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Türkiye in International Energy Trade: Implementation of Social Network Analysis

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 717 - 743, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1404982

Abstract

Energy resources are fundamental inputs in almost every sector and play a crucial role in development and economic stability. This situation has increased the importance of keeping energy costs low, becoming a significant factor in attaining global superiority. In the contemporary era, where states represent the highest level of the organization, the strategic importance of these resources has been further exposed. The strategic value of energy resources, predominantly encompassing fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal, has precipitated intense global competition. The dynamics of energy resource trade have transcended mere profit-driven motives, transforming into a tool wielded by governments for various political objectives. This paradigm shifts underscores the vitality of energy supply security, prompting the formulation of energy trade networks guided by policies and national strategies. Within these networks, participating actors exhibit diverse traits shaped by distinct circumstances, assuming varied roles through pre-existing relationships. The purpose of the research is to examine the energy trade network of Türkiye, implementing the social network analysis method that integrates empirical data and mathematical approaches. The study aims to unveil pivotal aspects of the network, including its size within the global energy trade landscape, density, relational ties among actors, centrality, and brokerage degrees. The research aims to contribute valuable insights to understanding Türkiye's positioning in the global energy trade through these analyses. The results indicate that the volume of Türkiye's energy trade network accounts for around 1/3 of the global energy trade. While no single dominant actor exists in the network, specific entities demonstrate significant brokerage power. The analysis highlights the impact of global energy players, including Russia, the United States, and some European countries. Finally, the study involves recommendations for future research, anticipating a continued exploration of the complicated dynamics shaping energy trade networks on a global scale.

Ethical Statement

This article is extracted from my master thesis/doctorate dissertation entitled “Turkey in the Globalizing Energy Trade: Implementation of Social Network Analysis”, supervised by Prof. Dr. Erol TURAN (Ph.D. Dissertation, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, 2022). It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.

Supporting Institution

The author(s) acknowledge that they received no external funding in support of this research.

