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Dijital Aktivizmde Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Bir Çevrimiçi Hacktivist Ağının Analizi

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 931 - 965, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.681189

Abstract

Dijital aktivizm, iletişim teknolojilerini kullanarak insanların birçok konu veya olay hakkındaki görüşlerini, düşüncelerini, tepkilerini veya desteklerini ifade etme faaliyetlerini kapsamaktadır. Yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin geniş topluluklara hızlı, kolay ve daha az maliyetle ulaşma imkânından faydalanan dijital aktivizmin bir biçimi de hacktivist gruplar tarafından yürütülen faaliyetlerdir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren Ay Yıldız Tim isimli vatansever hacktivist grubun 1.11.2019-01.12.2019 tarihleri arasındaki Twitter paylaşımları nitel yöntemlerden biri olan içerik analizi ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular grubun dinamiklerini ortaya koymak ve politik gerekçeler nedeni ile hack eylemleri gerçekleştirmek anlamına gelen hacktivizm kavramının yeni iletişim teknolojileri aracılığıyla nasıl yorumlandığını ortaya koymak üzere betimsel analiz yöntemi ile irdelenmiştir. Ay Yıldız Tim’in hack eylemlerindeki amacın devletin birlik ve beraberliğini sağlamak amacıyla terörist unsurlar konusunda kamuoyunun bilgilendirilmesini sağlamak ve bu terörist gruplarla mücadele etmeye yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilen hack eylemlerinin kamuoyu ile paylaşılması olduğu söylenebilmektedir.

