (2003). Democratization and political tolerance in seventeen countries: A multi-level model of democratic learning. Political Research Quarterly, 56(3), 243-257.
  • Petersen, M., Slothuus, R., Stubager, R., & Togeby, L. (2011). Freedom for all? The strength and limits of political tolerance. British Journal of Political Science, 41(03), 581-597.
  • Postic, Robert. 2011. “Trusting and Tolerating: Finding Ways to Tolerate Each Other.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1 (December): 79- 93.
  • Pranger, Robert J. The eclipse of citizenship: Power and participation in contemporary politics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.
  • Prothro, J. W., & Grigg, C. M. (1960). Fundamental principles of democracy: Bases of agreement and disagreement. The Journal of Politics, 22(2), 276-294.
  • Richard M. Merelman, The Development of Policy Thinking in Adolescence. American Political Science Review, 1971, 65, 1033-1047.
  • Richard M. Merelman, The Dramaturgy of politics, The Sociological Quarterly, Volume 10, Issue 2, pages 216-239, March 1969.
  • Riesman, David. The lonely crowd: A reconsideration in 1960. 1961.
  • Rosenstone, S., & Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, participation and democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
  • Rosenstone, Steven, and Hansen, John Mark (1993). Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan
  • Sarat, Austin. “Support for the legal system: An analysis of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.” American Politics Quarterly 3.1 (1975): 3-24.
  • Schafer, C. E., & Shaw, G. M. (2009). Trends—Tolerance in the United States. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(2), 404-431.
  • Simpson, Elizabeth Leonie. “Democracy’s Stepchildren. A Study of Need and Belief.” (1971).
  • Sniderman, P. M. (1975). Personality and democratic politics. Univ of California Press.
  • Sniderman, P. M., Brody, R. A., & Kuklinski, J. H. (1984). Policy reasoning and political values: The problem of racial equality. American journal of political science, 75-94.
  • Stouffer, S. A. (1955). Communism, conformity, and civil liberties: A cross-section of the nation speaks its mind. Transaction Publishers.
  • Sullivan, J. L., & Hendriks, H. (2009). Public support for civil liberties pre-and post-9/11. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, 375-391.
  • Sullivan, J. L., & Transue, J. E. (1999). The psychological underpinnings of democracy: A selective review of research on political tolerance, interpersonal trust, and social capital. Annual review of psychology, 50(1), 625-650.
  • Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1979). An alternative conceptualization of political tolerance: Illusory increases 1950s–1970s. American Political Science Review, 73(03), 781-794.
  • Sullivan, John, James Piereson, and George E. Marcus (1982) Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Tapp, J. L., & Kohlberg, L. (1971). Developing senses of law and legal justice. Journal of social issues, 27(2), 65-91.
  • Thompson, Dennis F. The democratic citizen: Social science and democratic theory in the twentieth century. London: Cambridge UP, 1970.
  • Torney-Purta, J., Schwille, J., & Amadeo, J. A. (1999). Civic education across countries: Twenty-four national case studies from the IEA civic education project. IEA Secretariat, Herengracht 487, 1017 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Lehman, Kay, and Brady, Henry E. (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Wolfinger, R. E., & Rosenstone, S. J. (1980). Who votes. New Haven. CT: Yale University From.
  • Zaller, J. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Zellman, G. L., & Sears, D. O. (1971) Childhood origins of tolerance for dissent. Journal of Social Issues, 27(2), 109-136.

Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey

5 - 30, 12.12.2017

Semih Eker , Melek Eker

https://doi.org/10.4026/isguc.371021

Abstract

This study examines the effect of higher education on democratic-libertarian attidude. For this aim, students’ support for democratic civil rights and liberties are accepted as an indicator. The survey based on this study made among the students of Uludağ University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty in Turkey. According to the results we can generally comment on this, more democratic-libertarian attitude is seen at upper classes and also successful students are more democratic-libertarian than others. The results are consistent with the classical argument that education affects democratic-libertarian attitude positively.

