Transforming Jesus into “Messiah”: The Idea of Messianism in Messianic Judaism

Year 2016, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 242 - 270, 06.04.2016

Ramazan Adıbelli

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.87084

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Christianized as a result of the missionary activities, Messianic Jews after remembering their  Jewish identity organized in the 1970s the Messianic Judaism movement. One of the motto of the movement is to overcome the differences between Judaism and Christianity by fusing the Christian faith with the Jewish identity.  While Judaism, developed the Messianic idea and made it a principle of belief, Christianity stated as a matter of faith that Messiah that the Jews have come to expect was Jesus. Messianic Jews argue that the long-awaited Messiah is Yeshua (Jesus) and that Judaism is compatible with the idea of Jesus' Messiahship. In order to determine whether this process occurred and to make a phenomenological analysis this essay followed a chronological order. The phenomenon of messianism in Judaism, then the messianic understanding of Christianity and finally in the light of these two approaches the main features of Messianic Judaism which seems to be a syncretism of two belief systems and which claim to serve as  "a bridge between the Synagogue and the Church" was examined. 

Keywords

Jesus, Messiah, Judaism, Christianity, Messianic Judaism, New Religious Movement, Syncretism

İsa’nın “Maşiah”a Dönüşümü: Mesihi Yahudilikte Mesihlik Fenomeni

Abstract

Misyonerlik faaliyetleri sonucunda Hıristiyanlaşan Yahudilerin tekrar Yahudi kimliklerine sarılarak 1970’lerden itibaren örgütlenip meydana getirdikleri Mesihi Yahudilik hareketinin mottosundan biri Yahudi kimliğiyle Hıristiyanlık inancını kaynaştırarak iki din arasındaki farklılıkları aşmaktır. Yahudilik, mesihlik düşüncesini geliştirerek bir inanç ilkesi haline getirirken Hıristiyanlık, Yahudilerin bekledikleri mesihin İsa olduğu düşüncesini akideleştirmiştir. Mesihi Yahudiler ise uzun zamandır beklenen mesihin Yeşua (İsa) olduğunu ve böylece İsa’nın Mesihliği düşüncesiyle Yahudiliğin bağdaştığını ileri sürmektedirler.  Bu sürecin nasıl meydana geldiğini tespit etmek ve fenomenolojik bir analiz yapabilmek açısından bu çalışmada, kronolojik sıra takip edilerek Yahudilikteki mesihlik olgusu, daha sonra Hıristiyanlıktaki mesih anlayışı ve bu iki anlayış ışığında da bu iki inanç sisteminin bir senkretizmi niteliğinde olup “sinagogla kilise arasında bir köprü” olma iddiasında bulunan Mesihi Yahudilikteki mesihlik inancının temel özellikleri incelenmiştir. Son tahlilde Mesihi Yahudilikteki mesih tasavvurunun, İsa’nın Yahudilerin bekledikleri maşiah olduğu ilkesinden hareketle Hıristiyanlıktaki Mesih anlayışına Yahudi bir renk katarak Hıristiyan olan Yahudilerin Yahudi kimliğini, özellikle de İsrail kavmine mensup Tanrı tarafından seçilmiş bireyler olmaya devam etme imkânı sunduğu görülmektedir.        

Keywords

İsa, Mesih, Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık, Mesihi Yahudilik, Yeni Dini Hareket, Senkretizm

