Research Article
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Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis

Year 2024, Volume: 74 Issue: 2, 529 - 549, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1523470

Abstract

The visibility and dependability of multinational corporations’ products increase with the fact that they introduce their goods to markets in other nations through foreign direct investments. The method for presenting products to international markets through foreign direct investments reveals the product’s reputation and therefore the brand’s development value. This study examines the relationship between foreign direct investments and brand value in Australia, Canada, China, France, India, Japan, Spain, the USA, and the UK for the period 2007-2023. The majority of studies in the literature attempt to explain the impact of brand value on foreign direct investments. However, very few studies explain the impac foreign direct investments on brand value and 1st generation unit root tests were generally used. Unlike existing studies, In this study, the second-generation unit root test, Durbin-Hausman cointegration, and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimation methods were used. As a result, it is anticipated that this study will contribute to the literature in this regard. The findings show that increases in foreign direct investments boost brand value.

JEL Classification : D02 , F21 , C23

References

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  • Anderson, B. (2021). Macroeconomic shifts and investor behavior during global crises. Financial Journal, 45(3), 233-245. google scholar
  • Andersson, U., & Forsgren, M. (2019). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. London, UK: Routledge. google scholar
  • Bilgin, M. H., Marco Lau, C. K., & Karabulut, G. (2012). Technology transfer and enterprise performance: a firm-level analysis in China. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(3), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.620144 google scholar
  • Bitzenis, A. (2004). Explanatory variables for low western investment interest in Bulgaria. Eastern European Economics, 42(6), 5-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2004.11041091 google scholar
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi. org/10.2307/2297111 google scholar
  • Chang, W.J. (2020). Experiential marketing, brand image and brand loyalty: A case study of Starbucks. British Food Journal, 123(1), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2020-0014 google scholar
  • Choudhury, P. (2019). Effects of trade wars on brand management. Journal of Business Research, 98, 234-241. google scholar
  • Cleeve, E. (2012). Political and institutional impediments to foreign direct investment inflows to Sub-Saharan Africa. Thunderbird International Business Review, 54(4), 469-477. https://doi. org/10.1002/tie.21477 google scholar
  • Çeştepe, H., Tatar, H. E., & Erdogan, S. (2023). The impact of globalization with its different aspects on economic growth: The Case of Turkey. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 73(2), 717-743. https://doi. org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1248345 google scholar
  • Da Cruz, C.B.B., Floriani, D.E., & Amal, M. (2020). The OLI Paradigm as a comprehensive model of foreign direct investment determinants: A sub-national approach. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17(1), 146-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2019-0517 google scholar
  • Denisia, V. (2010). Foreign direct investment theories: An overview of the main foreign direct investment theories. European journal of interdisciplinary studies, (3). google scholar
  • Doe, R. (2019). The effects of economic instability on foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business, 12(3), 45-67. https://doi.org/10.1234/jib.v12i3.5678 google scholar
  • Dunning, J.H. (1981). Explaining the international direct investment position of countries: Towards a dynamic or developmental approach. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 117, 30-64. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02696577 google scholar
  • Dunning, J. H. (1993). Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley. google scholar
  • Eiteman, D. K., Stonehill, A., & Moffett, M. H. (2016). Multinational Business Finance (14th ed.). USA: Pearson. google scholar
  • Ercan, M.K., Öztürk, M.B., Demirgüneş, K., Başçı, E.S., & Küçükkaplan, İ. (2010). Marka değerinin tespiti. İstanbul: İMKB Yayınları. google scholar
  • Fan, D., Zhou, Y., Yeung, A. C., Lo, C. K., & Tang, C. (2022). Impact of the US-China trade war on the operating performance of US firms: The role of outsourcing and supply base complexity. Journal of Operations Management, 68(8), 928-962. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1225 google scholar
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  • Gupta, S., Gallear, D., Rudd, J., & Foroudi, P. (2020). The impact of brand value on brand competitiveness. Journal of Business Research, 112, 210-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusres.2020.02.033 google scholar
  • Himounet, N. (2022). Searching the nature of uncertainty: Macroeconomic and financial risks vs geopolitical and pandemic risks. International Economics, 170, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. inteco.2022.02.010 google scholar
  • Hong, G., & Kim, E. (2017). Overcoming country-of-origin image constraints on hiring: The moderating role of CSR. Asian Business & Management, 16(4-5), 253-271. https://doi. org/10.1057/s41291-017-0023-5 google scholar
  • Johnson, M. (2021). Pandemic impact on global supply chains. Journal of Business Economics, 45(2), 102-115. google scholar