References

  • Coleman, G. (2011). Hacker Politics and Publics. Public Culture, 23(3 65), 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-1336390
  • Dahan, M. (2013). Hacking for the Homeland: Patriotic Hackers Versus Hacktivists. In International Conference on Information Warfare and Security; Reading (pp. 51–VII). Reading, United Kingdom: Academic Conferences International Limited. Retrieved from https://search-proquestcom.ezproxy.baylor.edu/docview/1549245919/abstract/7E2AACB1A23147FCPQ/1
  • Denning, D. E. (2001). Activism, hacktivism, and cyberterrorism: The Internet as a tool for influencing foreign policy. Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, 239, 288.
  • Earl, J., & Kimport, K. (2011). Digitally enabled social change: Activism in the internet age. Mit Press.
  • Erben, Ş. E (2019). Aktivizmin Dijital Dönüşümü. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • George, J. J., & Leidner, D. E. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization.
  • Goode, L. (2015). Anonymous and the Political Ethos of Hacktivism. Popular Communication, 13(1), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2014.978000
  • Goodling, L. M. (2016). Digital Activism, Please. http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/19.3/topoi/goodling
  • Green, K. (2016). People’s War in Cyberspace: Using China’s Civilian Economy in the Information Domain. Military Cyber Affairs, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.5038/2378- 0789.2.1.1022
  • Gunkel, D. J. (2005). introduction to hacking and hacktivism. 595-597
  • Hunsinger, J., & Schrock, A. (2016). The democratization of hacking and making. New Media & Society, 18(4), 535–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816629466
  • İspir, B., (2013). Dijital İletişim ve Yeni Medya içinde “Yeni İletişim Teknolojilerinin Gelişimi”, s. 2-25, Ed. Mesude Canan Öztürk, T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No: 2956 Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayını No: 1911, Eskişehir.
  • Johnson, P., & Robinson, P. (2014). Civic Hackathons: Innovation, Procurement, or Civic Engagement? Review of Policy Research, 31(4), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12074
  • Jordan, T. & Taylor, P. (2004). Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels with a Cause?, Routledge,
  • Kavada, A. (2015). Creating the collective: social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 872–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043318
  • Kırık A. M., & Özcan, A. (2014). Bir Dijital Aktivizm Örneği: Akıllı Ağ Çeteleri (Smart Mobs). AJIT-e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 5(14).
  • Korkmaz, A., Ustakara, F., & Aydın, U. (2018). Dijital Aktivizm Bağlamında Artvin Cerattepe Olayları Üzerine Bir İçerik Analizi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (29. Özel Sayısı), 57-76.
  • Majchrzak, A., Faraj, S., Kane, G. C., & Azad, B. (2013). The Contradictory Influence of Social Media Affordances on Online Communal Knowledge Sharing. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication, 19(1), 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12030
  • Milan, S., & Almazor, M. G. (2015). Citizens’ media meets big data: The emergence of data activism. Mediaciones, 11(14), 120-133.
  • Önder, T. (2003). Ekoloji, Toplum ve Siyaset, Ankara, Odak Yayınevi
  • Paktin, S. (2011). Sosyal Medya Dünyayı Kurtarır mı? Twiter ve Facebook Aktivizmiyle Günah Çıkaranlar ve Hakkını Arayan Günahsızlar: Kliktivizm, GQ http://gq.com.tr/1681/sosyal-medya-dunyayi-kurtarir-mi (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2020)
  • Peker, A. (2016). Troller, botlar, astroturf: Sosyal medyanın anti-sosyal yüzüyle baş etme rehberi, Birikim Dergisi, 322 http://www.birikimdergisi.com/birikim-yazi/7501/troller-botlar-astroturf-sosyal-medyanin-anti-sosyal-yuzuyle-bas-etme-rehberi#.XhTcs0czbIU Erişim Tarihi 05.01.2020
  • Samuel, W. A. (2004), “Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation”, to the Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Political Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Sauter, M. (2013). “LOIC Will Tear Us Apart”: The Impact of Tool Design and Media Portrayals in the Success of Activist DDOS Attacks. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 983–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479370
  • Scholz, T. (2010). “Infrastructure: Its Transformations and Effect on Digital Activism” chapter in Digital Activism Decoded The New Mechanics of Change, s. 17-32, (Ed.) Mary Joyce, Published by: International Debate Education Association, IDEBATE Press, New York.
  • Schrock, A. R. (2016). Civic hacking as data activism and advocacy: A history from publicity to open government data. New Media & Society, 18(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816629469
  • Sivitanides, M., & Shah, V. (2011). The era of digital activism. In Conference for Information Systems Applied Research (Vol. 4, No. 1842).
  • Solomon, R. (2017). Electronic protests: Hacktivism as a form of protest in Uganda. Computer law & security review, 33(5), 718-728.
  • Stolle, D.; Hooghe M. & Micheletti M. (2005). “Politics in the Supermarket: Political Consumerism as a Form of Political Participation,” International Political Science Review, 26 (3), 245-269
  • Talib, S. (2014). Content Communities. Şu kitapta: Ed. Kerric Harvey. Encyclopedia of Social Media And Politics Volume 1. Los Angeles: SAGE, 315-316.
  • Taylor, P. A. (2005). From hackers to hacktivists: speed bumps on the global superhighway?. New Media & Society, 7(5), 625-646. (http://atc.berkeley.edu/201/readings/PTaylor.pdf).
  • Tilly, C. (2008 [2004]) Toplumsal Hareketler 1768-2004, çev. O. Düz, İstanbul: Babil Yayınları
  • Touraine, A. (2002). Modernliğin eleştirisi. (Çev. H. Tufan). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Touranie, A. (1999). Toplumdan Toplumsal Harekete, Yeni Sosyal Hareketler/Teorik Açılımlar, haz. Kenan Çayır, İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Turhan, D. G. (2017). Dijital Aktivizm. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (26), 26-44.
  • Yegen, C. (2014). Bir dijital aktivizm biçimi olarak Slaktivizm: Change. org örneği. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 84-108.
  • Yegen, C. (2014). Dijital aktivizmin bir türü olarak Hacktivizm ve “Redhack”. Intermedia International Peer-Reviewed E-Journal Of Communication Sciences, 1(1), 118-132.
  • Yılmaz, B., Dündar, G., & Oskay, T. (2016). Dijital ortamda aktivizm: online imza kampanyalarına katılım davranışlarının incelenmesi (Kocaeli Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma). Intermedia International e-Journal ISSN: 2149-3669, 2(3), 481-504.
  • Zald, M. N., & Ash, R. (1966). Social movement organizations: Growth, decay and change. Social Forces, 44(3), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/44.3.327

