Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Turkish Propolis Extracted by Different Methods

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 41 - 46, 28.03.2024

Feride Sonverdi Ümit Altuntaş Beraat Özçelik

Abstract

Propolis, also known as bee glue, has a wide range of biological activities and physiological properties. Propolis is a product collected by bees during honey making, and due to its resinous structure it cannot be consumed in its raw form and can be made suitable for consumption by separating unwanted substances. Many methods can be used to extract bioactive compounds from raw propolis, but since there may be differences between these methods in terms of extraction efficiency, an effective method should be used. In this study, the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of propolis samples extracted by microwave assisted ethanolic extraction (MAE), ultrasonic assisted ethanolic extraction (UAE), and supercritical fluid (SCF) extraction methods were investigated. In the experiments, TPC was analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity tests were performed using DPPH radical scavenging and CUPRAC methods. As a result of the analyses, the TPC of the samples was found in the range of 42.83-83.88 mg GAE/g sample, DPPH radical scavenging activity was in the range of 22.97-37.30 mg TE/g sample and antioxidant capacity obtained by CUPRAC method was in the range of 143.83-259.69 mg TE/g sample. In line with the values obtained, even though MAE and UAE were determined to have the highest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity among the propolis extracts, no significant difference was found between them, but as a result of the literature information, it was understood that the content of propolis varies according to climatic conditions and geographical origin and that MAE and UAE can be preferred in order to increase the extraction efficiency, while the procedures of the methods should be given more importance.

Keywords

Propolis, phenolics, extraction, antioxidant activity, ultrasound

Thanks

The authors thank to Dr. Mine GÜLTEKİN-ÖZGÜVEN for her contributions.

FARKLI YÖNTEMLER İLE EKSTRAKTE EDİLMİŞ PROPOLİS ÖRNEKLERİNİN TOPLAM FENOLİK MADDE VE ANTİOKSİDAN AKTİVİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Abstract

Arı tutkalı olarak da bilinen propolis, çok çeşitli biyolojik aktivitelere ve fizyolojik özelliklere sahiptir. Propolis, reçinemsi yapısı nedeniyle arılar tarafından bal yapımı sırasında toplanan, ham haliyle tüketilemeyen ve istenmeyen maddelerin ayrıştırılmasıyla tüketime uygun hale getirilebilen bir üründür. Ham propolisten biyoaktif bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonu için birçok yöntem kullanılabilir ancak bu yöntemler arasında ekstraksiyon verimi açısından farklılıklar olabileceğinden etkili bir yöntem kullanılmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, mikrodalga destekli etanolik ekstraksiyon (MAE), ultrasonik destekli etanolik ekstraksiyon (UAE) ve süperkritik sıvı (SCF) ekstraksiyon yöntemleri ile ekstrakte edilen propolis örneklerinin toplam fenolik içeriği (TPC) ve antioksidan aktivitesi araştırılmıştır. Deneylerde, Toplam Fenolik madde içeriği Folin-Ciocalteu yöntemi ile analiz edilmiş ve antioksidan aktivite testleri ise DPPH radikal süpürme ve CUPRAC yöntemleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda örneklerin toplam fenolik madde içeriği 42.83-83.88 mg GAE/g örnek aralığında, DPPH radikal süpürme aktivitesi 22.97-37.30 mg TE/g örnek aralığında ve CUPRAC yöntemi ile elde edilen antioksidan kapasitesi 143.83-259.69 mg TE/g örnek aralığında bulunmuştur. Elde edilen değerler doğrultusunda propolis ekstraktları arasında MAE ve UAE'nin en yüksek fenolik madde içeriğine ve antioksidan kapasiteye sahip olduğu belirlense de aralarında anlamlı bir fark bulunamamış ancak literatür bilgileri neticesinde propolis içeriğinin iklim koşullarına ve coğrafi kökene göre değişkenlik gösterdiği ve ekstraksiyon veriminin arttırılması için MAE ve UAE'nin tercih edilebileceği, yöntemlerin prosedürlerine ise daha fazla önem verilmesi gerektiği anlaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Propolis, fenolik madde, ekstraksiyon, antioksidan aktivite, ultrason