References

• Abrahams, Israel, Annotated Edition of the Authorised Daily Prayer Book, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1914.
• Adam, Baki, Yahudilik Açısından Hıristiyanlık ve İslam, İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2002.
• Adıbelli, Ramazan, “Ve Yahudiler, “İsa Mesih, Allah'ın Oğludur” Dediler: Modern Bir Senkretik Fenomen Olarak Mesihi Yahudilik”, Bilimname 29, 2 (2015), s. 9–32.
• Adler, Cyrus, Emil G. Hirsch, "Shomeneh Esreh", The Jewish Encyclopedia, London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1904, c. 11, s. 270–282.
• Ariel, Yaakov, "Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism", Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America, (ed.) Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft, Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006, c. 2, s. 191–221.
• Ariel, Yaakov, “A Different Kind of Dialogue? Messianic Judaism and Jewish Christian Relations,” CrossCurrents 243 (2012): 318–327.
• Ariel, Yaakov, An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews, New York: New York University Press, 2013.
• Ariel, Yaakov, Evangelizing the Chosen People: Missions to the Jews in America, 1880 – 2000, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
• Atasağun, Galip, Hıristiyanlıkta Kıyamet Alametleri ve Dünyanın Sonu, Konya: Sebat, 2001.
• Baybal, Sami, İbrahimi Dinlerde Mesih’in Dönüşü, Konya: Yediveren 2002.
• Besalel, Yusuf, Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Gözlem Kitap, 2001, c. 2.
• Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2006, c. 2.
• Charlesworth, J. H., “From Messianology to Christology: Problems and Prospects”, The Messiah: Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity, (ed.) James H. Charlesworth, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992, s. 3–35.
• Chemouni, Jacquy, "L’espérance : idéal et principe. Approche psychanalytique du messianisme", Kentron 11, 2 (1995): 5–31.
• Cohn-Sherbok, Dan, Judaism Today, New York: Continuum, 2010.
• Cothenet, Edouard, “Messianisme: Nouveau Testament”, Dictionnaire des religions, (ed.) Paul Poupard, Paris: PUF, 1985.
• Cullmann, O., “L'apôtre Pierre instrument du diable et instrument de Dieu: La place de Matt. 16, 16—19 dans la tradition primitive”, New Testament Essays: Studies in Memory of T.W. Manson, (ed.) A. J. B. Higgins, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959, s. 94–105.
• de Vaux, R., Les Institutions de l'Ancien Testament, 2. bs., Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1961, c. 1.
• Duffy, S. J., "Parousia in Theology", The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2. bs., Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2003, c. 10, s. 900–902.
• Duquoc, Christian, Messianisme de Jésus et discrétion de Dieu: Essai sur la limite de la christologie, Genève: Labor et Fides, 1984.
• Emmet, C. W., “Messiah”, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, (ed.) James Hastings, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916, c. 8, s. 570–581.
• Flusser, David, “Messiah: Second Temple Period”, Encyclopedia Judaica, (ed.) Fred Skolnik, 2. bs., Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007, c.14, s. 111–112.
• Fohrer, Georg, History of Israelite Religion, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972.
• Friedländer, M., “Life of Maimonides”, The Guide for the Perplexed by Moses Maimonides: Translated from the original Arabic Text, 2. bs., London: Routledge, 1910.
• Geoltrain, Pierre, “Jésus ou Jésus-Christ”, Dictionnaire de la théologie chrétienne, Paris: Encyclopaedia Universalis et Albin Michel, 1998, s. 467–476.
• Georgi, Dieter, “İlk Dönem İsa’ya İnananlar Topluluğu: Yahudi İç Göçünden mi İbaretti Yoksa Yeni bir Dini mi Temsil Ediyordu?”, çev. Ramazan Adıbelli, Bilimname 15, 2 (2008), s. 205–240.
• Ginsberg, Harold Louis, “Messiah”, Encyclopedia Judaica, Fred Skolnik (ed.), 2. bs., Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007, c.14, s. 110–111.
• Glaser, Mitchell L., “A Survey of Missions to the Jews in Continental Europe 1900–1950”, Doktora Tezi, Fuller Theological Seminary, Faculty of the School of World Mission, 1998.