Keywords

Higher Education Democratic Personality Democratic-libertarian attitude

References

  • Adelson, J. (1971). The political imagination of the young adolescent. Daedalus, 1013-1050.
  • Berelson, Bernard. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. University of Chicago Press, 1954.
  • Bobo, L., & Licari, F. C. (1989) Education and Political Tolerance: Testing the Effects of Cognitive Sophistication and Target Group Affect. Public Opinion, 53 (3): 285-308.
  • Brody, Richard (1998). The puzzle of participation in America. In Anthony King (ed.), The New American Political System. Washington, DC.: American Enterprise Institute.
  • Chandler, C. R., & Tsai, Y. M. (2001). Social factors influencing immigration attitudes: an analysis of data from the General Social Survey. The Social Science Journal, 38(2), 177-188.
  • Christie, Richard Ed, and Marie Ed Jahoda. “Studies in the scope and method of” The authoritarian personality.”.” (1954).
  • Coenders, M., & Scheepers, P. (2003). The effect of education on nationalism and ethnic exclusionism: An international comparison. Political psychology, 24(2), 313-343.
  • Davis, D. W., & Silver, B. D. (2004). Civil liberties vs. security: Public opinion in the context of the terrorist attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science, 48(1), 28-46.
  • Davis, Darren W. 2007. Negative Liberty: Public Opinion and the Terrorist Attacks on America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Davis, J. A. (1975). Communism, conformity, cohorts, and categories: American tolerance in 1954 and 1972-73. American Journal of Sociology, 81(3), 491- 513.
  • Davis, J. A. (1975). Communism, conformity, cohorts, and categories: American tolerance in 1954 and 1972-73. American Journal of Sociology, 81(3), 491- 513.
  • Fishkin, James, Kenneth Keniston, and Catherine Mc- Kinnon. “Moral reasoning and political ideology.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27.1 (1973): 109.
  • Galston, W. A. (2001). Political knowledge, political engagement, and civic education. Annual review of political science, 4(1), 217-234.
  • Gibson, J. L. (1992). Alternative Measures of Political Tolerance: Must Tolerance be” Least-Liked”?. American Journal of Political Science, 560-577.
  • Gibson, J. L. (2013). Measuring Political Tolerance and General Support for Pro–Civil Liberties Policies Notes, Evidence, and Cautions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(S1), 45-68.
  • Gibson, J. L., & Bingham, R. D. (1985). Civil liberties and Nazis: The Skokie free-speech controversy., New York, Praeger Publishers.
  • Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 2003. Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gibson, L. Gibson, Duch, M. Raymond, Tedin, L. Kent (1992) Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union, The Journal of Politics, Volume 54, Issue 2 (May, 1992), 329-371.
  • Glock, Charles Y., Robert Wuthnow, Jane A. Piliavin, and Metta Spencer (1975) Adolescent Prejudice. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Greenstein, Fred I. “Personality and political socialization: The theories of authoritarian and democratic character.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 361.1 (1965): 81-95.
  • Greenstein, Fred I. “Political socialization.” International encyclopedia of the social sciences 14 (1968): 551.
  • Greenstein, Fred I. “The benevolent leader revisited: Children’s images of political leaders in three democracies.” American Political Science Review 69.04 (1975): 1371-1398.
  • Guérin, D., Petry, F., & Crête, J. (2004). Tolerance, protest and democratic transition: Survey evidence from 13 post-communist countries. European Journal of Political Research, 43(3), 371-395.
  • Haan, N., Smith, M. B. & Block, J. (1968). Moral Reasoning of Young Adults: Political-social Behavior, Family Background, and Personality Correlates.
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 183-201.
  • Haan, Norma, M. Brewster Smith, and Jeanne Block. “Moral reasoning of young adults: Political-social behavior, family background, and personality correlates.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10.3 (1968): 183.
  • Herrnstein, Richard J., and Murray, Charles (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: The Free Press.