References

  • Akova, İ. (2010). Enerji ve Alternatif Enerji Kaynakları [Ders Notları]. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi. http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/cografya_lisans_ao/enerji_ve_alternatif_enerji_kaynaklari.pdfv
  • Black, B. C. (2020). Crude reality: petroleum in world history. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • British Petroleum. (2020). Statistical review of world energy. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf 06.10.2023
  • Brundtland, G. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nations General Assembly Document A/42/427 [White Paper]. United Nations.
  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Johnson, J. C. (2013). Analyzing social networks (1st ed.). Sage.
  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Johnson, J. C. (2018). Analyzing social networks (2nd ed.). Sage.
  • Burt, R. S. (1997). The contingent value of social capital. Administrative science quarterly, 42(2), 339-365. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393923
  • Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in organizational behavior, 22, 345-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22009-1
  • Burt, R. S. (2001). Structural holes versus network closure as social capital. In N. Lin, K. S. Cook & R. S. Burt (Eds.), Social Capital: Theory and Research (pp. 31- 56). Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Çelik, S. (2019). Dünyadaki çatışmaların sosyal ağ analizi yöntemiyle incelenmesi. Öneri Dergisi, 14(52), 236-254. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.594947
  • Enerdata. (2020a). Global energy statistical yearbook 2020. https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html 26.10.2023.
  • Enerdata. (2020b). Global energy statistical yearbook 2020. https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-energy-production.html 26.10.2023.
  • Erdoğan, N. (2017). TANAP projesinin Türkiye ve Azerbaycan enerji politikalarındaki yeri ve önemi. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 10-26.
  • European Commission. (2018). Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of The European Parliament and of The Council [White Paper]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R1999&from=EN
  • Freeman, L. C. (1977). A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness. Sociometry, 40(1), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033543
  • Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7
  • Freeman, L. (2004). The development of social network analysis. A Study in the Sociology of Science. Empirical Press.
  • Gargiulo, M. & Benassi M. (2000). Trapped in your own net? Network cohesion, structural holes, and the adaptation of social capital. Organization Science, 11(2), 183-196.
  • Guifeng, M., Zaichi, L., & Zhongmin, L. (2019). Identification of major energy cooperation countries in the belt and road and investment environment evaluation. Coal Economic Research, 5.
  • Hanneman, R. A. & Riddle M. (2005). Introduction to social network methods. University of California.
  • Hawe, P., Webster, C., & Shiell, A. (2004). A glossary of terms for navigating the field of social network analysis. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58(12), 971-975.
  • Hua, X. (2021). The international energy trade pattern reshaping, competition and energy revolution. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 632, No. 3, p. 032022). IOP Publishing.
  • Henderson, M. & Shahidehpour, M. (2014). Continuing to grow: Natural gas usage rising in electricity generation [guest editorial]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 12(6), 12-19.
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2024). Gas Market Report, Q2-2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/gas-market-report-q2-2024 29.05.2024
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2023a). World Energy Outlook 2023. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86ede39e-4436-42d7-ba2a-edf61467e070/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf 29.05.2024
  • IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023b). World gross electricity production, by source. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/world-gross-elect ricity-production-by-source-2018 15.09.2023.
  • IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023c). Coal final consumption by sector, world https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20consumption&indicator=CoalConsBySector 29.05.2024
  • IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023d). Oil products final consumption by sector, world. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20consumption&indicator=OilProductsConsBySector 28.05.2024.
  • IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023e). Natural gas final consumption by sector, world. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20consumption&indicator=NatGasConsBySector 29.05.2024
  • Jones, D. W. (1989). Urbanization and energy use in economic development. The Energy Journal, 29-44.
  • Kedikli, U. & Çalağan, Ö. (2017). Enerji alanında bir rekabet sahası olarak Doğu Akdeniz’in önemi. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2017(1), 120-138.
  • Kesgingöz, H., & Dilek, S. (2016). Investigation of TR82 region according to the growth stages of Rostow. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 4(4), 180-189.
  • Mahutga, M. C. (2006). The persistence of structural inequality? A network analysis of international trade, 1965–2000. Social Forces, 84(4), 1863-1889.
  • OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). (2023). Monthly Oil Market Report. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/sevgi/Downloads/OPEC_MOMR_May_2024.pdf 28.05.2024.
  • Øvergaard, S. (2008). Issue paper: Definition of primary and secondary energy. Statistics Norway, Division for Energy Statistics. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/londongroup/meeting13/LG13_12a .pdf 02.09.2023
  • Sayğan Tunçay, S. (2016). Asil ve Vekil İlişkilerinin Sosyal Ağ Analizi ile İncelenmesi [Ph.D. Dissertation, İzmir Dokuz Eylül University]. Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • TC Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019). On birinci kalkınma planı (2019–2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ON_BIRINCI_KALKINMA-PLANI_2019-2023.pdf 07.09.2023
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2023). Gross Domestic Product. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=ulusal-hesaplar-113&dil=2 28.05.2024.
  • United Nations. (2023). World Population Prospects 2022 Revision. https://population.un.org/wpp/ 28.05.2024.
  • EIA (US Energy Information Administration). (2017). Country analysis brief: Turkey. US Department of Energy. https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Turkey/turkey.pdf 07.09.2023
  • EIA (US Energy Information Administration). (2020). Laws of energy. http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=about_laws_of_energy 21.10.2023
  • Newman, M. E. J. (2005). A measure of betweenness centrality based on random walks. Social Networks, 27(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.009
  • Walther, O. J. (2014). Trade networks in West Africa: A social network approach. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 52(2), 179-203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X14000032
  • Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications (structural analysis in the social sciences). Cambridge University Press.
  • World Bank. (2020a). GDP (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY. GDP.MKTP.CD 26.09.2023.
  • World Bank. (2020b). GDP per capita, PPP (current international $). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD 26.09.2023
  • World Bank. (2021). World fuels imports by country and region in US$ thousand 2019-2019. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/WLD/StartYear/2019/EndYear/2019/TradeFlow/Import/Indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL/Partner/All/Product/27-27_Fuels 10.12.2023
  • World Bank. (2023). Turkey Overview: Development news, research, data. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/overview 28.05.2024.
  • Yılankıran, N. & Doğan, H. (2020). Türkiye’nin enerji görünümü ve 2023 yılı birincil enerji arz projeksiyonu. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2). 77-92.
  • Yücel, M. (2022). Impact of energy management on business performance. Quantrade Journal of Complex Systems in Social Sciences, 4(2), 62-70.
  • Zhou, W., Zhu, B., Chen, D., Griffy-Brown, C., Ma, Y. & Fei, W. (2012). Energy consumption patterns in the process of China’s urbanization. Population and Environment, 33(2), 202-220.
  • Zehir, C., Yücel, M., Borodin, A., Yücel, S., & Zehir, S. (2023). Strategies in energy supply: A social network analysis on the energy trade of the European Union. Energies, 16(21), 7345.
  • Zhong, W., An, H., Fang, W., Gao, X. & Dong, D. (2016). Features and evolution of international fossil fuel trade network based on value of emergy. Applied Energy, 165, 868-877.