Social Media Usage in Digital Activism: Analysis of an Online Hacktivist Network

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 931 - 965, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.681189

Abstract

Digital activism involves the use of emerging communication technologies to express people's views, thoughts, reactions, or support on many issues or events. One form of digital activism that takes advantage of new communication technologies to reach large communities quickly, easily and at a lower cost is the activities carried out by hacktivist groups called hackers. In this study, Twitter shares of Ay Yıldız Tim (a patriotic hacktivist group operating in Turkey) between 1.11.2019-01.12.2019 were examined by content analysis method. The findings were analyzed with the descriptive analysis method in order to reveal the dynamics of the group and how to interpret the concept of hacktivism, which means performing hacking actions due to political reasons, through new communication technologies. It can be said that the purpose of Ay Yıldız Tim's hacking actions is to inform the public about the terrorist elements in order to ensure the unity and solidarity of the state and to share the hacking actions carried out to combat these terrorist groups with the public. 

References

  • Coleman, G. (2011). Hacker Politics and Publics. Public Culture, 23(3 65), 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-1336390
  • Dahan, M. (2013). Hacking for the Homeland: Patriotic Hackers Versus Hacktivists. In International Conference on Information Warfare and Security; Reading (pp. 51–VII). Reading, United Kingdom: Academic Conferences International Limited. Retrieved from https://search-proquestcom.ezproxy.baylor.edu/docview/1549245919/abstract/7E2AACB1A23147FCPQ/1
  • Denning, D. E. (2001). Activism, hacktivism, and cyberterrorism: The Internet as a tool for influencing foreign policy. Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, 239, 288.
  • Earl, J., & Kimport, K. (2011). Digitally enabled social change: Activism in the internet age. Mit Press.
  • Erben, Ş. E (2019). Aktivizmin Dijital Dönüşümü. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • George, J. J., & Leidner, D. E. (2019). From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization.
  • Goode, L. (2015). Anonymous and the Political Ethos of Hacktivism. Popular Communication, 13(1), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2014.978000
  • Goodling, L. M. (2016). Digital Activism, Please. http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/19.3/topoi/goodling
  • Green, K. (2016). People’s War in Cyberspace: Using China’s Civilian Economy in the Information Domain. Military Cyber Affairs, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.5038/2378- 0789.2.1.1022
  • Gunkel, D. J. (2005). introduction to hacking and hacktivism. 595-597
  • Hunsinger, J., & Schrock, A. (2016). The democratization of hacking and making. New Media & Society, 18(4), 535–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816629466
  • İspir, B., (2013). Dijital İletişim ve Yeni Medya içinde “Yeni İletişim Teknolojilerinin Gelişimi”, s. 2-25, Ed. Mesude Canan Öztürk, T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No: 2956 Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayını No: 1911, Eskişehir.
  • Johnson, P., & Robinson, P. (2014). Civic Hackathons: Innovation, Procurement, or Civic Engagement? Review of Policy Research, 31(4), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12074
  • Jordan, T. & Taylor, P. (2004). Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels with a Cause?, Routledge,
  • Kavada, A. (2015). Creating the collective: social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 872–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043318
  • Kırık A. M., & Özcan, A. (2014). Bir Dijital Aktivizm Örneği: Akıllı Ağ Çeteleri (Smart Mobs). AJIT-e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 5(14).
  • Korkmaz, A., Ustakara, F., & Aydın, U. (2018). Dijital Aktivizm Bağlamında Artvin Cerattepe Olayları Üzerine Bir İçerik Analizi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (29. Özel Sayısı), 57-76.
  • Majchrzak, A., Faraj, S., Kane, G. C., & Azad, B. (2013). The Contradictory Influence of Social Media Affordances on Online Communal Knowledge Sharing. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication, 19(1), 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12030