  • Hess, Robert D., and Torney, Judith V. (1967). The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Chicago: Aldine.
  • Hetherington, M., & Suhay, E. (2011). Authoritarianism, threat, and Americans’ support for the war on terror. American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 546-560.
  • Hinckley, R. A. (2010). Personality and political tolerance: The limits of democratic learning in postcommunist Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 43(2), 188-207.
  • Hyman, Herbert H., and Charles R. Wright (1979) Education’s Lasting Influence on Values. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hyman, Herbert H., Charles R. Wright, and John Shelton Reed (1978) The Enduring Effects of Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Jackman, M. R. (1978). General and applied tolerance: Does education increase commitment to racial integration?. American Journal of Political Science, 302-324.
  • Jackman, M. R., & Muha, M. J. (1984). Education and intergroup attitudes: Moral enlightenment, superficial democratic commitment, or ideological refinement?. American Sociological Review, Vol. 49, No. 6 Dec., 751-769.
  • Jackman, Mary R. (1973) “Education and prejudice or education and response set?” American Sociological Review 38:327-339.
  • Knutson, Jeanne Nickell. The human basis of the polity: A psychological study of political men. Chicago: Aldine- Atherton, 1972.
  • Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. (1994). Return of the citizen: A survey of recent work on citizenship theory. Ethics, 104(2), 352-381.
  • Lane, R. 1969. Political Thinking and Consciousness. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Lasswell, Harold D. “Democratic character.” The political writings of Harold D. Lasswell (1951): 465-525.
  • Lasswell, Harold. “The selective effect of personality on political participation.” Studies in the Scope and Method of ” The Authoritarian Personality.” Glencoe, Ill.: Wiley (1954).
  • Lawrence, D. G. (1976). Procedural norms and tolerance: A reassessment. American Political Science Review, 70(01), 80-100.
  • Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American political science review, 53(01), 69-105.
  • McClosky, H. (1964). Consensus and ideology in American politics. American Political Science Review, 58(02), 361-382.
  • McClosky, H. (1964). Consensus and ideology in American politics. American Political Science Review, 58(02), 361-382.
  • McClosky, H., & Brill, A. (1983). The dimensions of tolerance: What Americans Believe About Civil Liberties, New York, Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Merelman, R. M. (1980) Democratic politics and the culture of American education. American Political Science Review, 74(02), 319-332.
  • Michael B. Binford, “The Democratic Political Personality: Functions of Attitudes and Styles of Reasoning”, Political Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 663-684 s.670
  • Neuman, W. Russel (1986). The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Nie, Norman H., Junn, Jane, and Stehlik-Berry, Kenneth (1996). Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Niemi, Richard G., and Jane Junn (1998) Civic Education: What Makes Students Learn, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Nunn, C. A., Crockett Jr, H. J., & Williams Jr, A. J. (1978). Tolerance for Nonconformity: A National Survey of Changing Commitment to Civil Liberties, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Incorporated Pub,
  • Nunn, C. Z., Crockett, H. J., & Williams, J. A. (1978). Tolerance for nonconformity. Jossey-Bass Incorporated Pub.
  • Pateman, Carole. Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Peffley, M., & Rohrschneider, R. (2003). Democratization and political tolerance in seventeen countries: A multi-level model of democratic learning. Political Research Quarterly, 56(3), 243-257.
  • Petersen, M., Slothuus, R., Stubager, R., & Togeby, L. (2011). Freedom for all? The strength and limits of political tolerance. British Journal of Political Science, 41(03), 581-597.
  • Postic, Robert. 2011. “Trusting and Tolerating: Finding Ways to Tolerate Each Other.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1 (December): 79- 93.
  • Pranger, Robert J. The eclipse of citizenship: Power and participation in contemporary politics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.