Uluslararası Enerji Ticaretinde Türkiye: Sosyal Ağ Analizi Uygulaması

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 717 - 743, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1404982

Abstract

Enerji kaynaklarının hemen her sektörde temel girdi özelliğinde olması, kalkınma ve ekonomik istikrarın en temel gerekliliklerinden biri haline gelmesine yol açmıştır. Bu durum, enerji maliyetini düşük tutabilmenin önemini artırmış, küresel mecrada üstünlük sahibi olmada önemli bir etken haline getirmiştir. Dolayısıyla söz konusu kaynakların günümüzün en üst düzey örgütlenme boyutu olarak kabul edilen devletler açısından da stratejik önem kazanmasına sebep olmuştur. Bahsi geçen stratejik değer, başta petrol, doğal gaz ve kömür olmak üzere halen yüksek oranda fosil yakıtlardan oluşan enerji kaynakları ticaretinde sıra dışı bir rekabetin oluşmasında etkili olmuştur. Nitekim enerji kaynaklarının ticareti, sadece kâr amacı taşıyan bir ticaret olmanın ötesinde, hükümetlerin çeşitli politik amaçlarında koz olarak kullandıkları bir araç haline gelmiştir. Bahsi geçen konu, enerji arz güvenliği ve sürdürülebilir enerji ticareti meselelerinin önemini artırmış, enerji ticaret ağlarının ülkelerin geliştirdikleri politikalar doğrultusunda şekillenmesine sebep olmuştur. Ticaret ağlarında yer alan aktörler, kendilerine has koşulların etkisinde çeşitli özelliklere sahip olmakta ve kurdukları ilişkiler ile ağ içerisinde farklı roller üstlenmektedirler. Sosyal ağ analizi bu noktada ağ içerisindeki ilişki bağlarının aktörlerin sahip olduğu konum ve özelliklerine tesir etmesinden yola çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin enerji ticaret ağını ampirik verilerin ve matematiksel yöntemlerin kullanımını esas alan sosyal ağ analizi yöntemi ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç kapsamında, öncelikle ağın küresel enerji ticareti içerisindeki büyüklüğü ve ağ yoğunluğu özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, ağdaki aktörlerin ilişkisel bağları, merkezilik ve aracılık dereceleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Sonuçlar, Türkiye'nin enerji ticaret ağındaki hacmin küresel enerji ticaretinin yaklaşık 1/3'ünü oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Ağda tek bir baskın aktör bulunmamakla birlikte, belirli yapıların önemli aracılık gücü görülmüştür. Analiz, Rusya, ABD ve bazı Avrupa ülkeleri gibi küresel enerji aktörlerinin Türkiye’nin ticaret ağında da etkinliğini öne çıkarmıştır. Çalışma, konuya yönelik ileriki incelemeler için önerilerde bulunmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma Prof. Dr. Erol TURAN danışmanlığında Mart 2022 tarihinde sunduğumuz/tamamladığımız Küreselleşen Enerji Ticaretinde Türkiye: Sosyal Ağ Analizi Uygulaması başlıklı doktora tezi esas alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Supporting Institution

Bu araştırmayı desteklemek için dış fon kullanılmamıştır.