  • Jones, J., & Wren, C. (2019). Foreign direct investment and regional development. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan google scholar
  • Kalamova, M.M., & Konrad, K.A. (2010). Nation brands and foreign direct investment. Kyklos, 63(3), 400-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00480.x google scholar
  • Kaya, M. (2019). Marka değeri ve ekonomik kriz ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 7(2), 129-143. google scholar
  • Lahrech, A., Alabdulwahab, S.Z., & Bouayach, S. (2020). Nation branding and how it is related to foreign direct investment inflows. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(2), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9345 google scholar
  • Lassar, W., Mittal, B., & Sharma, A. (1995). Measuring customer-based brand equity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 12(4), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363769510095270 google scholar
  • Liu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021). The impact of trade policies on global branding strategies. International Marketing Review, 38(3), 378-392. google scholar
  • Matiza, T., & Oni, O.A. (2014). The case for nation branding as an investment promotion methodology for African nations: A literature-based perspective. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 262-272. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n3p262 google scholar
  • Metaxas, T., & Tsavdaridou, M. (2011). Shaping the image of Bulgaria as foreign direct investment destination in Southeastern Europe: The course after 1989’. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 11(2), 51-70. google scholar
  • Montanari, M.G., Giraldi, J.D.M.E., & Galina, S.V.R. (2019). Relationship between country brand and internationalization: A literature review. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 27(7), 21482166. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2018-0277 google scholar
  • Moosavi, J., Fathollahi-Fard, A. M., & Dulebenets, M. A. (2022). Supply chain disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic: Recognizing potential disruption management strategies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102983 google scholar
  • Napolitano, M.R., Ibrahim, Y., De Nisco, A., & Papadopoulos, N. (2018). The role of country branding in attracting foreign investment: country characteristics and country image. Mercati & Competitivitâ, (2), 85-108. https://doi.org/10.3280/MC2018-002005 google scholar
  • Ökten, N.Z., Okan, E.Y., Arslan, Ü., & Güngör, M.Ö. (2019). The effect of brand value on economic growth: a multinational analysis. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2018.11.002 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Institute for the Study of Labor IZA, (1229), 1-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal ofApplied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section i ndependence . Econometrics Journal, 1 1 ( 1 ), 1 05- 1 27. https://doi .org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x google scholar
  • Petersen, B., & Pedersen, T. (2017). The role of foreign direct investment in technology transfer and knowledge sharing. European Journal of International Management, 11(4), 437-456. google scholar
  • Sirr, G., Garvey, J., & Gallagher, L. (2012). A quantitative approach to guiding the promotional efforts of IPAs in emerging markets. International Business Review, 21(4), 618-630. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.07.006 google scholar
  • Smith, J. (2020). The impact of trade wars on global brands. Journal of International Business, 15(3), 45-67. google scholar
  • Swamy, P.A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 38(2), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913012 google scholar
  • Ulutaş, K., & Yıldırım, F. (2020). Ülkelerin rekabet üstünlüğü geliştirmesi: Marka güç endeksi çalışması. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 635-653. google scholar
  • Vujanovic, N., Radosevic, S., Stojcic, N., Hisarciklilar, M., & Hashi, I. (2022). Foreign direct investment spillover effects on innovation activities of knowledge using and knowledge creating firms: Evidence from an emerging economy. Technovation, 1 18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. technovation.2022.102512 google scholar
  • Wagner, C. (2020). Deducing a state-of-the-art presentation of the Eclectic Paradigm from four decades of development: a systematic literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 70(1), 51-96. google scholar
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.967 google scholar
  • Yılmaz, E. (2023). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların işletme performansı üzerindeki etkileri. İktisat ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 123-134. google scholar
  • Yıldız, T., Arslan, Ü., & Çeliköz, Y. S. (2022). The relationship between human capital and environmental destruction: the case of European countries. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 8(1), 187-203. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.320050 google scholar
  • Zhang, C. (2022). Formal and informal institutional legacies and inward foreign direct investment into firms: Evidence from China. Journal of International Business Studies, 53(6), 1228-1256. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00359-1 google scholar
  • Zhang, W., & Zhao, X. (2018). Effects of foreign direct investment on local innovation and competition. Management Science Quarterly, 63(1), 15-27. google scholar
Year 2024, Volume: 74 Issue: 2, 529 - 549, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1523470