• Glickman, Elaine Rose, The Messiah and the Jews: Three Thousand Years of Tradition, Belief, and Hope, Woodstock: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2013.
• Goetschel, Roland, “Les grands courants du judaïsme: De la fin de l’antiquité à l’époque moderne”, Encyclopédie des religions, (ed.) Frédéric Lenoir, Ysé Tardan-Masquelier, 2. bs., Paris: Bayard, 2000, c. 1, s. 293–324.
• Gren, William Scott, Jed Silverstein, “The Doctrine of the Messiah”, The Blackwell Companion to Judaism, (ed.) Jacob Neusner, Alan J. Avery-Peck, Oxford: Blackwell, 2004, s. 247–267.
• Guignebert, Charles, Le monde juif vers le temps de Jésus, Paris: Éditions Albin Michel, 1950.
• Hadas-Lebel, Mireille, "Depuis quand existe-t-il un messianisme juif ?", Bulletin du Centre de recherche français de Jérusalem 17, (2006): 52–64.
• Harvey, Richard, “The Current State of Messianic Jewish Thought”, Jews and the Gospel at the End of History: A Tribute to Moishe Rosen, (ed.) Jim Congdon, Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2009, s. 155–184.
• Heschel, Susannah, "Jewish Views of Jesus", (ed.) Gregory A. Barker, Jesus In The World's Faiths: Leading Thinkers From Five Faiths Reflect On His Meaning, Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2005, s. 149–160.
• IAMCS, “What We Believe”, erişim tarihi 14.02.2016, http://www.iamcs.org/#/about-us/what-we-believe.
• Jacobs, Joseph, Moses Buttenwieser, “Messiah”, The Jewish Encyclopedia, London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1904, c. 8, s. 505–512.
• Kaiser, Walter C., The Messiah in the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995.
• Karesh, Sara E., Mitchell M. Hurvitz (eds.), Encyclopedia of Judaism, New York: Facts On File, 2006, s. 323–325.
• Katolik Kilisesi Din ve Ahlak İlkeleri, çev. Dominik Pamir, İstanbul, 2000, s. 113
• Kinzer, Mark S., Matthew Levering, “Messianic Gentiles & Messianic Jews,” First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion & Public Life 189, (2009): 43–49.
• Kitabı Mukaddes: Eski ve Yeni Ahit, İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 1997.
• Kutsal Kitap (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil): Yeni Çeviri, İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2011.
• Kutsal Kitap Dizini (Geniş Kapsamlı), İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2004.
• Lucass, Shirley, The Concept of the Messiah in the Scriptures of Judaism and Christianity, London: T & T Clark, 2011.
• Maimonides, Moses, Mishneh Torah, Melachim uMilchamot 11-12, erişim tarihi 02.02.2016, http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1188356/jewish/Melachim-uMilchamot-Chapter-11.htm ve http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1188357/jewish/Melachim-uMilchamot-Chapter-12.htm
• McDowell, Josh, Bart Larson, Mesih İsa’nın Tanrılığı: Kutsal Kitap’a Dayalı Bir Savunma, İstanbul: Zirve, 2001.
• McLaren, James S., “Messianic Jews”, A Dictionary Of Jewish-Christian Relations, (ed.) Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, s. 292–293.
• Melton, J. Gordon (ed.), Encylopedia of Protestantism, New York: Facts On File, 2005.
• Michel, Thomas, Hıristiyan Tanrıbilimine Giriş: Dinler Tarihine Katkı, İstanbul: Ohan Basımevi, 1992.
• Nerel, Gershon, “Primitive Jewish Christians in the Modern Thought of Messianic Jews”, Le judéo-christianisme dans tous ses états, (ed.) Simon Mimouni, F. Stanley Jones, Paris: Cerf, 2001, s. 399–425.
• Nerel, Gershon, “The Identity of Jewish Yeshua-Disciples in the State of Israel According to their Written Declarations of Faith”, Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism, erişim tarihi 14.02.2016, http://www.kesherjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160&Itemid=452.
• Neusner, Jacob, "Messiah", The Encyclopedia of Judaism, (ed.) Jacob Neusner, Alan J. Avery-Peck, William Scott Green,, 2. bs., Leiden: Brill, 2005), c. 3, s. 1678–1707.
• Neusner, Jacob, Jews and Christians: The Myth of a Common Tradition, Binghamton: Global Publications, 2001.
• O'Hare, Padraic, The Enduring Covenant: The Education of Christians and the End of Antisemitism, Valley Forge: Trinity Press International, 1997.