References

  • Akova, İ. (2010). Enerji ve Alternatif Enerji Kaynakları [Ders Notları]. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi. http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/cografya_lisans_ao/enerji_ve_alternatif_enerji_kaynaklari.pdfv
  • Black, B. C. (2020). Crude reality: petroleum in world history. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • British Petroleum. (2020). Statistical review of world energy. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf 06.10.2023
  • Brundtland, G. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nations General Assembly Document A/42/427 [White Paper]. United Nations.
  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Johnson, J. C. (2013). Analyzing social networks (1st ed.). Sage.
  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Johnson, J. C. (2018). Analyzing social networks (2nd ed.). Sage.
  • Burt, R. S. (1997). The contingent value of social capital. Administrative science quarterly, 42(2), 339-365. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393923
  • Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in organizational behavior, 22, 345-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22009-1
  • Burt, R. S. (2001). Structural holes versus network closure as social capital. In N. Lin, K. S. Cook & R. S. Burt (Eds.), Social Capital: Theory and Research (pp. 31- 56). Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Çelik, S. (2019). Dünyadaki çatışmaların sosyal ağ analizi yöntemiyle incelenmesi. Öneri Dergisi, 14(52), 236-254. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.594947
  • Enerdata. (2020a). Global energy statistical yearbook 2020. https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html 26.10.2023.
  • Enerdata. (2020b). Global energy statistical yearbook 2020. https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-energy-production.html 26.10.2023.
  • Erdoğan, N. (2017). TANAP projesinin Türkiye ve Azerbaycan enerji politikalarındaki yeri ve önemi. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 10-26.
  • European Commission. (2018). Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of The European Parliament and of The Council [White Paper]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R1999&from=EN
  • Freeman, L. C. (1977). A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness. Sociometry, 40(1), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033543
  • Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7
  • Freeman, L. (2004). The development of social network analysis. A Study in the Sociology of Science. Empirical Press.
  • Gargiulo, M. & Benassi M. (2000). Trapped in your own net? Network cohesion, structural holes, and the adaptation of social capital. Organization Science, 11(2), 183-196.
  • Guifeng, M., Zaichi, L., & Zhongmin, L. (2019). Identification of major energy cooperation countries in the belt and road and investment environment evaluation. Coal Economic Research, 5.
  • Hanneman, R. A. & Riddle M. (2005). Introduction to social network methods. University of California.
  • Hawe, P., Webster, C., & Shiell, A. (2004). A glossary of terms for navigating the field of social network analysis. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58(12), 971-975.
  • Hua, X. (2021). The international energy trade pattern reshaping, competition and energy revolution. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 632, No. 3, p. 032022). IOP Publishing.
  • Henderson, M. & Shahidehpour, M. (2014). Continuing to grow: Natural gas usage rising in electricity generation [guest editorial]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 12(6), 12-19.
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2024). Gas Market Report, Q2-2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/gas-market-report-q2-2024 29.05.2024
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2023a). World Energy Outlook 2023. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86ede39e-4436-42d7-ba2a-edf61467e070/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf 29.05.2024
  • IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023b). World gross electricity production, by source. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/world-gross-elect ricity-production-by-source-2018 15.09.2023.
  • IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023c). Coal final consumption by sector, world https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20consumption&indicator=CoalConsBySector 29.05.2024
  • IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023d). Oil products final consumption by sector, world. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20consumption&indicator=OilProductsConsBySector 28.05.2024.
  • IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023e). Natural gas final consumption by sector, world. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20consumption&indicator=NatGasConsBySector 29.05.2024