Abstract

References

  • Aleidan, M. (2021). When geography matters: the potential role of Saudi Arabia’s geographical branding in promoting foreign direct investment. International Journal of Business and Management, 14(1), 1-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/IJBM.V14N1P64 google scholar
  • Anderson, B. (2021). Macroeconomic shifts and investor behavior during global crises. Financial Journal, 45(3), 233-245. google scholar
  • Andersson, U., & Forsgren, M. (2019). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. London, UK: Routledge. google scholar
  • Bilgin, M. H., Marco Lau, C. K., & Karabulut, G. (2012). Technology transfer and enterprise performance: a firm-level analysis in China. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(3), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.620144 google scholar
  • Bitzenis, A. (2004). Explanatory variables for low western investment interest in Bulgaria. Eastern European Economics, 42(6), 5-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2004.11041091 google scholar
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi. org/10.2307/2297111 google scholar
  • Chang, W.J. (2020). Experiential marketing, brand image and brand loyalty: A case study of Starbucks. British Food Journal, 123(1), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2020-0014 google scholar
  • Choudhury, P. (2019). Effects of trade wars on brand management. Journal of Business Research, 98, 234-241. google scholar
  • Cleeve, E. (2012). Political and institutional impediments to foreign direct investment inflows to Sub-Saharan Africa. Thunderbird International Business Review, 54(4), 469-477. https://doi. org/10.1002/tie.21477 google scholar
  • Çeştepe, H., Tatar, H. E., & Erdogan, S. (2023). The impact of globalization with its different aspects on economic growth: The Case of Turkey. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 73(2), 717-743. https://doi. org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1248345 google scholar
  • Da Cruz, C.B.B., Floriani, D.E., & Amal, M. (2020). The OLI Paradigm as a comprehensive model of foreign direct investment determinants: A sub-national approach. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17(1), 146-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2019-0517 google scholar
  • Denisia, V. (2010). Foreign direct investment theories: An overview of the main foreign direct investment theories. European journal of interdisciplinary studies, (3). google scholar
  • Doe, R. (2019). The effects of economic instability on foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business, 12(3), 45-67. https://doi.org/10.1234/jib.v12i3.5678 google scholar
  • Dunning, J.H. (1981). Explaining the international direct investment position of countries: Towards a dynamic or developmental approach. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 117, 30-64. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02696577 google scholar
  • Dunning, J. H. (1993). Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley. google scholar
  • Eiteman, D. K., Stonehill, A., & Moffett, M. H. (2016). Multinational Business Finance (14th ed.). USA: Pearson. google scholar
  • Ercan, M.K., Öztürk, M.B., Demirgüneş, K., Başçı, E.S., & Küçükkaplan, İ. (2010). Marka değerinin tespiti. İstanbul: İMKB Yayınları. google scholar
  • Fan, D., Zhou, Y., Yeung, A. C., Lo, C. K., & Tang, C. (2022). Impact of the US-China trade war on the operating performance of US firms: The role of outsourcing and supply base complexity. Journal of Operations Management, 68(8), 928-962. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1225 google scholar
  • Fetscherin, M. (2010). The determinants and measurement of a country brand: The country brand strength index. International Marketing Review, 27(4), 467-479. https://doi. org/10.1108/02651331011058617 google scholar
  • Fung, H. (2020). Direct foreign investment and corporate strategy. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(3), 457-472. google scholar
  • Gourinchas, P. O., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., & Penciakova, V. (2020). COVID-19 and the global economy. NBER Working Paper, (27423). google scholar
  • Gupta, S., Gallear, D., Rudd, J., & Foroudi, P. (2020). The impact of brand value on brand competitiveness. Journal of Business Research, 112, 210-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusres.2020.02.033 google scholar
  • Himounet, N. (2022). Searching the nature of uncertainty: Macroeconomic and financial risks vs geopolitical and pandemic risks. International Economics, 170, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. inteco.2022.02.010 google scholar
  • Hong, G., & Kim, E. (2017). Overcoming country-of-origin image constraints on hiring: The moderating role of CSR. Asian Business & Management, 16(4-5), 253-271. https://doi. org/10.1057/s41291-017-0023-5 google scholar
  • Johnson, M. (2021). Pandemic impact on global supply chains. Journal of Business Economics, 45(2), 102-115. google scholar
  • Jones, J., & Wren, C. (2019). Foreign direct investment and regional development. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan google scholar
  • Kalamova, M.M., & Konrad, K.A. (2010). Nation brands and foreign direct investment. Kyklos, 63(3), 400-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00480.x google scholar