• Renan, Ernest, Vie de jésus, 13. bs., Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1965.
• Resnik, Russell L., “Defining Messianic Judaism - A Commentary”, Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism, erişim tarihi 14.02.2016, http://www.kesherjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=423
• Ringren, Helmer, “Messianism: An Overview”, Encyclopedia of Religion, (ed.) Lindsay Jones, 2. bs., Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2009, c. 9, s. 5972–5974.
• Rudolph, David J., "Contemporary Judeo-Christian Communities in the Jewish Diaspora", Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, (ed.) M. Avrum Ehrlich, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009, s. 146–150.
• Rudolph, David J., “History of Judeo-Christian Communities in the Jewish Diaspora”, Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, (ed.) M. Avrum Ehrlich, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO,2009, s. 136–139.
• Rudolph, David, “Introduction”, Introduction to Messianic Judaism: Its Ecclesial Context and Biblical Foundations, (ed.) David Rudolph, Joel Willitts, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2013, s. 11–18.
• Rudolph, David, “Messianic Judaism in Antiquity and in the Modern Era”, Introduction to Messianic Judaism: Its Ecclesial Context and Biblical Foundations, (ed.) David Rudolph, Joel Willitts, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2013, s. 21–36.
• Saperstein, Marc “Introduction”, Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History, (ed.) Marc Saperstein, New York: New York University Press, 1992, s. 1–31.
• Sarachek, Joseph, The Doctrine of the Messiah in Medieval Jewish Literature, New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1932.
• Schäfer, Peter, Jesus in the Talmud, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.
• Schellenberg, R. S., "Eschatology", Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, (ed.) Joel B. Green, Jeannine K. Brown & Nicholas Perrin, 2. bs., Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2013, s. 232–239.
• Schiffman, Lawrence H., “Messianism and Apocalypticism in Rabbinic Texts”, The Cambridge History of Judaism, Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, (ed.) Steven T. Katz, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, s. 1053–1072.
• Scholem, Gershom, The Messianic Idea in Judaism: And Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality, New York: Schoken Books, 1995.
• Shahak, Israel, Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years, London: Pluto Press, 1994.
• Şeker, Cihat, “Yahudilikte Mesihlik İnancı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi”, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi 63, (2015): 163–200.
• The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire, 7. bs., London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1904.
• Treppy, Leo, Judaism and Christianity: Dissent, Disruption and Dialogue, Sprinfield: Behram House, 2001.
• UMJC, “Statement of Faith”, erişim tarihi 14.02.2016, http://www.umjc.org/statement-of-faith/.
• Von Orelli, C., “Messiah, Messianism”, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, (ed.) Samuel Macauley Jackson, New York & London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1910, c. 7, s. 323–330.
• Waardenburg, Jacques, "Mesih", Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA), İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2004, c. 29, s. 306–309.
• Wallace, D. H., “Messiah”, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, (ed.) Walter A. Elwell, 2. bs., Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1985, s. 710–711.
• Werblowsky, R. J. Zwi, “Messianism in Jewish History”, Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History, (ed.) Marc Saperstein, New York: New York University Press, 1992, s. 35–52.
• Werblowsky, R. J. Zwi, Geoffrey Wigoder (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Werblowsky, R. J. Zwi, “Messianism: Jewish Messianism”, Encyclopedia of Religion, (ed.) Lindsay Jones, 2. bs., Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2009, c. 9, s. 5974–5979.