  • Jones, D. W. (1989). Urbanization and energy use in economic development. The Energy Journal, 29-44.
  • Kedikli, U. & Çalağan, Ö. (2017). Enerji alanında bir rekabet sahası olarak Doğu Akdeniz’in önemi. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2017(1), 120-138.
  • Kesgingöz, H., & Dilek, S. (2016). Investigation of TR82 region according to the growth stages of Rostow. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 4(4), 180-189.
  • Mahutga, M. C. (2006). The persistence of structural inequality? A network analysis of international trade, 1965–2000. Social Forces, 84(4), 1863-1889.
  • OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). (2023). Monthly Oil Market Report. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/sevgi/Downloads/OPEC_MOMR_May_2024.pdf 28.05.2024.
  • Øvergaard, S. (2008). Issue paper: Definition of primary and secondary energy. Statistics Norway, Division for Energy Statistics. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/londongroup/meeting13/LG13_12a .pdf 02.09.2023
  • Sayğan Tunçay, S. (2016). Asil ve Vekil İlişkilerinin Sosyal Ağ Analizi ile İncelenmesi [Ph.D. Dissertation, İzmir Dokuz Eylül University]. Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • TC Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019). On birinci kalkınma planı (2019–2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ON_BIRINCI_KALKINMA-PLANI_2019-2023.pdf 07.09.2023
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2023). Gross Domestic Product. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=ulusal-hesaplar-113&dil=2 28.05.2024.
  • United Nations. (2023). World Population Prospects 2022 Revision. https://population.un.org/wpp/ 28.05.2024.
  • EIA (US Energy Information Administration). (2017). Country analysis brief: Turkey. US Department of Energy. https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Turkey/turkey.pdf 07.09.2023
  • EIA (US Energy Information Administration). (2020). Laws of energy. http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=about_laws_of_energy 21.10.2023
  • Newman, M. E. J. (2005). A measure of betweenness centrality based on random walks. Social Networks, 27(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.009
  • Walther, O. J. (2014). Trade networks in West Africa: A social network approach. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 52(2), 179-203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X14000032
  • Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications (structural analysis in the social sciences). Cambridge University Press.
  • World Bank. (2020a). GDP (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY. GDP.MKTP.CD 26.09.2023.
  • World Bank. (2020b). GDP per capita, PPP (current international $). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD 26.09.2023
  • World Bank. (2021). World fuels imports by country and region in US$ thousand 2019-2019. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/WLD/StartYear/2019/EndYear/2019/TradeFlow/Import/Indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL/Partner/All/Product/27-27_Fuels 10.12.2023
  • World Bank. (2023). Turkey Overview: Development news, research, data. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/overview 28.05.2024.
  • Yılankıran, N. & Doğan, H. (2020). Türkiye’nin enerji görünümü ve 2023 yılı birincil enerji arz projeksiyonu. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2). 77-92.
  • Yücel, M. (2022). Impact of energy management on business performance. Quantrade Journal of Complex Systems in Social Sciences, 4(2), 62-70.
  • Zhou, W., Zhu, B., Chen, D., Griffy-Brown, C., Ma, Y. & Fei, W. (2012). Energy consumption patterns in the process of China’s urbanization. Population and Environment, 33(2), 202-220.
  • Zehir, C., Yücel, M., Borodin, A., Yücel, S., & Zehir, S. (2023). Strategies in energy supply: A social network analysis on the energy trade of the European Union. Energies, 16(21), 7345.
  • Zhong, W., An, H., Fang, W., Gao, X. & Dong, D. (2016). Features and evolution of international fossil fuel trade network based on value of emergy. Applied Energy, 165, 868-877.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Strategy, Management and Organisational Behaviour (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Yücel 0000-0003-1818-4189

Erol Turan 0000-0003-0343-7622

Early Pub Date June 18, 2024
Publication Date July 1, 2024
Submission Date December 14, 2023
Acceptance Date June 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yücel, M., & Turan, E. (2024). Türkiye in International Energy Trade: Implementation of Social Network Analysis. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 717-743. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1404982

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