  • Kaya, M. (2019). Marka değeri ve ekonomik kriz ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 7(2), 129-143. google scholar
  • Lahrech, A., Alabdulwahab, S.Z., & Bouayach, S. (2020). Nation branding and how it is related to foreign direct investment inflows. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(2), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9345 google scholar
  • Lassar, W., Mittal, B., & Sharma, A. (1995). Measuring customer-based brand equity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 12(4), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363769510095270 google scholar
  • Liu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021). The impact of trade policies on global branding strategies. International Marketing Review, 38(3), 378-392. google scholar
  • Matiza, T., & Oni, O.A. (2014). The case for nation branding as an investment promotion methodology for African nations: A literature-based perspective. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 262-272. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n3p262 google scholar
  • Metaxas, T., & Tsavdaridou, M. (2011). Shaping the image of Bulgaria as foreign direct investment destination in Southeastern Europe: The course after 1989’. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 11(2), 51-70. google scholar
  • Montanari, M.G., Giraldi, J.D.M.E., & Galina, S.V.R. (2019). Relationship between country brand and internationalization: A literature review. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 27(7), 21482166. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-09-2018-0277 google scholar
  • Moosavi, J., Fathollahi-Fard, A. M., & Dulebenets, M. A. (2022). Supply chain disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic: Recognizing potential disruption management strategies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102983 google scholar
  • Napolitano, M.R., Ibrahim, Y., De Nisco, A., & Papadopoulos, N. (2018). The role of country branding in attracting foreign investment: country characteristics and country image. Mercati & Competitivitâ, (2), 85-108. https://doi.org/10.3280/MC2018-002005 google scholar
  • Ökten, N.Z., Okan, E.Y., Arslan, Ü., & Güngör, M.Ö. (2019). The effect of brand value on economic growth: a multinational analysis. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2018.11.002 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Institute for the Study of Labor IZA, (1229), 1-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal ofApplied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section i ndependence . Econometrics Journal, 1 1 ( 1 ), 1 05- 1 27. https://doi .org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x google scholar
  • Petersen, B., & Pedersen, T. (2017). The role of foreign direct investment in technology transfer and knowledge sharing. European Journal of International Management, 11(4), 437-456. google scholar
  • Sirr, G., Garvey, J., & Gallagher, L. (2012). A quantitative approach to guiding the promotional efforts of IPAs in emerging markets. International Business Review, 21(4), 618-630. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.07.006 google scholar
  • Smith, J. (2020). The impact of trade wars on global brands. Journal of International Business, 15(3), 45-67. google scholar
  • Swamy, P.A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 38(2), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913012 google scholar
  • Ulutaş, K., & Yıldırım, F. (2020). Ülkelerin rekabet üstünlüğü geliştirmesi: Marka güç endeksi çalışması. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 635-653. google scholar
  • Vujanovic, N., Radosevic, S., Stojcic, N., Hisarciklilar, M., & Hashi, I. (2022). Foreign direct investment spillover effects on innovation activities of knowledge using and knowledge creating firms: Evidence from an emerging economy. Technovation, 1 18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. technovation.2022.102512 google scholar
  • Wagner, C. (2020). Deducing a state-of-the-art presentation of the Eclectic Paradigm from four decades of development: a systematic literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 70(1), 51-96. google scholar
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.967 google scholar
  • Yılmaz, E. (2023). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların işletme performansı üzerindeki etkileri. İktisat ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 123-134. google scholar
  • Yıldız, T., Arslan, Ü., & Çeliköz, Y. S. (2022). The relationship between human capital and environmental destruction: the case of European countries. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 8(1), 187-203. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.320050 google scholar
  • Zhang, C. (2022). Formal and informal institutional legacies and inward foreign direct investment into firms: Evidence from China. Journal of International Business Studies, 53(6), 1228-1256. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00359-1 google scholar
  • Zhang, W., & Zhao, X. (2018). Effects of foreign direct investment on local innovation and competition. Management Science Quarterly, 63(1), 15-27. google scholar
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economic Theory (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tuba Yıldız 0000-0002-5097-938X