References

• Aliyazıcıoglu, R., Sahin, H., Erturk, O., Ulusoy, E., & Kolayli, S. (2013). Properties of phenolic composition and biological activity of propolis from Turkey. International Journal of Food Properties, 16(2), 277-287.
• Altuntaş, Ü., Güzel, İ., & Özçelik, B. (2023). Phenolic constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and clustering analysis of propolis samples based on PCA from different regions of Anatolia. Molecules, 28(3), 1121.
• Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., & Çelik, S.E. (2004). Mechanism of antioxidant capacity assays and the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay. Microchim Acta, 160(4), 413-419.
• Biscaia, D., & Ferreira, S. R. (2009). Propolis extracts obtained by low pressure methods and supercritical fluid extraction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 51(1), 17-23.
• Daraban, A., Olah, N. K., Burtescu, R. F., Pripon, F., & Hanganu, D. (2019). The evaluation of antioxidant capacity of propolis originating from Western Romania. Farmacia, 67(1).
• Erdogan, S., Ates, B., Durmaz, G., Yilmaz, I., & Seckin, T. (2011). Pressurized liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from Anatolia propolis and their radical scavenging capacities. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(7), 1592-1597.
• Göç R. P., & Kekeçoğlu, M. 2018. Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde Düzce İli Yığılca İlçesinde Üretilen Propolisin Fenolik İçeriğinin Araştırılması. Apiterapi ve Doğa Dergisi, 1(2), 20-28.
• Haminiuk, C. W. I., Plata-Oviedo, M. S. V., de Mattos, G., Carpes, S. T., & Branco, I. G. (2014). Extraction and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonols from Eugenia pyriformis using different solvents. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51, 2862-2866.
• Jang, M. J., Sheu, S. R., Wang, C. C., Yeh, Y. L., & Sung, K. H. (2009, March). Optimization analysis of the experimental parameters on the extraction process of propolis. In Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (Vol. 2, pp. 18-20).
• Kalogeropoulos, N., Konteles, S., Troullidou, E., Mourtzinos, I., & Karathanos, V. (2009). Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of propolis extracts from Greece and Cyprus. Food Chemistry, 116(2), 452-461.
• Keskin, S., Keskin, M., & Kolaylı, S. (2018). A New Approach to Propolis Extraction. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, 1(3), 26.
• Keskin, M., Keskin, Ş., & Kolayli, S. (2019). Preparation of alcohol free propolis-alginate microcapsules, characterization and release property. LWT, 10, 89-96.
• Kuropatnicki, A., Szliszka, E., & Krol, W. (2013). Historical aspects of propolis research in modern times. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1-11.
• Machado, B., Barreto, G., Costa, A., Costa, S., Silva, R., & Silva, D. (2015). Determination of parameters for the supercritical extraction of antioxidant compounds from green propolis using carbon dioxide and ethanol as co-solvent. PLOS ONE 10(8), 1-26.
• Oldoni, T., Oliveira, S., Andolfatto, S., Karling, M., Calegari, M., & Sado, R. (2015). Chemical characterization and optimization of the extraction process of bioactive compounds from propolis produced by selected bees Apis mellifera. Journal of The Brazilian Chemical Society, 26(10), 2054-2062.
• Ozdal, T., Ceylan, F. D., Eroglu, N., Kaplan, M., Olgun, E. O., & Capanoglu, E. (2019). Investigation of antioxidant capacity, bioaccessibility and LC-MS/MS phenolic profile of Turkish propolis. Food Research International, 122, 528-536.
• Pasupuleti, V., Sammugam, L., Ramesh, N. & Gan, S. (2017). Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly: A Comprehensive Review of Their Biological Actions and Health Benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, 1-21.
• Paviani, L., Saito, E., Dariva, C., Marcucci, M., Sánchez-Camargo, A. & Cabral, F. (2012). Supercritical CO2 extraction of raw propolis and its dry ethanolic extract. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 29(2), 243-251.
• Potkonjak, N., Veselinović, D., Novaković, M., Gorjanović, S., Pezo, L., & Sužnjević, D. (2012). Antioxidant activity of propolis extracts from Serbia: A polarographic approach. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(10), 3614-3618.
• Rufatto, L., dos Santos, D., Marinho, F., Henriques, J., Roesch Ely, M. & Moura, S. (2017). Red propolis: Chemical composition and pharmacological activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(7), 591-598.
• Temizer, I. K., Güder, A., & Çelemli, Ö. G. (2017). Botanical origin and antioxidant activities of propolis from the Irano-Turanian region. Istanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 47(3), 107-111.
• Trusheva, B., Trunkova, D., & Bankova, V. (2007). Different extraction methods of biologically active components from propolis: a preliminary study. Chemistry Central Journal, 1(1), 1-4.
• Tylkowski, B., Trusheva, B., Bankova, V., Giamberini, M., Peev, G., & Nikolova, A. (2010). Extraction of biologically active compounds from propolis and concentration of extract by nanofiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 348(1- 2), 124-130.
• Woźniak, M., Mrówczyńska, L., Waśkiewicz, A., Rogoziński, T., & Ratajczak, I. (2019). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of propolis extracts from Poland. Natural Product Communications, 14(5), 1-7.
• Yesiltas, B., Capanoglu, E., Firatligil-Durmus, E., Sunay, A., Samanci, T., & Boyacioglu, D. (2014). Investigating the in-vitro bioaccessibility of propolis and pollen using a simulated gastrointestinal digestion System. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(1), 101-108.