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İkidillik ve Beyin

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 138 - 144, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1026418

Abstract

İki dilliler, daha kapsamlı iletişim becerileri, daha karmaşık düşünce süreçleri ve iki farklı dilde daha kolay kimlik gelişimi sayesinde tek dillilerle karşılaştırılmış ve araştırma odağı haline gelmiştir. Bebeklikten iki dilli olmak, beyindeki yapıyı, ağı ve yönetici kontrol sistemini değiştirebilecek eşsiz bir deneyimdir. İki dillilerin zihninde sürekli aktif iki dil vardır ve iki dilliler her zaman bu diller arasında karar verme durumundadır, bu da beyin için bir egzersizdir. Bir çalışma (Mechelli, 2004), ikinci dil öğreniminin, karar verme, inhibisyon ve odaklanma ile ilgili olan sol alt parietal korteksteki gri maddeyi yükselttiğini göstermiştir. Aslında, iki dilli ve tek dilli arasındaki fark bebeklikte ortaya çıkabilir. İlgili bir çalışma (Kovacs ve ark. 2009), yedi aylık iki dilli çocukların kuklalarla oynarken yeni bir kural öğrenmede aynı yaştaki tek dillileri geride bıraktıklarını belirtmiştir. Ayrıca, iki dile de hâkim kişilerin, daha ileri yaşlarda Alzheimer hastalığına yakalanma gibi bir avantajı da var. Tek dilli ve iki dilli arasındaki hastalığa yakalanmak yaşı arsındaki fark 4,1 yıldır (Bialstok ve ark., 2007). İlgili çalışmaların sonuçlarına dayanarak, bilişsel avantaj ve sağlığın korunması için dünya genelinde iki dillilik ve çok dilliliğin teşvik edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılabilir.

References

  • Associated Press. Some facts about the world’s 6,800 tongues. 2001. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://articles.cnn.com/2001-06-19/us/language.glance_1_languages-origin-tongues?_s=PM:US
  • Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Freedman, M. (2007). Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia. C. 45, S. 2, s. 459-464.
  • Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and aging, C. 19, S. 2, s. 290
  • Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition, C. 34, S. 4, s. 859.
  • Hernandez, A. E., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J., & Bookheimer, S. (2001). Language switching and language representation in Spanish–English bilinguals: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, C. 14, S. 2, s. 510-520.
  • Hope, T. M., Parker Jones, Ō., Grogan, A., Crinion, J., Rae, J., Ruffle, L., ... & Green, D. W. (2015). Comparing language outcomes in monolingual and bilingual stroke patients. Brain, C. 138, S. 4, s. 1070-1083. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers
  • Kovács, Á. M., & Mehler, J. (2009). Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, C. 106, S. 16, s. 6556-6560.
  • Luk, G., Green, D. W., Abutalebi, J., & Grady, C. (2012). Cognitive control for language switching in bilinguals: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Language and cognitive processes, 27(10), 1479-1488. C. 14, S. 2, s. 510-520.
  • Marian, V., & Spivey, M. (2003). Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items. Applied Psycholinguistics, C. 24, S. 2, s. 173-193.
  • Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O'Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Price, C. J. (2004). Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature, C. 431, S. 7010, s. 757.
  • Mehler, J., Jusczyk, P., Lambertz, G., Halsted, N., Bertoncini, J., & Amiel-Tison, C. (1988). A precursor of language acquisition in young infants. Cognition, C. 29, S. 2, s. 143-178.
  • Schweizer, T. A., Ware, J., Fischer, C. E., Craik, F. I., & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: Evidence from brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. cortex, C. 48, S. 8, s. 991-996.

Bilingualism and the Brain

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 138 - 144, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1026418

Abstract

Bilinguals have been compared with monolinguals and become research focus due to their more extensive communication skills, more complex thought processes, and easier identity development in two different languages. Being a bilingual from babyhood is a unique experience which can change the structure, the network and the executive control system in the brain. There are two constantly active languages in the minds of bilinguals and bilinguals are always in a state of deciding between these languages, which is an exercise for the brain. A study (Mechelli, 2004) has showed that that second-language learning raises grey matter in the left inferior parietal cortex, which is related to decision-making, inhibition and focusing. In fact, the difference between bilinguals and monolinguals could emerge at infanthood. A relevant study (Kovacs et al., 2009) has indicated that seven-month-year-olds bilinguals have left the contemporaneous monolinguals behind at learning a new rule while playing with puppets. Furthermore, bilinguals have advantages at getting Alzheimer at elder ages. The difference between monolinguals and bilinguals for getting the illness is 4.1 years (Bialstok et al., 2007). Based on the results of the relevant studies, it can be concluded that bilingualism and multilingualism should be encouraged across the world for cognitive advantage and conserving good health.

References

  • Associated Press. Some facts about the world’s 6,800 tongues. 2001. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://articles.cnn.com/2001-06-19/us/language.glance_1_languages-origin-tongues?_s=PM:US
  • Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Freedman, M. (2007). Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia. C. 45, S. 2, s. 459-464.
  • Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and aging, C. 19, S. 2, s. 290
  • Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition, C. 34, S. 4, s. 859.
  • Hernandez, A. E., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J., & Bookheimer, S. (2001). Language switching and language representation in Spanish–English bilinguals: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, C. 14, S. 2, s. 510-520.
  • Hope, T. M., Parker Jones, Ō., Grogan, A., Crinion, J., Rae, J., Ruffle, L., ... & Green, D. W. (2015). Comparing language outcomes in monolingual and bilingual stroke patients. Brain, C. 138, S. 4, s. 1070-1083. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers
  • Kovács, Á. M., & Mehler, J. (2009). Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, C. 106, S. 16, s. 6556-6560.
  • Luk, G., Green, D. W., Abutalebi, J., & Grady, C. (2012). Cognitive control for language switching in bilinguals: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Language and cognitive processes, 27(10), 1479-1488. C. 14, S. 2, s. 510-520.
  • Marian, V., & Spivey, M. (2003). Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items. Applied Psycholinguistics, C. 24, S. 2, s. 173-193.
  • Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O'Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Price, C. J. (2004). Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature, C. 431, S. 7010, s. 757.
  • Mehler, J., Jusczyk, P., Lambertz, G., Halsted, N., Bertoncini, J., & Amiel-Tison, C. (1988). A precursor of language acquisition in young infants. Cognition, C. 29, S. 2, s. 143-178.
  • Schweizer, T. A., Ware, J., Fischer, C. E., Craik, F. I., & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: Evidence from brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. cortex, C. 48, S. 8, s. 991-996.
There are 12 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nazli Aggun 0000-0002-2705-109X

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aggun, N. (2021). Bilingualism and the Brain. Artuklu İnsan Ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 6(2), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1026418