Ünal Arslan 0000-0001-8181-7319

N.zeynep Ökten 0000-0002-3848-3488

Yıldız Sağlam Çeliköz 0000-0003-3791-2524

Hale Kırmızıoğlu 0000-0001-8869-9933

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date July 28, 2024
Acceptance Date December 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 74 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldız, T., Arslan, Ü., Ökten, N., Sağlam Çeliköz, Y., et al. (2024). Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 74(2), 529-549. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1523470
AMA Yıldız T, Arslan Ü, Ökten N, Sağlam Çeliköz Y, Kırmızıoğlu H. Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. December 2024;74(2):529-549. doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1523470
Chicago Yıldız, Tuba, Ünal Arslan, N.zeynep Ökten, Yıldız Sağlam Çeliköz, and Hale Kırmızıoğlu. “Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74, no. 2 (December 2024): 529-49. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1523470.
EndNote Yıldız T, Arslan Ü, Ökten N, Sağlam Çeliköz Y, Kırmızıoğlu H (December 1, 2024) Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74 2 529–549.
IEEE T. Yıldız, Ü. Arslan, N. Ökten, Y. Sağlam Çeliköz, and H. Kırmızıoğlu, “Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 529–549, 2024, doi: 10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1523470.
ISNAD Yıldız, Tuba et al. “Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74/2 (December 2024), 529-549. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1523470.
JAMA Yıldız T, Arslan Ü, Ökten N, Sağlam Çeliköz Y, Kırmızıoğlu H. Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2024;74:529–549.
MLA Yıldız, Tuba et al. “Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 74, no. 2, 2024, pp. 529-4, doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1523470.
Vancouver Yıldız T, Arslan Ü, Ökten N, Sağlam Çeliköz Y, Kırmızıoğlu H. Foreign Direct Investment, Brand Value, and Economic Performance: A Multinational Analysis. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2024;74(2):529-4.