  • Prothro, J. W., & Grigg, C. M. (1960). Fundamental principles of democracy: Bases of agreement and disagreement. The Journal of Politics, 22(2), 276-294.
  • Richard M. Merelman, The Development of Policy Thinking in Adolescence. American Political Science Review, 1971, 65, 1033-1047.
  • Richard M. Merelman, The Dramaturgy of politics, The Sociological Quarterly, Volume 10, Issue 2, pages 216-239, March 1969.
  • Riesman, David. The lonely crowd: A reconsideration in 1960. 1961.
  • Rosenstone, S., & Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, participation and democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
  • Rosenstone, Steven, and Hansen, John Mark (1993). Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan
  • Sarat, Austin. “Support for the legal system: An analysis of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.” American Politics Quarterly 3.1 (1975): 3-24.
  • Schafer, C. E., & Shaw, G. M. (2009). Trends—Tolerance in the United States. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(2), 404-431.
  • Simpson, Elizabeth Leonie. “Democracy’s Stepchildren. A Study of Need and Belief.” (1971).
  • Sniderman, P. M. (1975). Personality and democratic politics. Univ of California Press.
  • Sniderman, P. M., Brody, R. A., & Kuklinski, J. H. (1984). Policy reasoning and political values: The problem of racial equality. American journal of political science, 75-94.
  • Stouffer, S. A. (1955). Communism, conformity, and civil liberties: A cross-section of the nation speaks its mind. Transaction Publishers.
  • Sullivan, J. L., & Hendriks, H. (2009). Public support for civil liberties pre-and post-9/11. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, 375-391.
  • Sullivan, J. L., & Transue, J. E. (1999). The psychological underpinnings of democracy: A selective review of research on political tolerance, interpersonal trust, and social capital. Annual review of psychology, 50(1), 625-650.
  • Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1979). An alternative conceptualization of political tolerance: Illusory increases 1950s–1970s. American Political Science Review, 73(03), 781-794.
  • Sullivan, John, James Piereson, and George E. Marcus (1982) Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Tapp, J. L., & Kohlberg, L. (1971). Developing senses of law and legal justice. Journal of social issues, 27(2), 65-91.
  • Thompson, Dennis F. The democratic citizen: Social science and democratic theory in the twentieth century. London: Cambridge UP, 1970.
  • Torney-Purta, J., Schwille, J., & Amadeo, J. A. (1999). Civic education across countries: Twenty-four national case studies from the IEA civic education project. IEA Secretariat, Herengracht 487, 1017 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Lehman, Kay, and Brady, Henry E. (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Wolfinger, R. E., & Rosenstone, S. J. (1980). Who votes. New Haven. CT: Yale University From.
  • Zaller, J. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Zellman, G. L., & Sears, D. O. (1971) Childhood origins of tolerance for dissent. Journal of Social Issues, 27(2), 109-136.
There are 81 citations in total.

Details

Authors

Semih Eker

Melek Eker

Publication Date December 12, 2017

Cite

APA Eker, S., & Eker, M. (n.d.). Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources5-30. https://doi.org/10.4026/isguc.371021
AMA Eker S, Eker M. Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey. isguc.:5-30. doi:10.4026/isguc.371021
Chicago Eker, Semih, and Melek Eker. “Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resourcesn.d., 5-30. https://doi.org/10.4026/isguc.371021.
EndNote Eker S, Eker M Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 5–30.
IEEE S. Eker and M. Eker, “Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey”, isguc, pp. 5–30, doi: 10.4026/isguc.371021.
ISNAD Eker, Semih - Eker, Melek. “Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources. n.d. 5-30. https://doi.org/10.4026/isguc.371021.
JAMA Eker S, Eker M. Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey. isguc.;:5–30.
MLA Eker, Semih and Melek Eker. “Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, pp. 5-30, doi:10.4026/isguc.371021.
Vancouver Eker S, Eker M. Higher Education and Democratic – Libertarian Attitude: An Evidence from Turkey. isguc. :5-30.