  • Milan, S., & Almazor, M. G. (2015). Citizens’ media meets big data: The emergence of data activism. Mediaciones, 11(14), 120-133.
  • Önder, T. (2003). Ekoloji, Toplum ve Siyaset, Ankara, Odak Yayınevi
  • Paktin, S. (2011). Sosyal Medya Dünyayı Kurtarır mı? Twiter ve Facebook Aktivizmiyle Günah Çıkaranlar ve Hakkını Arayan Günahsızlar: Kliktivizm, GQ http://gq.com.tr/1681/sosyal-medya-dunyayi-kurtarir-mi (Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2020)
  • Peker, A. (2016). Troller, botlar, astroturf: Sosyal medyanın anti-sosyal yüzüyle baş etme rehberi, Birikim Dergisi, 322 http://www.birikimdergisi.com/birikim-yazi/7501/troller-botlar-astroturf-sosyal-medyanin-anti-sosyal-yuzuyle-bas-etme-rehberi#.XhTcs0czbIU Erişim Tarihi 05.01.2020
  • Samuel, W. A. (2004), “Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation”, to the Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Political Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Sauter, M. (2013). “LOIC Will Tear Us Apart”: The Impact of Tool Design and Media Portrayals in the Success of Activist DDOS Attacks. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 983–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479370
  • Scholz, T. (2010). “Infrastructure: Its Transformations and Effect on Digital Activism” chapter in Digital Activism Decoded The New Mechanics of Change, s. 17-32, (Ed.) Mary Joyce, Published by: International Debate Education Association, IDEBATE Press, New York.
  • Schrock, A. R. (2016). Civic hacking as data activism and advocacy: A history from publicity to open government data. New Media & Society, 18(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816629469
  • Sivitanides, M., & Shah, V. (2011). The era of digital activism. In Conference for Information Systems Applied Research (Vol. 4, No. 1842).
  • Solomon, R. (2017). Electronic protests: Hacktivism as a form of protest in Uganda. Computer law & security review, 33(5), 718-728.
  • Stolle, D.; Hooghe M. & Micheletti M. (2005). “Politics in the Supermarket: Political Consumerism as a Form of Political Participation,” International Political Science Review, 26 (3), 245-269
  • Talib, S. (2014). Content Communities. Şu kitapta: Ed. Kerric Harvey. Encyclopedia of Social Media And Politics Volume 1. Los Angeles: SAGE, 315-316.
  • Taylor, P. A. (2005). From hackers to hacktivists: speed bumps on the global superhighway?. New Media & Society, 7(5), 625-646. (http://atc.berkeley.edu/201/readings/PTaylor.pdf).
  • Tilly, C. (2008 [2004]) Toplumsal Hareketler 1768-2004, çev. O. Düz, İstanbul: Babil Yayınları
  • Touraine, A. (2002). Modernliğin eleştirisi. (Çev. H. Tufan). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Touranie, A. (1999). Toplumdan Toplumsal Harekete, Yeni Sosyal Hareketler/Teorik Açılımlar, haz. Kenan Çayır, İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Turhan, D. G. (2017). Dijital Aktivizm. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (26), 26-44.
  • Yegen, C. (2014). Bir dijital aktivizm biçimi olarak Slaktivizm: Change. org örneği. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 84-108.
  • Yegen, C. (2014). Dijital aktivizmin bir türü olarak Hacktivizm ve “Redhack”. Intermedia International Peer-Reviewed E-Journal Of Communication Sciences, 1(1), 118-132.
  • Yılmaz, B., Dündar, G., & Oskay, T. (2016). Dijital ortamda aktivizm: online imza kampanyalarına katılım davranışlarının incelenmesi (Kocaeli Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma). Intermedia International e-Journal ISSN: 2149-3669, 2(3), 481-504.
  • Zald, M. N., & Ash, R. (1966). Social movement organizations: Growth, decay and change. Social Forces, 44(3), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/44.3.327
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Merve Boyacı 0000-0003-2198-0733

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Boyacı, M. (2020). Dijital Aktivizmde Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Bir Çevrimiçi Hacktivist Ağının Analizi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 931-965. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.681189

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